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Abbreviations Abbreviations AD (Anno Domini) AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) a.s.l. (above sea level) BAN (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) BC (Before Christ) BP (Before Present) CRU (Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia) DBH (Diameter at Breast Hight) ELA (Equilibrium Line Altitude) ENSO (El Niño and the Southern Oscillation) EPS (Expressed Population Signal) GCM (General Circulation Model) GIS (Geographical Information System) GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) GPS (Global Positioning System) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) LGM (Last Glacier Maximum) LIA (Little Ice Age) MDI (Multivariate Dating Index) NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) NIMH (National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology) NP (National Park) PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index) Rbar (Interseries Correlation) SD (Standard Deviation) SOM (Soil Organic Matter) SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) TRA (Tree-Ring Analyser) TRW (Tree-Ring-Width) WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service) 149 Geographical Features A G Albanian Alps (Mts.), 78 Glazne (river), 19 Golemya Kazan (cirque), 23, 34–37, 39, 44, 46, 65–67, 77, 80 B Golyamo and Malko Spano Pole (meadow), 15 Banderica (river, cirque), 15, 17, 19–21, 34, Gotse Delchev (town), 50, 51, 53–56 35, 37, 40, 47, 97 Banderizhka Polyana (meadow), 15 Banderizhki Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 15 H Banderizhko (lake), 37 Hadzhidimovo (town), 56 Banski Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 39, 76, 77 Bansko (town), 15, 19, 23, 27, 28, 50, 53, 55, I 56, 62, 63, 65–69, 71–73, 96, 103, 104, Istok (river), 19 107–109, 111, 112, 129, 132, 133, 145 Banya (village), 12 Bayuvi Dupki (cirque), 27, 77 J Bayuvi Dupki Dzhindzhirica (reservat), 77 Jakoruda (town), 56 Bezbog (lake, peak), 21, 27, 37 Javorov (lake), 21 Bezbozhka Reka (river), 15 Blagoevgrad (town), 56, 62, 63 K Kamenica (peak, river), 15, 27, 77 C Koncheto (ridge), 77 Calderone (glacieret), 74, 79, 143 Kremensko (lake), 8, 37, 38 Kresna (town), 11, 15, 56 Kutelo (peak), 77, 80 D Dalgoto (lake), 37–39, 42, 43, 124 Debeli Namet (glacier), 75, 78, 79, 88, 89 M Demyanica (river), 15, 19–21, 34 Malkya Kazan (cirque), 18, 36, 37, 40, Djerman (village), 12 44–47, 65–67, 80, 97 Dobarsko (village), 50, 53 Melnik (town), 12, 50, 53, 55, 56 Dobrinishte (village), Mesta (river), 4, 11, 12, 19, 50, 53, 55, Durmitor (massif, mts.), 78 56, 64, 137 151 152 Geographical Features Mozgovica (peat), 37 S Muratovo (lake), 21, 37 Sandanski (town), 12, 50, 56, 62, 63, 65, Musala (peak), 11, 36, 62–68, 70–73, 77, 81, 69, 70 103, 104, 107–109, 131–133 Sapareva Banya (town), 12 Simitli (town), 11, 56 Sinanica (peak), 27 P Slavyanka (mts.), 12 Paril (pass), 12 Snezhnika (glacieret), 35, 45, 74, 76, 77, Petrich (town), 56 79–89, 142, 143 Pindus (Mts.), 34, 77 Spanopolsko (lake), 21 Pirin (Mts.), 1–8, 11–29, 34–44, 50, 51, 56, Stara Planina (mts.), 54, 64, 140 61–65, 68–70, 74–98, 100, 101, 104, Stob (village), 12 106, 107, 109, 111–113, 124–130, 132, Struma (river), 4, 11–13, 15, 19, 52, 53, 56, 64 133, 137–145 Pirinska Bistrica (river), 15 Popovo (lake), 21 T Predel (pass), 12 Todor’s (meadow), 12 Prokletije (mts.), 74, 78 Todorin (peak), 17 Tufcha (river), 15 R Razlog (town), 11, 14, 19, 20, 50, 53, 55, 56 V Razlozhki Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 15 Vihren (peak), 12, 15, 17, 27, 35, 37, 40, 44, Retize (river), 15 47, 63, 65–67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 80, 107, Rhodopes (Mts.), 3, 11, 13, 26, 55, 64 125, 130, 133 Ribno Breznizhko (lake), 37 Vlahinska Reka (river), 15 Rila (Mts.), 3, 4, 11–13, 19, 26, 28, 34, 36, 37, 53, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 77, 104, 132, 141 Y Rupite (volcano, hot spring), 12 Yulen (reservat), Latin Plant and Animal Names A D Abies alba, 24, 42, 43 Deschamptia caespitosa, 24 Acer, 41, 125 Dianthus microlepis, 24 Achillea, 41 Doronicum hungaricum, 24 Agrostis capillaries, 24 Agrostis rupestris, 24 Alnus viridis, 41, 94 E Androsace villosa, 24 Ephedera distachiya, 38 Arabis ferdinandi-coburgii, Ephedra fragilis, 38 24 Ephemeroptera, 25 Araneae, 25 Eriophorum latifolium, 24 Artemisia, 38, 41 Aspicilia calcerea agg., 88 Aster, 41 F Fagus sylvatica, 24, 43, 94 Festuca nigrescens, 24 B Festuca valida, 24 Betula pendula, 41, 94 Fraxinus excelsior, 41, 125 Bruckenthalia, Dryas, 24 G C Galeopsis bifida, 24 Calamagrostis arundinacea, 24 Canis lupus, 25 H Cardamine rivularis, 24 Heracleum verti-cillatum, 24 Carex curvula, 24, 94 Heteroptera, 25 Carex distans, 24 Hymenoptera, 25 Carex nigra, 24 Carpinus, 41, 125 Chamaecytisus absinthioides, I 24 Isoetes Lacustris, 24 Chenopodiaceae, 38, 41 Chenopodium bonus-henricus, 24 J Cirsium appendiculatum, 24 Juncus, 24 Coleoptera, 25 Juniperus excelsa, 107 Corylus, 41, 42, 125 Juniperus sibirica, 24, 94 153 154 Latin Plant and Animal Names L Q Lepidoptera, 25 Quercus spec., 38, 41, 125 Lerchen-feldia flexuosa, 24 R M Ranunculus aquatilis, 24 Martes martes, 25 Rhodax alpestris, 24 Myriapoda, 25 Rumex alpinus, 24 Rupicarpa rupicarpa balcanica, 25 N Nardetum strictae, 94 Nardus stricta, 24 S Neuropterida, 25 Saxifraga stellaris, 24 Saxifraga spec., 24 Sesleria coerulans, 24 O Sesleria comosa, 24 Odonata, 25 Seslerion variae, 94 Silene acaulis, 24 Silene pusilla, 24 P Sparganium angustifolium, 24 Papaver degenii, 24 Subularia aquatica, 24 Parnassia palustris, 24 Petasites albus, 24 Petasites kablickianus, 24 T Picea abies, 24, 43, 93 Thymus perinicus, 24 Pinus diploxylon, 38, 41–43, 124, 125 Tilia, 41, 125 Pinus heldreichii, 4, 8, 24, 43, 46, 93–113, Trichophorum caespitosum, 125–128, 130, 138–140, 143–145 24 Pinus leucodermis, 94, 95, 100, 107 Trichoptera, 25 Pinus Montana, 94 Pinus mugo, 24, 41–43, 46, 93, 94, 97, 145 Pinus nigra, 24, 93, 96, 107 U Pinus peuce, 3, 25, 38, 40–43, 94, 95, 97, Ulmus, 38, 41, 125 102, 124, 125, 139, 143 Ursus arctos, 25 Pinus sylvestris, 41, 94, 96 Plantago gentianoides, 24 Plecoptera, 25 V Poaceae, 38, 41 Vaccinium, 24, 94 Polygonum arenastrum, 24 Veratrum album, 24 Populus tremula, 24, 94 Verbascum longifolium ssp. Pannosum, Potentilla appenina ssp. Stojanovii, 24 24 Time Period A M Alleröd, 38 Mediaeval times, 141 Atlantic, 6, 36, 42–48, 64, 73, 90, 125, Medieval Warmth Optimum, 126, 138, 139, 143 52–53 Mesolithic, Mid-Holocene, 8, 139 B Middle Ages, 52, 53, 103, 126, 139 Bölling, 38 Migration period (Völkerwanderung), Boreal, 36, 41–49, 126, 139 124 Bronze Age, 43, 49 Modern Era (Times, Age); Younger Modern Byzantine Era, 52, 54 History, 126–131 C N Contemporary Thermal Optimum, 55–56 Neolithic, 43, 48, 49, 125, 139 E O Early Holocene, 36, 40–42, 125 Older Dryas, 36, 38, 124 Ottoman Empire, 55, 130 G Golden Bulgarian Period, 51–52 P Palaeolithic, Period of Migration of People, 51 H Pleistocene, 5, 12, 21, 34–36, 74, 77, High-glacial, 123, 124 Holocene, 4–6, 8, 33–56, 92, 124–126, 128, Post-glacial, 126 138, 139 Preboreal, 41–42 Holocene Climate Optimum, 36, 40, 42, 48 Present time, 4 I Q Iron Age, 43 Quaternary, 5, 12, 13, 33, 34, 123 L Late Eneolithic, 43 R Late-glacial, 5, 33–39, 41, 48 Riss glacial, 15 Little Ice Age, 54–55, 126, 139 Roman Age, 33 155 156 Time Period S W Stone Age, 6 Würm glacial, 5, 36, 123 Subatlantic, 43–48, 126 Subboreal, 42–48, 126, 139 Y Younger Dryas, 36, 38, 39, 48, T 123, 124 Tertiary, 12, 15, 94 Younger Pleistocene, 5 Subject Index A Block glacier, 36 Ablation, 76, 81, 85, 89, 90, 143 Bole sweep, 17, 98, 103 Accumulation, 12, 15, 47, 75, 76, 79, 88–90, Borer, 103 143, 144 Activity, 6, 8, 12, 28, 34, 38, 43, 44, 48, 52, 53, 74, 88, 101, 106, 111, 112, 127, C 142, 144 Calamities, 107 Afforestation, 41 Calibration, 104, 112, 127 Age, 5, 6, 8, 34, 36, 37, 43–45, 47–49, 52–55, Cambial, 111, 112, 127, 144 88, 89, 96, 98, 102–105, 126, 128, 139, Carbon, 40, 94, 101, 124, 125, 139 140, 142 Carbonate rock, 79 Agriculture, 26, 27, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56, Cave, 15, 79 62, 145 Charcoal, 8, 36, 40, 44–46, 48, 52, 130, Albedo, 6, 79 138, 139 Alteration, 1, 125 Chronology, 4, 33–56, 101–107, 109–112, Altitude, 3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 22, 35, 36, 38–45, 128, 129, 144 63–65, 67, 68, 76, 78, 90–92, 94, 95, Circulation, 6, 36, 62, 68, 123, 141 97, 98, 102, 125, 138, 139, 141, 142 Cirque (kar), 65 Annual, 4, 34, 49, 63–65, 68–71, 73, 74, 79, Cirque lake, 7, 21, 36, 37, 48, 79, 92, 124, 138 88, 89, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, Climate change, 3–7, 26, 27, 56, 61–74, 112, 126, 131–133, 138, 139, 142 88–90, 96, 97, 113, 123, 124, Arid, 38, 92, 139 131–133, 139–142, 145 Aromunes, 106 Climate conditions, 4, 38, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, Atmospheric circulation, 36, 62, 68 89, 92, 97, 100, 124, 125, 139, 140, Avalanche, 15, 16, 69, 76, 79, 84, 91, 142, 144 92, 97, 142 Climate events, 101, 128 Climate-growth, 4 Climate optimum, 36, 40, 42, 48, 138 B Climate pessimum, 54–55 Balance, 3, 5, 6, 20, 36, 73, 76, 79, 80, Climate station, 6, 62, 63, 103 84, 89, 142 Climate trend, 62, 70–73, 103, 132 Balkan, 2, 12, 25, 33, 34, 49, 52–56, 74, Concentration, 85, 88, 89, 142 77–78, 80, 88–90, 94, 95, 104, 128, Conductivity, 21, 85, 86 131, 138, 140–143, 145 Conifer, 42, 96, 98–101, 143, 144 Basin, 1, 4, 11–14, 19–21, 26, 48–50, 52, Core, 28, 37, 74, 81–86, 88, 89, 96, 98, 103, 53, 56, 62, 68, 72, 137, 141 106, 138, 142 Belt, 6, 16, 19, 26, 36, 43, 64, 93, 94, 97, Correlation, 4, 6, 71, 73, 85, 87, 103–108, 124, 125 110, 112, 113, 132 Biodiversity, 1, 13 Cross-checking, 62 157 158 Subject Index Cultural history, 5, 48–56, 126, 139 F Cultural landscape, 1, 49, 51 Favorable climate, 49, 140 Cycle, 5, 38, 65, 81, 85, 123, 125, 127, Fir, 64, 97 128, 140 Fire, 44, 53, 92, 94, 104 Firn, 4, 15, 74–77, 79, 81, 84–86, 88–90, 138, 142, 143 D Firnmasse, 74, 81
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