Abbreviations

AD (Anno Domini) AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) a.s.l. (above sea level) BAN (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) BC (Before Christ) BP (Before Present) CRU (Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia) DBH (Diameter at Breast Hight) ELA (Equilibrium Line Altitude) ENSO (El Niño and the Southern Oscillation) EPS (Expressed Population Signal) GCM (General Circulation Model) GIS (Geographical Information System) GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) GPS (Global Positioning System) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) LGM (Last Glacier Maximum) LIA (Little Ice Age) MDI (Multivariate Dating Index) NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) NIMH (National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology) NP (National Park) PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index) Rbar (Interseries Correlation) SD (Standard Deviation) SOM (Soil Organic Matter) SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) TRA (Tree-Ring Analyser) TRW (Tree-Ring-Width) WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service)

149 Geographical Features

A G Albanian Alps (Mts.), 78 Glazne (river), 19 Golemya Kazan (cirque), 23, 34–37, 39, 44, 46, 65–67, 77, 80 B Golyamo and Malko Spano Pole (meadow), 15 Banderica (river, cirque), 15, 17, 19–21, 34, Gotse Delchev (town), 50, 51, 53–56 35, 37, 40, 47, 97 Banderizhka Polyana (meadow), 15 Banderizhki Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 15 H Banderizhko (lake), 37 Hadzhidimovo (town), 56 Banski Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 39, 76, 77 Bansko (town), 15, 19, 23, 27, 28, 50, 53, 55, I 56, 62, 63, 65–69, 71–73, 96, 103, 104, Istok (river), 19 107–109, 111, 112, 129, 132, 133, 145 Banya (village), 12 Bayuvi Dupki (cirque), 27, 77 J Bayuvi Dupki Dzhindzhirica (reservat), 77 Jakoruda (town), 56 Bezbog (lake, peak), 21, 27, 37 Javorov (lake), 21 Bezbozhka Reka (river), 15 Blagoevgrad (town), 56, 62, 63 K Kamenica (peak, river), 15, 27, 77 C Koncheto (ridge), 77 Calderone (glacieret), 74, 79, 143 Kremensko (lake), 8, 37, 38 Kresna (town), 11, 15, 56 Kutelo (peak), 77, 80 D Dalgoto (lake), 37–39, 42, 43, 124 Debeli Namet (glacier), 75, 78, 79, 88, 89 M Demyanica (river), 15, 19–21, 34 Malkya Kazan (cirque), 18, 36, 37, 40, Djerman (village), 12 44–47, 65–67, 80, 97 Dobarsko (village), 50, 53 Melnik (town), 12, 50, 53, 55, 56 Dobrinishte (village), Mesta (river), 4, 11, 12, 19, 50, 53, 55, Durmitor (massif, mts.), 78 56, 64, 137

151 152 Geographical Features

Mozgovica (peat), 37 S Muratovo (lake), 21, 37 Sandanski (town), 12, 50, 56, 62, 63, 65, Musala (peak), 11, 36, 62–68, 70–73, 77, 81, 69, 70 103, 104, 107–109, 131–133 Sapareva Banya (town), 12 Simitli (town), 11, 56 Sinanica (peak), 27 P Slavyanka (mts.), 12 Paril (pass), 12 Snezhnika (glacieret), 35, 45, 74, 76, 77, Petrich (town), 56 79–89, 142, 143 Pindus (Mts.), 34, 77 Spanopolsko (lake), 21 Pirin (Mts.), 1–8, 11–29, 34–44, 50, 51, 56, Stara Planina (mts.), 54, 64, 140 61–65, 68–70, 74–98, 100, 101, 104, Stob (village), 12 106, 107, 109, 111–113, 124–130, 132, Struma (river), 4, 11–13, 15, 19, 52, 53, 56, 64 133, 137–145 Pirinska Bistrica (river), 15 Popovo (lake), 21 T Predel (pass), 12 Todor’s (meadow), 12 Prokletije (mts.), 74, 78 Todorin (peak), 17 Tufcha (river), 15

R Razlog (town), 11, 14, 19, 20, 50, 53, 55, 56 V Razlozhki Suhodol (cirque, dry-valley), 15 Vihren (peak), 12, 15, 17, 27, 35, 37, 40, 44, Retize (river), 15 47, 63, 65–67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 80, 107, Rhodopes (Mts.), 3, 11, 13, 26, 55, 64 125, 130, 133 Ribno Breznizhko (lake), 37 Vlahinska Reka (river), 15 Rila (Mts.), 3, 4, 11–13, 19, 26, 28, 34, 36, 37, 53, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 77, 104, 132, 141 Y Rupite (volcano, hot spring), 12 Yulen (reservat), Latin Plant and Animal Names

A D Abies alba, 24, 42, 43 Deschamptia caespitosa, 24 Acer, 41, 125 Dianthus microlepis, 24 Achillea, 41 Doronicum hungaricum, 24 Agrostis capillaries, 24 Agrostis rupestris, 24 Alnus viridis, 41, 94 E Androsace villosa, 24 Ephedera distachiya, 38 Arabis ferdinandi-coburgii, Ephedra fragilis, 38 24 Ephemeroptera, 25 Araneae, 25 Eriophorum latifolium, 24 Artemisia, 38, 41 Aspicilia calcerea agg., 88 Aster, 41 F Fagus sylvatica, 24, 43, 94 Festuca nigrescens, 24 B Festuca valida, 24 Betula pendula, 41, 94 Fraxinus excelsior, 41, 125 Bruckenthalia, Dryas, 24

G C Galeopsis bifida, 24 Calamagrostis arundinacea, 24 Canis lupus, 25 H Cardamine rivularis, 24 Heracleum verti-cillatum, 24 Carex curvula, 24, 94 Heteroptera, 25 Carex distans, 24 Hymenoptera, 25 Carex nigra, 24 Carpinus, 41, 125 Chamaecytisus absinthioides, I 24 Isoetes Lacustris, 24 Chenopodiaceae, 38, 41 Chenopodium bonus-henricus, 24 J Cirsium appendiculatum, 24 Juncus, 24 Coleoptera, 25 Juniperus excelsa, 107 Corylus, 41, 42, 125 Juniperus sibirica, 24, 94

153 154 Latin Plant and Animal Names

L Q Lepidoptera, 25 Quercus spec., 38, 41, 125 Lerchen-feldia flexuosa, 24

R M Ranunculus aquatilis, 24 Martes martes, 25 Rhodax alpestris, 24 Myriapoda, 25 Rumex alpinus, 24 Rupicarpa rupicarpa balcanica, 25 N Nardetum strictae, 94 Nardus stricta, 24 S Neuropterida, 25 Saxifraga stellaris, 24 Saxifraga spec., 24 Sesleria coerulans, 24 O Sesleria comosa, 24 Odonata, 25 Seslerion variae, 94 Silene acaulis, 24 Silene pusilla, 24 P Sparganium angustifolium, 24 Papaver degenii, 24 Subularia aquatica, 24 Parnassia palustris, 24 Petasites albus, 24 Petasites kablickianus, 24 T Picea abies, 24, 43, 93 Thymus perinicus, 24 Pinus diploxylon, 38, 41–43, 124, 125 Tilia, 41, 125 Pinus heldreichii, 4, 8, 24, 43, 46, 93–113, Trichophorum caespitosum, 125–128, 130, 138–140, 143–145 24 Pinus leucodermis, 94, 95, 100, 107 Trichoptera, 25 Pinus Montana, 94 Pinus mugo, 24, 41–43, 46, 93, 94, 97, 145 Pinus nigra, 24, 93, 96, 107 U Pinus peuce, 3, 25, 38, 40–43, 94, 95, 97, Ulmus, 38, 41, 125 102, 124, 125, 139, 143 Ursus arctos, 25 Pinus sylvestris, 41, 94, 96 Plantago gentianoides, 24 Plecoptera, 25 V Poaceae, 38, 41 Vaccinium, 24, 94 Polygonum arenastrum, 24 Veratrum album, 24 Populus tremula, 24, 94 Verbascum longifolium ssp. Pannosum, Potentilla appenina ssp. Stojanovii, 24 24 Time Period

A M Alleröd, 38 Mediaeval times, 141 Atlantic, 6, 36, 42–48, 64, 73, 90, 125, Medieval Warmth Optimum, 126, 138, 139, 143 52–53 Mesolithic, Mid-Holocene, 8, 139 B Middle Ages, 52, 53, 103, 126, 139 Bölling, 38 Migration period (Völkerwanderung), Boreal, 36, 41–49, 126, 139 124 Bronze Age, 43, 49 Modern Era (Times, Age); Younger Modern Byzantine Era, 52, 54 History, 126–131

C N Contemporary Thermal Optimum, 55–56 Neolithic, 43, 48, 49, 125, 139

E O Early Holocene, 36, 40–42, 125 Older Dryas, 36, 38, 124 Ottoman Empire, 55, 130

G Golden Bulgarian Period, 51–52 P Palaeolithic, Period of Migration of People, 51 H Pleistocene, 5, 12, 21, 34–36, 74, 77, High-glacial, 123, 124 Holocene, 4–6, 8, 33–56, 92, 124–126, 128, Post-glacial, 126 138, 139 Preboreal, 41–42 Holocene Climate Optimum, 36, 40, 42, 48 Present time, 4

I Q Iron Age, 43 Quaternary, 5, 12, 13, 33, 34, 123

L Late Eneolithic, 43 R Late-glacial, 5, 33–39, 41, 48 Riss glacial, 15 Little Ice Age, 54–55, 126, 139 Roman Age, 33

155 156 Time Period

S W Stone Age, 6 Würm glacial, 5, 36, 123 Subatlantic, 43–48, 126 Subboreal, 42–48, 126, 139 Y Younger Dryas, 36, 38, 39, 48, T 123, 124 Tertiary, 12, 15, 94 Younger Pleistocene, 5 Subject Index

A Block glacier, 36 Ablation, 76, 81, 85, 89, 90, 143 Bole sweep, 17, 98, 103 Accumulation, 12, 15, 47, 75, 76, 79, 88–90, Borer, 103 143, 144 Activity, 6, 8, 12, 28, 34, 38, 43, 44, 48, 52, 53, 74, 88, 101, 106, 111, 112, 127, C 142, 144 Calamities, 107 Afforestation, 41 Calibration, 104, 112, 127 Age, 5, 6, 8, 34, 36, 37, 43–45, 47–49, 52–55, Cambial, 111, 112, 127, 144 88, 89, 96, 98, 102–105, 126, 128, 139, Carbon, 40, 94, 101, 124, 125, 139 140, 142 Carbonate rock, 79 Agriculture, 26, 27, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56, Cave, 15, 79 62, 145 Charcoal, 8, 36, 40, 44–46, 48, 52, 130, Albedo, 6, 79 138, 139 Alteration, 1, 125 Chronology, 4, 33–56, 101–107, 109–112, Altitude, 3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 22, 35, 36, 38–45, 128, 129, 144 63–65, 67, 68, 76, 78, 90–92, 94, 95, Circulation, 6, 36, 62, 68, 123, 141 97, 98, 102, 125, 138, 139, 141, 142 Cirque (kar), 65 Annual, 4, 34, 49, 63–65, 68–71, 73, 74, 79, Cirque lake, 7, 21, 36, 37, 48, 79, 92, 124, 138 88, 89, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, Climate change, 3–7, 26, 27, 56, 61–74, 112, 126, 131–133, 138, 139, 142 88–90, 96, 97, 113, 123, 124, Arid, 38, 92, 139 131–133, 139–142, 145 Aromunes, 106 Climate conditions, 4, 38, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, Atmospheric circulation, 36, 62, 68 89, 92, 97, 100, 124, 125, 139, 140, Avalanche, 15, 16, 69, 76, 79, 84, 91, 142, 144 92, 97, 142 Climate events, 101, 128 Climate-growth, 4 Climate optimum, 36, 40, 42, 48, 138 B Climate pessimum, 54–55 Balance, 3, 5, 6, 20, 36, 73, 76, 79, 80, Climate station, 6, 62, 63, 103 84, 89, 142 Climate trend, 62, 70–73, 103, 132 Balkan, 2, 12, 25, 33, 34, 49, 52–56, 74, Concentration, 85, 88, 89, 142 77–78, 80, 88–90, 94, 95, 104, 128, Conductivity, 21, 85, 86 131, 138, 140–143, 145 Conifer, 42, 96, 98–101, 143, 144 Basin, 1, 4, 11–14, 19–21, 26, 48–50, 52, Core, 28, 37, 74, 81–86, 88, 89, 96, 98, 103, 53, 56, 62, 68, 72, 137, 141 106, 138, 142 Belt, 6, 16, 19, 26, 36, 43, 64, 93, 94, 97, Correlation, 4, 6, 71, 73, 85, 87, 103–108, 124, 125 110, 112, 113, 132 Biodiversity, 1, 13 Cross-checking, 62

157 158 Subject Index

Cultural history, 5, 48–56, 126, 139 F Cultural landscape, 1, 49, 51 Favorable climate, 49, 140 Cycle, 5, 38, 65, 81, 85, 123, 125, 127, Fir, 64, 97 128, 140 Fire, 44, 53, 92, 94, 104 Firn, 4, 15, 74–77, 79, 81, 84–86, 88–90, 138, 142, 143 D Firnmasse, 74, 81 Data, 4, 6, 7, 19, 21, 22, 61–113, 123, 124, Flood, 15, 19, 54, 133, 141 126, 127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 141, Fluctuation, 4, 6, 34, 55, 123–125, 127, 132 143–145 Fluvio-glacial sediments, 34 Deforestation, 44, 52, 56, 139 Forest line, 92, 139 Dendrochronology, 97, 130, 139, 140 Forestry, 26, 28, 56, 62, 94 Dendroclimatology, 7, 88, 126, 143 Fossil soil, 36, 37, 40, 92, 138, 139 Dendroecology, 8, 98–113, 138 Freezing, 16, 65, 92 Density, 3, 4, 75, 80, 84–86, 101, 113, Frost, 16, 44, 65, 67, 69, 72, 91, 92, 107, 128, 143, 144 140, 145 Deposits, 7, 34, 36, 127 Devastation, 50 Development, 1, 4, 5, 16, 22, 27, 28, 33–39, G 43–45, 48–51, 54, 55, 62, 72, 74, Gatherer, 48, 125 88–92, 97, 98, 103–107, 125–131, 133, Geoarchive, 1–8, 37, 39, 92, 98–101, 126, 138, 142, 143, 145 127, 143 Divergence, 106, 111, 139, 144 Geo-factor, 80, 89, 90, 133, 142 Doline, 15, 79 Glacial debris, 16, 38 Drilling, 74, 79, 81, 83, 89, 98, 104, 142 Glacial features, 34, 74–90 Drought, 51, 70, 102, 107, 109, 127, Glacial landforms, 33 140, 144 Glaciation, 5, 12, 15, 21, 33–39, 48, 74–80, Dualism, 94, 112, 127 90, 138, 142 Dynamic, 1–4, 6, 13, 27, 36, 40, 45, 48–56, Glacier, 6, 7, 15, 16, 34–36, 39, 44, 48, 51, 62, 75, 76, 78, 92, 97–98, 104, 128, 74–90, 124–126, 128–130, 138, 129, 138–140 141–143 Glacieret, 4, 7, 8, 12, 35, 40, 44, 45, 74–90, 92, 127, 133, 138, 142, E 143, 145 Earth orbit, 5, 41, 123, 125 Glacier-patch, 74, 75, 78 Ecosystem, 1, 3, 5, 11–13, 19, 26, 28, 91, 133, Global trend, 125, 132 137, 138, 145 Global warming, 70 Ecotone, 4, 6, 8, 46, 47, 90–98, 101, 102, 106, Gneiss, 13, 15 138, 139, 144, 145 Granite, 14, 15, 19, 40, 93 Elevation, 27, 37, 38, 40, 79, 97, 102, 124, 125, 139 Endemic species, 34, 143 H Enrichment, 45, 85 Habitat, 13, 36, 41, 140 Epoch, 5, 43, 124 Health care, 62 Equilibrium, 36, 76, 89 Heat, 89, 107, 109, 137 Era, 50, 53, 54, 124, 128 Heterogeneity, 62, 63, 137 Erosion, 12, 15–19, 36, 38, 50, 52, 54, 56, History, 4, 5, 8, 40, 43, 92, 101, 123–133, 94, 96, 102, 124, 145 138, 139 Eruption, 6, 54, 101, 124, 130, 144 Human impact, 43, 44, 138 Evaporation, 85, 127, 141 Humid, 3, 13, 21, 41, 68, 70, 72, 112, Evolution, 70, 71, 89, 130, 141, 145 127, 130, 133 Exposition, 15, 22, 69, 91, 139 Hunter, 48, 51, 125 Exposure, 22, 23, 79, 102 Hydrogen, 85, 101 Subject Index 159

I Marble, 12–17, 19, 21, 40, 43, 47, 48, 79, Ice, 4, 5, 7, 16, 36, 38, 39, 44, 49, 54–55, 65, 85, 93, 94, 100, 101, 139 74–78, 80, 81, 83–86, 88–91, 97, 124, Mass balance, 76, 79, 80, 84, 89 126, 127, 138, 139, 142, 143 Mass movement, 36, 125, 139 Improvement, 19, 126, 139 Measurement, 3, 6, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, Index, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 127, 144 79–82, 85, 88, 97, 98, 103, 104, Indicator, 3, 6, 7, 44, 74–90, 94, 138, 139, 145 110, 112, 131, 132, 141 Influence, 3, 6, 16, 22, 27, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, Mediterranean region, 3, 34, 99 64, 65, 70, 78, 89–92, 94, 96, 97, 106, Melt water, 16, 36, 44, 79, 85, 89, 142 107, 109, 110, 127, 128, 131, 141, 143 Metamorphose, 85 Insolation, 42, 124, 140 Meteorology, 63 Instability, 48 Migration, 3, 38, 41, 49, 51, 56, 124, 138 Interaction, 127 Mikrogletscher, 75 Intra-mountainous, 68 Mild, 48, 53, 107, 141, 144 Ion, 4, 84, 85, 88, 89, 142 Millennium, 4, 6, 41, 75, 124, 143 Isotope, 4, 7, 84–86, 88, 101, 113, 128, Monitoring, 13, 21, 63, 97–98, 131, 138, 145 138, 144 Montane zone, 124 Moraine, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 36, 39, 40, 44–48, 55, 75, 78–80, 88–90, 92, 125, 128, K 142, 145 Karst, 15, 19 Morphodynamic, 4, 13–18, 92 Krummholz, 18

N L Nature protection, 2, 28 Lake sediment, 6, 7, 36–39, 42, 43, 124, Network, 15, 20, 28, 63, 138 125, 138 Landscape development, 4, 5, 28, 36, 98, 138, 143 O Landscape history, 4, 5, 8, 40, 92, 101, Observation, 3, 33, 34, 62–63, 69, 81, 109, 123–133 111, 137, 138, 144 Landscape potential, 26 Oxygen, 85, 101 Landscape type, 12, 28 Landslide, 16, 102, 106 Late wood density, 4, 101, 113, 128, P 143, 144 Palaeoclimate, 123, 138 Layer, 4, 14, 16, 22, 44–46, 75, 84, 85, 88, Palynology, 7 89, 93, 97, 130, 138, 142, 145 Peak, 11, 12, 15, 17, 50, 55, 62–65, 67, 68, Lichonemetry, 7, 88 70–73, 77, 80, 81, 85, 88, 104, 107, Limitation, 101, 107, 109, 127 131–133 Limiting effect, 107, 109, 127, 133, 144 Peat, 4, 7, 21, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 124, 126, Lithology, 7, 39, 41, 79 138, 145 Local climate, 61–74, 90, 92, 138, 142, 143 Pedogenesis, 22, 41, 43, 45, 46 Location, 11–13, 15, 27, 36, 39, 40, 47, 53, Percolation, 85, 89, 142 65, 75, 77, 79, 92–94, 98, 101, 102, Periglacial, 12, 33, 34, 36, 89, 92, 142 124, 133, 138, 142 Period, 3, 5–7, 16, 19, 27, 36–44, 47–49, Logger, 92, 97, 141 51–53, 55, 56, 62, 65–73, 81, 85, 88, 89, 94, 104–112, 124–127, 129–133, 138–142, 144 M Permafrost, 90 Macrofossil, 7, 8, 38–40, 42, 43 Persistence, 38, 79, 81 Management, 18, 24, 25, 28, 56 Phase, 7, 8, 21, 33, 34, 36–38, 40, 44, 48, 81, Mapping, 4, 16, 23, 33, 40, 80, 94, 98, 102 88–90, 97, 127–131, 140, 142 160 Subject Index

Photogrammetric, 79 Snow line, 15, 37, 74, 77, 78, 125, 130, 138 Plague, 54, 55 Snow-patch, 54, 76, 77, 133 Pointer year, 103, 106, 107, 109 Soil, 4–6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 21–26, 36, 37, Political change, 63 40, 43–48, 51, 72, 79, 89–97, 124–126, Pollen, 7, 8, 36–44, 88, 91, 124, 138 130, 137–140, 142, 143, 145 Pomaks, 55 Solar radiation, 64, 65, 67 Precipitation, 2, 4, 7, 19, 34, 43, 56, 62–64, Solifluction, 16, 92 68–74, 76, 79, 81, 84, 85, 88–91, 97, Southernmost, 74, 75, 77, 78, 88, 142 98, 100, 101, 104, 107–109, 125, Stability, 3, 41, 43, 44, 48, 72, 96, 138, 127, 128, 131–133, 137, 139–141, 144, 145 143, 144 Stabilization, 81, 89, 142 Proxy-data, 4, 7, 88, 124, 143 Stem, 92, 98, 99, 103 Stomata, 101 Stratification, 21, 44, 79, 84 R Stratigraphy, 7, 34, 39 Radiocarbon (14C), 7, 126 Stress, 16, 80, 91, 109, 139 Rainfall, 68, 70, 73, 104, 142 Subalpine, 3, 13, 23, 39, 43, 94, 102, 130 Reconstruction, 4, 6, 7, 34, 36, 38, 39, 43, 88, Substrate, 22, 23, 47, 91–94 92, 98, 101, 104, 112, 124, 126, 127, Surroundings, 62, 80, 89, 138, 142 129, 131, 138, 140, 143, 145 Survive, 74, 79, 90, 143 Records, 7, 34, 54, 70, 79, 81, 85, 88, 124, Sustainable, 28, 62, 138 131, 138, 141, 143, 145 Synchronism, 129 Refuge, 1, 36, 41, 55, 124, 138 Regime, 2, 3, 19, 21, 62, 64, 71–73, 127 Regional, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 28, 34, 36, 52–54, 62, T 64, 67, 78, 90, 106, 125, 128, 132, Talus, 48 138–140, 142, 145 Technology, 40, 63, 133 Regional climate, 6, 38, 61, 63–70, 74, 90, Temperature, 2–4, 7, 16, 21, 34, 36, 38, 43, 48, 123–133, 141, 143 49, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64–67, 70–74, 78, Regionalization, 78–79 79, 81, 84, 85, 89–92, 97, 98, 100, 101, Regression, 23, 52, 54, 104, 110, 112, 103, 104, 107–112, 124–133, 137, 127, 143 139–144 Relation, 62, 81, 85, 89, 98, 99, 105, 107–113, Thawing, 16, 65, 69, 73, 81 126–129, 140 Thermoluminescence, 36 Relics, 25, 90, 94, 95, 128, 143 Thickness, 22, 44, 69, 75, 78, 80, 84, 93, 132 Response function, 4, 104 Threshold value, 6, 65, 67, 72, 92, 133 Ring width, 4, 7 Timberline, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 36, 40, River, 4, 15, 19–21, 49, 51, 64 42–44, 46, 47, 51, 54, 65, 90–102, Rock fall, 16, 92, 103, 106 106–109, 125, 126, 130, 133, 138–141, Rock glacier, 36, 39, 44, 78 143–145 Runoff, 3, 19, 21, 48 Topography, 79, 91, 139, 141, 142 Tourism, 27, 28, 56, 62, 72, 94, 141 Transition area, 3, 91, 137 S Translocation, 85 Scree, 80 Transregional, 128 Seasonality, 43, 125, 139 Treeline, 43, 91, 92, 94, 97, 102, 108, 125, Sensitive, 3, 28, 92, 98, 99, 140 138–140 Significance, 7, 27, 63, 73, 103, 104, 109 Tree-ring, 4, 7, 62, 92, 98, 100, 101, Silicate rock, 77, 94 103–107, 109–113, 126–128, 130, Site condition, 101, 102, 105–107 139, 143, 144 Snow cover, 62, 69, 72, 73, 92, 130, Trend, 6, 27, 41, 49, 54, 62, 70–73, 88, 101, 132, 133, 145 103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 125, 128, Snowfall, 70, 73, 89 131–133, 140, 141 Subject Index 161

V Warming, 3, 36, 48, 70–72, 90, 131, 132, Validation, 7, 88, 128 141–143, 145 Valley, 1, 4, 11, 12, 15–17, 19, 26, 34, 35, 40, Water, 2, 3, 5, 15, 18–21, 26, 28, 36, 41, 47–51, 53, 55, 56, 62, 64, 65, 68, 38, 44, 62, 69, 72, 79, 80, 85, 69, 80, 94, 141 89, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 101, Value, 4, 6, 7, 20, 23, 38, 43, 45, 46, 63–65, 107, 109, 124, 131, 137, 138, 67, 68, 71, 72, 85, 88, 92, 103, 104, 142, 145 107, 131–133, 141 Water tower, 69, 145 Variability, 2, 4, 36, 54, 63, 68, 73, 81, Weather, 2, 19, 21, 43, 54, 62, 68, 92, 96, 103, 106, 107, 125, 132, 88, 141 137–141, 143 Weather extremes, 130 Vegetation, 4, 15–17, 21, 23, 24, 36–48, 52, Weather station, 62, 73, 141 72, 89, 90, 92, 94–97, 111, 124, 126, Wet, 40, 41, 47, 52, 54, 79, 107, 111, 138, 139, 142, 144 139–141, 144 Vegetation history, 4, 7, 8, 138, 139 Windblown, 76, 79, 80 Vegetation period, 73, 94, 107, 130 Wind drift, 38, 74 Verification, 104, 112, 145 Wood, 4, 40, 94, 96, 101, 103, 106, 107, 128, Vitality, 52, 54, 103 143, 144

W Z Wall, 44, 55, 75–77, 79, 80, 85, 89 Zone, 16, 21, 23, 24, 28, 37, 38, 41, Warm, 2, 3, 5, 41, 48, 52, 54, 56, 62–65, 72, 53, 62, 65, 70, 76, 84, 91, 94, 79, 89, 94, 107, 111, 123, 127, 129, 98, 102, 124, 125, 128, 141, 141, 142 144, 145