The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Luteinizinghormones Hormone/Follicle-Stimulating Are Chemical Hormone Messengers
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Associations Between Serum Leptin Level and Bone Turnover in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Associations between Serum Leptin Level and Bone Turnover in Kidney Transplant Recipients ʈ ʈ ʈ Csaba P. Kovesdy,*† Miklos Z. Molnar,‡§ Maria E. Czira, Anna Rudas, Akos Ujszaszi, Laszlo Rosivall,‡ Miklos Szathmari,¶ Adrian Covic,** Andras Keszei,†† Gabriella Beko,‡‡ ʈ Peter Lakatos,¶ Janos Kosa,¶ and Istvan Mucsi §§ *Division of Nephrology, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia; †Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; ‡Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; §Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research & Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at ʈ Harbor-University of California–Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California; Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; ¶First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; **University of Medicine Gr T Popa, Iasi, Romania; ††Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; ‡‡Central Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and §§Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Background and objectives: Obesity is associated with increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A direct effect of adipose tissue on bone turnover through leptin production has been suggested, but such an association has not been explored in kidney transplant recipients. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This study examined associations of serum leptin with PTH and with biomarkers of bone turnover (serum beta crosslaps [CTX, a marker of bone resorption] and osteocalcin [OC, a marker of bone formation]) in 978 kidney transplant recipients. Associations were examined in multivariable regression models. Path analyses were used to determine if the association of leptin with bone turnover is independent of PTH. -
Endocrine System WS19
Endocrine System Human Physiology Unit 3 Endocrine System • Various glands located throughout the body • Some organs may also have endocrine functions • Endocrine glands/organs synthesize and release hormones • Hormones travel in plasma to target cells Functions of the Endocrine System • Differentiation of nervous and reproductive system during fetal development • Regulation of growth and development • Regulation of the reproductive system • Maintains homeostasis • Responds to changes from resting state Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation • Hormones have different rates and rhythms of secretion • Hormones are regulated by feedback systems to maintain homeostasis • Receptors for hormones are only on specific effector cells • Excretion of hormones vary for steroid hormones and peptide hormones Regulation of Hormone Secretion • Release of hormones occurs in response to • A change from resting conditions • Maintaining a regulated level of hormones or substances • Hormone release is regulated by • Chemical factors (glucose, calcium) • Endocrine factors (tropic hormones, HPA) HPA = Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis • Neural controls (sympathetic activation) Hormone Feedback Systems Negative feedback maintains hormone concentrations within physiological ranges • Negative feedback • Feedback to one level Loss of • Long-loop Negative Feedback feedback • Feedback to two levels control often leads to • Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gland Axis pathology Negative Feedback Short-Loop Negative Feedback Long-Loop Negative Feedback Hormone Transport Peptide/Protein Hormones -
Human Physiology/The Male Reproductive System 1 Human Physiology/The Male Reproductive System
Human Physiology/The male reproductive system 1 Human Physiology/The male reproductive system ← The endocrine system — Human Physiology — The female reproductive system → Homeostasis — Cells — Integumentary — Nervous — Senses — Muscular — Blood — Cardiovascular — Immune — Urinary — Respiratory — Gastrointestinal — Nutrition — Endocrine — Reproduction (male) — Reproduction (female) — Pregnancy — Genetics — Development — Answers Introduction In simple terms, reproduction is the process by which organisms create descendants. This miracle is a characteristic that all living things have in common and sets them apart from nonliving things. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, it is not essential to keeping an individual alive. In human reproduction, two kinds of sex cells or gametes are involved. Sperm, the male gamete, and an egg or ovum, the female gamete must meet in the female reproductive system to create a new individual. For reproduction to occur, both the female and male reproductive systems are essential. While both the female and male reproductive systems are involved with producing, nourishing and transporting either the egg or sperm, they are different in shape and structure. The male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis, while the female has reproductive organs entirely within the pelvis. The male reproductive system consists of the testes and a series of ducts and glands. Sperm are produced in the testes and are transported through the reproductive ducts. These ducts include the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra. The reproductive glands produce secretions that become part of semen, the fluid that is ejaculated from the urethra. These glands include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. -
Male Reproductive System
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DR RAJARSHI ASH M.B.B.S.(CAL); D.O.(EYE) ; M.D.-PGT(2ND YEAR) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY CALCUTTA NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gonads – Two ovoid testes present in scrotal sac, out side the abdominal cavity B. Accessory sex organs - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands C. External genitalia – penis and scrotum ANATOMY OF MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Two principal cell types in seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Germ cell INTERACTION BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS AND SPERM BLOOD- TESTIS BARRIER • Blood – testis barrier protects germ cells in seminiferous tubules from harmful elements in blood. • The blood- testis barrier prevents entry of antigenic substances from the developing germ cells into circulation. • High local concentration of androgen, inositol, glutamic acid, aspartic acid can be maintained in the lumen of seminiferous tubule without difficulty. • Blood- testis barrier maintains higher osmolality of luminal content of seminiferous tubules. FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS 1.Germ cell development 2.Phagocytosis 3.Nourishment and growth of spermatids 4.Formation of tubular fluid 5.Support spermiation 6.FSH and testosterone sensitivity 7.Endocrine functions of sertoli cells i)Inhibin ii)Activin iii)Follistatin iv)MIS v)Estrogen 8.Sertoli cell secretes ‘Androgen binding protein’(ABP) and H-Y antigen. 9.Sertoli cell contributes formation of blood testis barrier. LEYDIG CELL • Leydig cells are present near the capillaries in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. • They are rich in mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum. • Leydig cells secrete testosterone,DHEA & Androstenedione. • The activity of leydig cell is different in different phases of life. -
The Male Body
Fact Sheet The Male Body What is the male What is the epididymis? reproductive system? The epididymis is a thin highly coiled tube (duct) A man’s fertility and sexual characteristics depend that lies at the back of each testis and connects on the normal functioning of the male reproductive the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another system. A number of individual organs act single tube called the vas deferens. together to make up the male reproductive 1 system; some are visible, such as the penis and the 6 scrotum, whereas some are hidden within the body. The brain also has an important role in controlling 7 12 reproductive function. 2 8 1 11 What are the testes? 3 6 The testes (testis: singular) are a pair of egg 9 7 12 shaped glands that sit in the scrotum next to the 2 8 base of the penis on the outside of the body. In 4 10 11 adult men, each testis is normally between 15 and 3 35 mL in volume. The testes are needed for the 5 male reproductive system to function normally. 9 The testes have two related but separate roles: 4 10 • to make sperm 5 1 Bladder • to make testosterone. 2 Vas deferens The testes develop inside the abdomen in the 3 Urethra male fetus and then move down (descend) into the scrotum before or just after birth. The descent 4 Penis of the testes is important for fertility as a cooler 5 Scrotum temperature is needed to make sperm and for 16 BladderSeminal vesicle normal testicular function. -
Anatomy and Physiology of a Bull's Reproductive Tract
Beef Cattle Handbook BCH-2010 Product of Extension Beef Cattle Resource Committee Reproductive Tract Anatomy and Physiology of the Bull E. J. Turman, Animal Science Department Oklahoma State University T. D. Rich, Animal Science Department Oklahoma State University The reproductive tract of the bull consists of the testicles normally and usually produces enough sperm so that and secondary sex organs, which transport the sperma- the male will be of near normal fertility. However, since tozoa from the testicle and eventually deposits them in this condition appears to have a hereditary basis, such the female reproductive tract. These organs are the epi- males should not be used for breeding. If both testicles didymis, vas deferens and penis, plus three accessory are retained, the male will be sterile. sex glands, the seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper’s Usually, hormone production is near normal in the gland. This basic anatomy is illustrated in figure 1 as a cryptorchid testicle and the male develops and behaves greatly simplified diagrammatic sketch. like a normal male. If the retained testicle is not The testicle has two very vital functions: (1) produc- removed at time of castration, the male will develop the ing the spermatozoa; and (2) producing the specific secondary sex characters of an uncastrated male. This male hormone, testosterone. The testicles are located operation is not as simple, nor as safe, as removing tes- outside of the body cavity in the scrotum. This is essen- ticles that are in the scrotum. Thus, it is recommended tial for normal sperm formation since this occurs only at to select against this trait by culling cryptorchid males. -
Endocrine Paraneoplastic Syndromes: a Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal Review Article Open Access Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes: a review Abstract Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2015 Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes result from ectopic production of hormones by Hala Ahmadieh,1 Asma Arabi2 different tumors. Hypercalcemia of malignancy is the most common, mostly caused by 1Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut, ectopic parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) production which increases bone Lebanon resorption. Other causes include the rare ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, 2Department of Internal Medicine, American University of ectopic production of 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D by the tumor and its adjacent macrophages and Beirut-Medical Center, Lebanon bone metastasis which by itself in addition to the local production of PTHrP at the level of the bone lead to bone resorption and thus hypercalcemia. Treatment includes extracellular Correspondence: Asma Arabi, Department of Internal fluid volume repletion, bisphosphonates or denosumab and calcitonin. Ectopic Cushing’s Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of syndrome caused by ectopic ACTH production results in hypokalemia, proximal muscle Beirut-Medical Center, Po Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, weakness, easy bruisability, hypertension, diabetes and psychiatric abnormalities including Lebanon, Email depression and mood disorders. Different diagnostic measures help to differentiate Cushing’s disease from ectopic Cushing’s syndrome. Treatment includes surgical resection Received: October 26, 2014 | Published: January 02, 2015 of tumor and medical therapy to suppress excess cortisol production. Ectopic secretion of ADH has been associated with different tumor types. The best treatment options include removal of the underlying tumor, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy in addition to free water restriction, demeclocycline and vaptans. -
Anatomy and Physiology Male Reproductive System References
DEWI PUSPITA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REFERENCES . Tortora and Derrickson, 2006, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Medical Embryology Langeman, pdf. Moore and Persaud, The Developing Human (clinically oriented Embryologi), 8th edition, Saunders, Elsevier, . Van de Graff, Human anatomy, 6th ed, Mcgraw Hill, 2001,pdf . Van de Graff& Rhees,Shaum_s outline of human anatomy and physiology, Mcgraw Hill, 2001, pdf. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION SYSTEM? . Unlike other body systems, the reproductive system is not essential for the survival of the individual; it is, however, required for the survival of the species. The RS does not become functional until it is “turned on” at puberty by the actions of sex hormones sets the reproductive system apart. The male and female reproductive systems complement each other in their common purpose of producing offspring. THE TOPIC : . 1. Gamet Formation . 2. Primary and Secondary sex organ . 3. Male Reproductive system . 4. Female Reproductive system . 5. Female Hormonal Cycle GAMET FORMATION . Gamet or sex cells are the functional reproductive cells . Contain of haploid (23 chromosomes-single) . Fertilizationdiploid (23 paired chromosomes) . One out of the 23 pairs chromosomes is the determine sex sex chromosome X or Y . XXfemale, XYmale Gametogenesis Oocytes Gameto Spermatozoa genesis XY XX XX/XY MALE OR FEMALE....? Male Reproductive system . Introduction to the Male Reproductive System . Scrotum . Testes . Spermatic Ducts, Accessory Reproductive Glands,and the Urethra . Penis . Mechanisms of Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation The urogenital system . Functionally the urogenital system can be divided into two entirely different components: the urinary system and the genital system. -
Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy-Resources Table
Responsibility/ Adaptations in Pregnancy Additional Information Hormones ➢ Maintaining homeostasis Perinatal Nursing – 2021 ➢ Regulation of growth Simpson, Creehan, O’Brien-Abel, Roth ➢ Development and Cellular communication & Rohan Chapter three – Physiological Changes of Pregnancy Blackburn, Susan Tucker Page 48 Placenta ➢ Responsible for transfer of nutrients to the fetus ❖ Placental Hormones are critical and waste products away from the fetus for many of the metabolic and ➢ Functions as the fetal lungs, gi, liver, kidney and endocrine changes during endocrine organ pregnancy ➢ Major Hormones ❖ Fetal bone growth and placental ❖ hCG - Human chorionic gonadotropin calcium transport is mediated ❖ hPL – Human Placental Lactogen by Parathyroid hormone related ❖ Estrogen protein or PTHrP ❖ Progesterone ❖ Corticotrophin-releasing ❖ Serves as an endocrine gland hormone or CRH and PGs have a ❖ Major Hormones major role in initiation of ❖ hCG - Human chorionic gonadotropin myometrial contractility and ❖ hPL – Human Placental Lactogen labor onset ❖ Estrogen Page 49 ❖ Progesterone ➢ HCG ➢ Primarily secreted by the placenta Page 49 1 | P a g e ➢ Major function is to maintain progesterone and estrogen production by the corpus luteum until the placental function is adequate (approximately 10 weeks post-conception) ➢ Thought to have a role in fetal testosterone and corticosteroid production and angiogenesis ➢ Found in maternal serum by within 7-8 days after implantation ➢ Positive pregnancy test – 3 weeks after conception and 5 weeks after LMP ➢ Elevated -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. -
The Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Synthesis
BRIEF REVIEW www.jasn.org The Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Synthesis Rajiv Kumar* and James R. Thompson† *Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and †Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota ABSTRACT Secondary hyperparathyroidism classically appears during the course of chronic renal basis of these observations regarding failure and sometimes after renal transplantation. Understanding the mechanisms by pathogenesis, therapy for 2°HPT in the which parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and secretion are normally regulated is context of CKD and ESRD includes the important in devising methods to regulate overactivity and hyperplasia of the para- control of serum phosphate concentra- ϩ thyroid gland after the onset of renal insufficiency. Rapid regulation of PTH secretion tions, the administration of Ca2 and in response to variations in serum calcium is mediated by G-protein coupled, calcium- vitamin D analogs, and the administra- sensing receptors on parathyroid cells, whereas alterations in the stability of mRNA- tion of calcimimetics.33,34,16,35,36 encoding PTH by mRNA-binding proteins occur in response to prolonged changes in Nevertheless, 2°HPT remains a signifi- serum calcium. Independent of changes in intestinal calcium absorption and serum cant clinical problem and additional meth- calcium, 1␣,25-dihydroxyvitamin D also represses the transcription of PTH by associ- ods for the treatment of this condition would ating with the vitamin D receptor, which heterodimerizes with retinoic acid X receptors be helpful, especially in refractory situations, to bind vitamin D-response elements within the PTH gene. -
Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Vas Deferens
Male Reproductive System Dr Punita Manik Professor Department of Anatomy K G’s Medical University U P Lucknow Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Seminal Vesicle • Prostrate • Penis Testis • Covering of testis 1.Tunica vaginalis 2.Tumica albuginea Mediastinum testis Lobule of testis- -Seminiferous tubule -Interstitial tissue 3.Tunica vasculosa Testis • Tunica Albuginea • Seminiferous tubules • Cells in different stages of development • From basement membrane to lumen: Spermatogonia,sper matocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa Testis • Seminiferous tubules: Lined by Stratified epithelium known as Germinal epithelium. • Germinal epithelium has 2 type of cells 1. Spermatogenic cells-that produce sperms 2. Sertoli cells-tall columnar cells, lateral process divide cavity (basal and luminal), that nourish the sperms Sertoli cells Functions • Physical support, nutrition and protection of the developing spermatids. • Phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm from the developing spermatids. • Phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells • Secretion of fructose rich testicular fluid for the nourishment and transport of sperms Testis • Basement membrane Myoid cells • Interstitial tissue 1.blood vessels 2.Loose connective tissue cells 3.Leydig cells- testosterone secreting interstitial cells Seminiferous tubules SERTOLI CELLS Sertoli Cells Sustentacular cells Supporting cells •Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen •Slender, elongated cells with irregular outlines Leydig cells Interstitial cell of Leydig •Present in the interstitial connective tissue of the testis with blood vessels and fibrocytes •Produce testosterone Blood Testis Barrier • The adjacent cytoplasm of Sertoli cells are joined by occluding tight junctions, producing a blood testis barrier. • It protects the developing cells from immune system by restricting the passage of membrane antigens from developing sperm into the blood stream.