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The Reproductive System Main Idea Males and Females Have Different Reproductive Structures and Functions

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The Reproductive System Main Idea Males and Females Have Different Reproductive Structures and Functions Regulation and Human reproduction and growth and development involve the interactions of all body systems. Reproduction SECTION 1 The Endocrine System Main Idea Hormones from endocrine glands affect many body functions including reproduction. SECTION 2 The Reproductive System Main Idea Males and females have different reproductive structures and functions. SECTION 3 Human Life Stages Main Idea Before birth and until death, a human changes continuously. Where’s the emergency? This fire station control room has panels of blinking buttons and monitors. Dispatchers can access and relay emergency information quickly using this complex monitoring system. In a similar way, your body’s endocrine system monitors and controls the actions of many of your body’s functions. Science Journal Write a paragraph describing how an emergency call might be handled at a fire station. 620 Lawerence Manning/CORBIS Start-Up Activities Stages of Life Make the fol- lowing Foldable to help you predict the stages of life. Model a Chemical Message Your body has systems that work together STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet of paper in half to coordinate your body’s activities. One of from top to bottom. Then fold it in half again top to bottom two more these systems sends chemical messages times. Unfold all the folds. through your blood to certain tissues, which, in turn, respond. Do the lab below to see how a chemical signal can be sent. 1. Cut a 10-cm-tall Y shape from filter STEP 2 Refold the paper paper and place into a fan, using it on a plastic, the folds as a guide. Unfold all ceramic, or glass the folds again. plate. 2. Sprinkle baking soda on one arm of the Y and salt on the other arm. STEP 3 Label as shown. 3. Using a dropper, place five or six drops of Fertilization/Embryo vinegar halfway up the leg of the Y. 4. Think Critically Describe in your Science Journal how the chemical moves along the paper and the reaction(s) it causes. Death Read and Write Before you read the chapter, list as many stages of life as you can on your Preview this chapter’s content Foldable. Add to your list as you read the and activities at chapter. life.msscience.com 621 (bkgd)Lawerence Manning/CORBIS, (c)John Evans Learn It! Make connections between what you read and what you already know. Connections can be based on personal experiences (text-to-self), what you have read before (text-to-text), or events in other places (text-to-world). As you read, ask connecting questions. Are you reminded of a personal experience? Have you read about the topic before? Did you think of a per- son, a place, or an event in another part of the world? Practice It! Read the excerpt below and make connec- tions to your own knowledge and experience. Text-to-self: How do Adolescence usually is when the final growth hormones affect spurt occurs. Because the time when hormones growth? begin working varies among individuals and between males and females, growth rates differ. Text-to-self: Girls often begin their final growth phase at How much have about age 11 and end around age 16. Boys you grown in the usually start their growth spurt at age 13 and last year? Has end around 18 years of age. your growth —from page 640 spurt begun? Text-to-self: Which of your friends have begun their growth spurts? Apply It! As you read this chapter, choose five words or phrases that make a connection to something you already know. 622 A CHAPTER 22 Regulation and Reproduction Make connections with memorable events, places, or Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter. people in your life. The better the connection, the moreember. Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements likely you will rem below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper. • Write an A if you agree with the statement. • Write a D if you disagree with the statement. After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’ve changed your mind about any of the statements. • If any of your answers changed, explain why. • Change any false statements into true statements. • Use your revised statements as a study guide. Before You Read Statement After You Read A or D A or D 1 One hormone can affect several types of tissues. 2 Chemical messages travel among endocrine glands and coordinate their functions. 3 The endocrine system regulates the function of the reproductive system. 4 Sperm form in the prostate gland. 5 The head of a sperm contains genetic material. Print out a worksheet 6 Eggs form in females before birth. of this page at life.msscience.com 7 Fertilization of an egg by a sperm occurs in the uterus. 8 The monthly reproductive cycle of a female is menopause. 9 The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the mother. 10 Adulthood is the stage of development when a person stops growing. 622 B The Endocrine System Functions of the Endocrine System Inc. David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, You go through the dark hallways of a haunted house. You can’t see a thing. Your heart is pounding. Suddenly, a monster steps out in front of you. You scream and jump backwards. Your I Define how hormones function. I Identify different endocrine body is prepared to defend itself or get away. Preparing the body glands and the effects of the hor- for fight or flight in times of emergency, as shown in Figure 1, is mones they produce. one of the functions of the body’s control systems. I Describe how a feedback system works in your body. Control Systems All of your body’s systems work together, but the endocrine (EN duh krun) and the nervous systems are The endocrine system uses chemi- your body’s control systems. The endocrine system sends chem- cals to control many systems in your ical messages in your blood that affect specific tissues called tar- body. get tissues. The nervous system sends rapid impulses to and from your brain, then throughout your body. Your body does not Review Vocabulary respond as quickly to chemical messages as it does to impulses. tissue: groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function Endocrine Glands New Vocabulary Tissues found throughout your body called endocrine glands hormone produce the chemical messages called hormones (HOR mohnz). • Hormones can speed up or slow down certain cellular processes. Some glands in your body release their products through small tubes called ducts. Endocrine glands are ductless and each endocrine gland releases its hormone directly into the blood. Then, the blood transports the hor- mone to the target tissue. A target tis- sue usually is located in the body far from the location of the endocrine gland that produced the hormone to which it responds. What is the func- tion of hormones? Figure 1 Your endocrine system enables many parts of your body to respond immedi- ately in a fearful situation. Gland Functions Endocrine glands have many functions in the body. The functions include the regulation of its internal environment, adaptation to stressful situations, promotion of growth and development, and the coordination of circulation, digestion, and the absorption of food. Figure 2 on the next two pages shows some of the body’s endocrine glands. Use Percentages GLUCOSE LEVELS Calculate how much higher the blood 3.5 Diabetic sugar (glucose) level of a diabetic is before breakfast 3.0 Nondiabetic when compared to a nondiabetic before breakfast. 2.5 Express this number as a percentage of the nondiabetic 2.0 sugar level before breakfast. 1.5 1.0 Solution 0.5 This is what you know: G nondiabetic blood 0 123456 sugar at 0 h ϭ 0.85 g Blood sugar (g sugar/L blood) Hours after breakfast sugar/L blood G diabetic blood sugar at 0 h ϭ 1.8 g sugar/L blood This is what you need How much higher is the glucose level of a diabetic person to find out: than that of a nondiabetic person before breakfast? This is the procedure G Find the difference in glucose levels: you need to use: 1.8 g/L Ϫ 0.85 g/L ϭ 0.95 g/L G Use this equation: difference between values ᎏᎏᎏ ϫ nondiabetic value 100% 5 percent difference G Substitute in the known values: 0.95 ᎏᎏ ϫ 100% ϭ 112% 0.85 G Before breakfast, a diabetic’s blood sugar is about 112 percent higher than that of a nondiabetic. Check your answer: Change 112% to a decimal then multiply it by 0.85. You should get 0.95. 1. Express as a percentage how much higher the blood sugar value is for a diabetic person compared to a nondiabetic person 1 h after breakfast. 2. Express as a percentage how much higher the blood sugar value is for a diabetic person compared to a nondiabetic person 3 h and 6 h after breakfast. For more practice, visit life.msscience.com/ math_practice SECTION 1 The Endocrine System 623 VISUALIZING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Figure 2 our endocrine system is PINEAL GLAND Shaped involved in regulating and like a tiny pinecone,the Ycoordinating many body pineal gland lies deep functions, from growth and in the brain. It produces development to reproduction. melatonin, a hormone Pituitary Pineal This complex system consists of that may function as a sort gland gland many diverse glands and organs, of body clock by regulating including the nine shown here.
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