DOCSLIB.ORG

Dispersion Géochimique Naturelle Et Artificielle Du Mercure Dans La Région De Azzaba -W.Skikda- Et Son Impact Sur L’Environneent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dispersion Géochimique Naturelle Et Artificielle Du Mercure Dans La Région De Azzaba -W.Skikda- Et Son Impact Sur L’Environneent N° d’ordre : 03 /2011-D/S.T RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE LA TECHNOLOGIE « HOUARI BOUMEDIENE » FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, DE GEOGRAPHIE ET DE L’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE THÈSE Présentée pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTORAT EN : SCIENCES DE LA TERRE Spécialité : Hydrogéologie Par : ALLIGUI Fadila Sujet : Dispersion Géochimique Naturelle et Artificielle du Mercure dans la Région de Azzaba -W.Skikda- et son Impact sur l’Environneent. Soutenue publiquement le 7 Juillet 2011, devant le jury composé de : M. AISSA Djamel Eddine Professeur à l’USTHB Président M. BOUTALEB Abdelhak Professeur à l’USTHB Directeur de Thèse M. BOUDOUKHA Abderrahmane Professeur à l’Université de Batna Examinateur M. SAIGHI Omar Professeur à l’USTHB Examinateur M. MIMOUNI Omar Maître de Conférences/ A, à Examinateur l’USTHB Mme. NEZZAL Fatiha Maître de Conférences/ A, à Examinateur USTHB Ordr N° : 03 /2011-D/S.T PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY « HOUARI BOUMEDIENE » FACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCES, GEOGRAPHY AND LAND USE PLANNING THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR By: Alligui Fadila Geochemical Natural and Artificial Dispersion of Mercury in Azzaba - Skikda Province and its Impact on Environment Defended on July 7, 2011. The jury is composed of: Mr. AISSA Djamel Eddine Professor (FSTGAT/USTHB) Chairman Mr. BOUTALEB Abdelhak Professor (FSTGAT/USTHB) Supervisor Mr. BOUDOUKHA Abderrahmane Professor (University of Batna) Member Mr. SAIGHI Omar Professor (FSTGAT/USTHB) Member Mr. MIMOUNI Omar Doctor (FSTGAT/USTHB) Member Mrs. NEZZAL Fatiha Doctor (FSTGAT/USTHB) Member 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Boutaleb Abdelhak for his intellectual support and able guidance throughout the whole project especially during the difficult times. I cannot simply thank him enough for all the trust he put in me. Sincere thanks to the examination committee for their useful discussion and critical comments which enriched this work. I would like to say thanks to Prof. Aissa Djamel Eddine for his support and I extend my thanks to Dr. Chibane Ibrahim for his encouragement and critiques. Many thanks should also go to Ms. Samia Bouzid from the ANCGM, Mr. Yassine Aissaoui from ENOF; Dr. Taleb Mourad, Dr. Rouabhi Abderezzak, Mr Rouabhi Djamel, Mr. Mermoul Houssem and Mr. Mermoul Mohamed Lamine for constant help during the months of field work and sampling. I would like to say big thanks to Mr. Hocine Zenati, Ms. Mihoubi Dhaouia, Ms. Soltani Mounira, Mr. Bouhadad Noureddine and Mr. Ferdi Abdelhak at the National Hydraulic Resources Agency of Constantine (NHRA) for the arrangement of soils, sediment and water samples analysis. Mr. Tachetache and Mrs. Kadouri from ONM, Ms. Bellara from DHW-Skikda also provided me with useful hydrologic, hydrogeologic and climatic informations. I also appreciate the instructive discussions with Prof. John Stewart and Dr.Ulrich Ofterdinger from Queen's University in Belfast (U.K) during my stay in their laboratories. Thanks are also extended to the staff of the Water and Environment Research and Study Center in the University of Jordan for receiving me in their laboratories and providing me with useful assistance in analysis protocols and their applications. I wish to thank my family, near and far, for all the emotional support and encouragement. I ABSTRACT Mercury has a number of unique properties that make it a valuable metal in industry, but which has lost its importance in industrial processes due to its harmful effect on environment as well as on human health. In fact, in Azzaba district alone, 99339 of residents (according to 1998 census results) live in very close contact with the natural environment of mercury mineralization and mining wastes, and obtain their food and drinking water directly from the mined area and its vicinity. The local residents rely heavily on locally grown crops within the mined area as well as in areas containing known deposits not yet mined. The geochemical pathways of mercury therefore affect the local populations more directly and also present an opportunity to investigate the role of mercury and associated toxic metals to human health risks. This thesis presents a compilation of known background knowledge for mercury in Azzaba district rocks, soils and waters; it focuses on natural accumulation of mercury associated with As-Hg-Pb-Zn mineralization in Azzaba in southwest Skikda Province East of Algeria, as a case study for mercury hazard in a geo-environmental perspective. It aims at understanding of the occurrence, the transfer processes and the environmental impacts of mercury related to natural processes and human activity. The distribution and dispersion of mercury together with lead and arsenic in bedrock, sulfide ore, soil, sediment, ground and surface waters, crops and vegetation have been examined through this study and from other works in the region. Preliminary compilation of mercury analyses from different environmental compartments throughout Azzaba clearly demonstrates that more attention needs to be given to this element. Due to locally and regionally occurring Hg-rich rocks, natural enrichment is observed, often exceeding recommended limiting values. This has to be taken into account when judging anomalies of this element in soils and waters. The natural or anthropogenic origin of a given mercury anomaly can only be determined by a careful environmental survey that includes the geological context. This study shows that Azzaba can be characterized as a specific geological context of mercury lead, copper and arsenic accumulations. The extensive occurrences of sulfide minerals, such as cinnabar, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite and pyrite are the primary carriers of Hg, Pb, Fe, Zn and As in the rocks and ores. II After Bikmeev 1970 Clays and sandstones of the Oligocene present an Hg, Pb, Zn geochemical background contents of respectively 0.6 ppm, 30 ppm, and 60 ppm; on the other hand, the Copper content is relatively high (80 ppm). As for limestones and carbonated sandstones of the belt, the Hg background contents range from 0.2 to 1.5 ppm; the Cu, Pb and Zn contents are high as well. For groundwaters, the result of this study shows that shallow groundwaters typically contain more than 10 µg/l to 340 µg/l of Hg. The waters from the Ghenicha open pit lake exhibit exceptionally high values of mercury, lead and copper with respectively 40 µg/l, 69 µg/l and 3820 µg/l due to the presence of natural dispersed Hg- mineralisation. For surface waters, the few data available all come from Fendek stream and its tributaries. The values adjacent to the industrialized area are expectedly high in the range of 0.13 µg/l to 900.6 µg/l, the concentration from the processing water reached 3040 µg/l. The dispersion of mercury together with lead, copper and arsenic in the specific ecosystem of Azzaba is constrained by the original As-Hg-Pb-Zn-As sulfide mineralization, the specific topography and hydro-geomorphology, and by the disturbance of human activity. High values of mercury are concentrated in the mineralized and mining area; away from this area, mercury concentrations decreases gradually to a background level. Mercury from bedrocks is accumulated in soils, sediments and waters within Azzaba catchement area. The recognition of natural sources and the definition of specific geochemical baselines for toxic metals have been used to help discriminate the relative contributions of mercury due to past and present mining versus natural processes. High geochemical baseline concentrations in outcropped rocks and in soils indicate that both the natural erosion and leaching of outcropped host rocks and soils associated with Hg mineralized area and the mining activities contribute to the high mercury accumulations in arable soils and in the aqueous system. Mercury accumulates in all plant species. But the rate of accumulation of this element depends on the nature of the species (Casuarina equisetifolia does not accumulate in the same way as Cupressus sempervirens), on growth cycle (see herbaceous species and tree species), on time exposure and distance and from source of pollution and climatic conditions and topography (as and as the distance from the pollution source, the rate of Hg accumulated decreases, however, this change over source, and depending on the influence of prevailing winds and the presence or absence of natural III screens can play the role of pollution breeze.. The mercury accumulation by lichen transplants perfectly conveys the importance of pollution of the region Azzaba with a maximum accumulation of 0.41 µg/g to 0.5 km to the east and 2 km north east of the (Alioua, 2008). The pathways of Hg into the human body are mainly through the food chain, and dermal and inhalation exposures which are less pronounced. Due to high uptake of Hg by crops, the principal pathway of mercury into the food chain is through the consumption of crops grown in contaminated soils. The daily uptake content of Hg through consumption of locally planted Hg rich crops is estimated to be around 0.150 mg, which is 150 times more than the daily ingestion in mercury-free background areas. Hg levels in drinking water are above the safe drinking limit, and poses risk to human health under current conditions. Hg, Pb, Zn and As play significant role in the health problems of the Azzaba area. The socio-economic conditions in the Azzaba enhance the environmental impact of mercuty in the ecosystem. Nutritional deficiency, rather than the climatic factor, combined with exposure to high Hg contents in soils and crops is capable of causing mercury toxicities that prevailed in the present days. In order to alleviate the problem or the reoccurrence of a major problem, the local population should be made aware of mercury hazard and of some of the easily applicable steps to reduce the dispersion of mercury.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mauritania and in Lebanon by the American University Administration
    Arab Trade Union Confederation (ATUC) A special report on the most important trade union rights and freedoms violations recorded in the Arab region during the COVID-19 pandemic period October 2020 2 Introduction The epidemic in the Arab region has not been limited to the Corona pandemic, but there appeared another epidemic that has been more deadly to humans. It is the persecution of workers under the pretext of protection measurements against the spread of the virus. The International Trade Union Confederation of Global Rights Index indicated that the year 2020 is the worst in the past seven years in terms of blackmailing workers and violating their rights. The seventh edition of the ITUC Global Rights Index documents labour rights violations across 144 countries around the world, especially after the Corona pandemic, which has suspended many workers from their work during the current year. The Middle East and North Africa have been considered the worst regions in the world for workers for seven consecutive years due to the on-going insecurity and conflict in Palestine, Syria, Yemen and Libya. Such regions have also been the most regressive for workers’ representation and union rights. "In light of the emerging coronavirus (Covid-19), some countries have developed anti-worker measures and practices during the period of precautionary measures to confront the outbreak of the pandemic," said Sharan Burrow, The Secretary-General of the International Trade Union Confederation. Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Honduras, India, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Turkey and Zimbabwe turned out to be the ten worst countries for working people in 2020 among other 144 countries that have been examined.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 June, 2015 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN POSTERS
    IUCN Otter Spec. Group. Bull. 32(C) 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN OTTER WORKSHOP 8- 11 June, 2015 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN Poster text is presented in alphabetical order of first author POSTERS EVIDENCE OF SHOTGUN WOUNDED OTTERS IN SWEDEN (LUTRA LUTRA). Erik O. Ågren1,2, Caroline Bröjer1 and Anna Roos2 1Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. 2Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) INTRODUCTION An incidental finding of shotgun pellets embedded in the lumbar area of a road-killed otter (Lutra lutra) prompted a three-year x-ray screening of all otters submitted to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) for necropsy. The aim was to document the frequency of gunshot wounds, indicating illegal hunting of this protected species. METHODS Radiographs were systematically taken of all otter carcasses found dead in Sweden and sent for necropsy at SVA, between 2012 and 2014. RESULTS The study found that three of 120 examined otters (2.5%) had embedded shotgun pellets. All three otters with pellets had died of other causes than shotgun wounds; two road-kills and one by drowning in fishing gear. DISCUSSION The prevalence of otters with embedded shotgun pellets in this study in Sweden is lower compared to a Danish study of 144 otters collected 1993-2011, where the prevalence was 6.9%. Otters are usually not x-rayed and besides the three otters in the present study, several shotgun pellets were found incidentally in the right hind leg of one juvenile otter sent directly to the Swedish Museum of Natural History in 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamique Et Essai De Reconstitution De Quelques Milieux Tourbeux De La
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by I-Revues Revue d’Ecologie (Terre et Vie), Vol. 73 (4), 2018 : 414-430 PALAEOECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND CONSERVATION OF PEAT-FORMING WETLANDS OF ALGERIA Karima GHIT1*, Serge D. MULLER2, Gérard DE BÉLAIR1, Djamila BELOUAHEM-ABED3, Amina DAOUD-BOUATTOUR4,5 & Mohamed BENSLAMA1 1 Laboratoire de recherche en Sols et Développement Durable, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000 Annaba, Algérie 2 Université de Montpellier/CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, case 061, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France 3 Institut National de Recherche Forestière, Station de Recherche, El Kala (El Tarf), Algérie 4 Université de la Manouba, Faculté des Lettres, des Arts et des Humanités - UR99/UR/02-04 Biogéographie, Climatologie Appliquée et Dynamique Érosive, 2010 Manouba, Tunisie 5 Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Département de Biologie, Campus Belvédère, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie * Corresponding author: [email protected] RÉSUMÉ.— Signification paléoécologique et conservation des zones humides tourbeuses d’Algérie.— Les complexes humides de Numidie (Maghreb nord-oriental) abritent des milieux tourbeux dont l’histoire est très mal connue. Des études palynologiques ont été réalisées dans une aulnaie et une ériçaie tourbicole du complexe de Guerbès-Senhadja, dans le but de préciser leur origine, leur histoire et leur signification paléoécologique. Les séquences étudiées remontent à 8000 et 5300 ans, respectivement pour l’ériçaie et l’aulnaie. L’ériçaie à Erica scoparia, jamais décrite sur le plan phytosociologique, apparaît comme une formation ancienne et bien préservée, à très fort enjeu conservatoire.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article in PDF Format
    DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION : Bruno David Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Laure Desutter-Grandcolas ASSISTANTS DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITORS : Anne Mabille ([email protected]), Emmanuel Côtez MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT : Anne Mabille COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD : James Carpenter (AMNH, New York, États-Unis) Maria Marta Cigliano (Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentine) Henrik Enghoff (NHMD, Copenhague, Danemark) Rafael Marquez (CSIC, Madrid, Espagne) Peter Ng (University of Singapore) Gustav Peters (ZFMK, Bonn, Allemagne) Norman I. Platnick (AMNH, New York, États-Unis) Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France) Jean-François Silvain (IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) Wanda M. Weiner (Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracovie, Pologne) John Wenzel (The Ohio State University, Columbus, États-Unis) COUVERTURE / COVER : Ptenothrix italica Dallai, 1973. Body size: 1.4 mm, immature. Zoosystema est indexé dans / Zoosystema is indexed in: – Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch®) – ISI Alerting Services® – Current Contents® / Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences® – Scopus® Zoosystema est distribué en version électronique par / Zoosystema is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org) Les articles ainsi que les nouveautés nomenclaturales publiés dans Zoosystema sont référencés par / Articles and nomenclatural novelties published in Zoosystema are referenced by: – ZooBank® (http://zoobank.org) Zoosystema est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris / Zoosystema is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Anthropozoologica, European Journal of Taxonomy, Geodiversitas, Naturae. Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Algeria in 2011
    2011 Minerals Yearbook ALGERIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2013 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF ALGERIA By Mowafa Taib In 2011, Algeria ranked first and third in Africa in natural gas Ordinance No. 06–10 of July 29, 2006, which regulates production and crude oil output, respectively. Algeria ranked natural gas and petroleum operations, is a supplement to law fourth in the world in terms of the volume of natural gas exports No. 05–07 of April 28, 2005. The law grants Sonatrach S.p.A. and accounted for 2.4% and 1.9% of the world’s natural gas and 51% ownership of all hydrocarbon projects in the country. crude oil output, respectively. The country held 4.5 trillion cubic Environmental laws applicable to the mineral industry include meters of proved natural gas reserves, which was 2.2% of the law No. 03–10 of July 19, 2003, and associated decrees, and world’s total proven reserves, and 12.2 billion barrels of proven law No. 05–12 of September 4, 2005. Ordinance No. 07–02 of crude oil reserves, which was 0.7% of the world’s total reserves March 1, 2007, amends and supplements the Mining Law. The (BP p.l.c., 2012, p. 6, 8, 20, 22). Mining Law guarantees parity for all investors; allows separate In addition to hydrocarbons, Algeria produced barite, surface and underground mine tenure; ensures that disputes bentonite and other clays, cement, crushed stone, diatomite, can be appealed to international arbitrators; gives incentives dolomite, gold, gravel, gypsum, helium, iron ore, lime, marble, for importing equipment for mining operations; and provides nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate rock, pozzolan, quartz, salt, custom-tariff exemptions and rebates on mineral extraction sand, silver, and steel.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribune Des Lecteurs
    Une secousse tellurique de magnitude de 3,3 degrés sur l'échelle Fedjr Dohr Assar Maghreb Ichaâ AFFAIRE DU BARON DE LA DROGUE ÉVADÉ DE LA PRISON D'EL HARRACH BOUMERDES ouverte de Richter a été enregistrée 06:26 12:58 15:37 17:56 19:26 lundi à 00h01 (heure locale) dans la SECOUSSE wilaya de Boumerdes, a indiqué le TELLURIQUE Centre de recherche en astronomie astrophysique et géophysique TRIBUNE LA COUR D'ALGER SE PRONONCERA LE 22 JANVIER DE 3,3 (CRAAG) dans un communiqué. Des Lecteurs Page 24 L'épicentre de la secousse a été DEGRÉS localisé à 4 km nord-est de Quotidien national d’information Boumerdes (en mer), a précisé la même source. 8ÈME ANNÉE - N° 2396 - MARDI 17 JANVIER 2017 - PRIX 15 DA. BILAN DES ACTIVITÉS DOUANIÈRES DURANT 2016 AFFAIRE DU BARON DE LA DROGUE ÉVADÉ DE LA PRISON D'EL HARRACH UN DÉFICIT COMMERCIAL LA COUR D'ALGER SE PRONONCERA LE 22 JANVIER TRIDesB ULecteursNE DE 17.48 MILLIARDS DE DOLLARS US La "décision" dans le procès en appel concernant l'affaire du baron de la drogue dit "Oussama Escobar", condamné ? 5 ans Quotidien national d’information Page 4 de prison ferme pour "délit d'évasion de la prison d'El Harrach", sera prononcée dimanche prochain par le président de la ÈME chambre pénale près la Cour d'Alger, a-t-on appris lundi auprès de cette instance. 8 ANNÉE - N° 2396 - MARDI 17 JANVIER 2017 - PRIX 15 DA. www.tribunelecteurs.com a section des délits près le tence matérielle" de la chambre tribunal d'El Harrach avait pénale près la Cour, notamment L prononcé en octobre dernier suite aux déclarations du prévenu à l'encontre du prévenu, poursuivi Oussama Henniche lors de l'au- pour délit d'évasion en compagnie dience où il a reconnu avoir planifié GHAZI INSISTE SUR LE DIALOGUE SOCIAL de 18 autres mis en cause dont son cette opération avec le concours de avocate, différentes peines allant "mains extérieures" et "certains gar- jusqu'à la prison ferme.
    [Show full text]
  • 3719 ISS Monograph 144.Indd
    CHAPTER 2 TERRORISM IN ALGERIA A number of historical developments have influenced the emergence of Algeria as one of the hotspots for terrorism-related activities in Africa. These developments have influenced not only Algeria and its immediate region but also terror networks elsewhere, including Europe. As well as posing a domestic threat, Algerian Islamists have also contributed to transnational terrorism. In addition to these two dimensions, the development of extreme political thought was influenced by internal as well as external developments over a relatively long period. In order to understand and analyse current developments, one needs to consider the historical background of the primary role-players and the underlying factors contributing to these developments. This chapter also corrects the common misconception that the trouble in Algeria started with the return of Algerian Afghan Mujahideen and the cancellation of the elections in 1992. Although the Mujahideen played an important role in the establishment of radical groups such as the GIA and later the GSPC, existing domestic circumstances provided favourable circumstances for Salafi principles to flourish in the political cells of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). As indicated in Chapter 1, the influence of al-Qa’eda is also not a new phenomenon. In addition to the fact that Salafi theory and ideals cut across organisations in providing a common language between organisations throughout the world, the open alignment of the GSPC with al-Qa’eda should rather be seen as a return to an earlier relationship with extremists in Algeria that was tarnished by the GIA during its indiscriminate killing of civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Algeria in 2009
    2009 Minerals Yearbook ALGERIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2011 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF ALGERIA By Mowafa Taib In 2009, the North African country of Algeria was a Minier (ANGCM) [National Agency of Geology and Mining significant producer and exporter of mineral fuels. Algeria Control] were created by Mining law No. 01-10 of July 3, 2001. was the sixth ranked producer of natural gas in the world and ANPM was responsible for awarding mining licenses. In accounted for 2.7% of the world’s natural gas output and 2.0% 2009, ANPM awarded 115 permits, including 105 exploration of the world’s crude oil output. The country held 4.5 trillion permits and 10 exploitation permits, which was a decrease of cubic meters of natural gas reserves, which was 2.4% of 31% compared with the 166 permits granted in 2008. A total of the world’s total reserves, and 12.2 billion barrels of crude 1,093 mining permits were awarded in the period 2000-09 and oil reserves, which accounted for 0.9% of the world’s total generated more than $95 million of revenue for the treasury. reserves. Algeria was the second ranked crude oil producer in ANPM maintained a database for all mining companies in Africa after Nigeria and the 15th in the world in terms of the the country and began issuing a new periodical newsletter, volume of its crude oil production. Algeria produced iron and La Lettre de L’ANPM, in 2009, which provided information on steel; precious metals, such as gold and silver; and industrial Algeria’s mineral resources and on ANPM’s activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Origine Et Évolution De La Matière Organique Dans Les Sols Des Zones Subhumides (Cas De La Région De SKIKDA - ALGERIE)
    REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE BATNA1 INSTITUT DES SCIENCES VETERINAIRES ET DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES THESE Pour l’obtention du diplôme de DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES Filière Sciences Agronomiques Option Sciences des Sols. Présentée Par: BOUNOUARA ZOHRA THEME Origine et évolution de la matière organique dans les sols des zones subhumides (Cas de la région de SKIKDA - ALGERIE) JURY Grade et Université Président : Oudjhih Bachir Prof. Université de Batna 1 Rapporteur : Bensaid Rabah Prof. Université de Skikda Examinateur : Kribaa Mohamed Prof. Université d’Oum El Bouagui Examinateur : Hamdi Aissa Baelhadj Prof. Université d'Ouargla Examinateur : Sbih Mahtali MCA Université de Batna 1 Examinateur : Abdessalem Salah MCA Université de Batna 1 ANNEE UNIVERSITAIRE : 2017-2018 Remerciement Je remercie tout d’abord, DIEU TOUT PUISSANT ET MISERICORDIEUX de m’avoir donné la force, la volonté, la patience et le courage pour achever ce travail scientifique. MERCI DIEU. Je remercie sincèrement Mr. le professeur Bensaid Rabah qui m’a encadré et aidé à mener à terme cette thèse, par son expérience et son apport scientifique. Je remercie vivement les membres du jury ayant accepté de consacrer leur temps à l’évaluation de cette thèse malgré le créneau difficile. Merci donc au: Président : Oudjhih Bachir. Prof. Université de Batna 1 Examinateur : Kribaa Mohamed . Prof. Université d’Oum El Bouagui Examinateur : Hamdi Aissa Baelhadj . Prof. Université d'Ouargla Examinateur : Sbih Mahtali. MCA Université de Batna 1 Examinateur : Abdessalem Salah. MCA Université de Batna 1 Je remercie le ministère Algérien de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique pour le financement de mes stages et les travaux de thèse en France.
    [Show full text]
  • 3719 ISS Monograph 144.Indd
    TTERRORISMERRORISM IINN TTHEHE MMAGHREBAGHREB THE TRANSNATIONALISATION OF DOMESTIC TERRORISM ANNELI BOTHA ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES • No 144, JUNE 2008 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS v LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 23 Terrorism in Algeria CHAPTER 3 85 Terrorism in Morocco CHAPTER 4 111 Terrorism in Tunisia CHAPTER 5 125 North African involvement in transnational terror networks CHAPTER 6 173 Assessment of counter-terrorism strategies CHAPTER 7 199 Conclusion ANNEX 207 Guantanamo Bay detainees BIBLIOGRAPHY 209 iii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Anneli Botha is a senior researcher on terrorism at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in Pretoria. After completing an honours degree in International Politics (1993) she joined the South African Police Service Crime Intelligence unit, during which time she focused, inter alia, on terrorism and religious extremism. Botha holds an MA (Political Studies) degree from Rand Afrikaans University (1999), which focused on the historical development of terrorism, religious extremism and PAGAD. She has a specific interest in research on the underlying causes of terrorism, radicalisation and counter-terrorism strategies. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the African Centre for the Study and Research of Terrorism in Algiers, Algeria, and in particular the assistance received from Ambassador Diara, General Tartag and Mounir Idriss Lallali. Thanks also go to the staff at the Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian embassies who not only made my visits possible but who were crucial in securing interviews with key role-players and institutions in their respective countries. A further word of special gratitude to those at the Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian embassies who further enriched this publication with their thoughts and suggestions before publishing this monograph.
    [Show full text]
  • Algeria: Fear of Islamic Terrorist Groups
    Country Policy and Information Note Algeria: Fear of Islamic terrorist groups Version 1.0 August 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Algeria September 2008
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT ALGERIA 30 SEPTEMBER 2008 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 SEPTEMBER 2008 ALGERIA Contents Please note information which has been updated since the last edition of this document is indicated by the use of grey highlighting. A version of the report without highlighting is available from the RDS website at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ALGERIA, FROM 1 SEPTEMBER 2008 TO 30 SEPTEMBER 2008 REPORTS ON ALGERIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 1 SEPTEMBER 2008 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY........................................................................................ 1.01 Map ................................................................................................ 1.06 2. ECONOMY............................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY.............................................................................................. 3.01 Pre-1992 ........................................................................................ 3.01 Military takeover ........................................................................... 3.06 Post-1992 ...................................................................................... 3.08 Years 2004 – 2007 (from April 2004 presidential elections) ..... 3.14 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS...................................................................... 4.01 5. CONSTITUTION....................................................................................
    [Show full text]