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Research Article z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 9, Issue, 06, pp.52430-52434, June, 2017 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE TOTAL PHENOLIC, TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. AND ATRIPLEX HORTENSIS L. *Adhav Rahul and Deokule Subhash Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune - 411007, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The current investigation was conducted on Chenopodium album L. and Atriplex hortensis L. to Received 22nd March, 2017 estimate the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity by using four Received in revised form different solvent extracts. Total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method rd 03 April, 2017 while total flavonoid contents were estimated by using Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric Accepted 19th May, 2017 assay. The antioxidant avtivity in the form ABTS 2, 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic Published online 30th June, 2017 acid) was evaluated with the help of spectrophotometric method. Among all the tested extracts the highest amounts of total phenolic content was observed in A. hortesnsis methanolic extract Key words: 32.33±0.021 gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. Similarly the highest flavonoid content was observed in A. hortesnsis ethanolic extract 1.75±0.026 mg of quercetin equivalent/g. The highest ABTS free A. hortesnsis, C. album, ABTS, Antioxidant, radical scavenging activity was observed in A. hortesnsis ethyle acetate extract 98.6 %±0.015μg/ml. Total Phenolic and Flavonoids. Copyright©2017, Adhav Rahul and Deokule Subhash. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Adhav Rahul and Deokule Subhash, 2017. “Total phenolic, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Chenopodium album L. and Atriplex hortensis L.”, International Journal of Current Research, 9, (06), 52430-52434. INTRODUCTION (Devasagayam et al., 2004). In view of this, nutraceuticals are becoming widely accepted as an adjunct to conventional Antioxidants are the compounds that can delay or inhibit the therapies for enhancing the well being Bioprospecting or the oxidation of lipids or other molecules by inhibiting the search for newer bioactive compounds from the nations initiation or propagation of oxidative chain reactions. (Choe, biodiversity for better health is a new thrust area in and Min, 2009), redox active compounds which help to biotechnology. Although there are several enzyme systems prevent radical formation or remove them before damage can within the body that scavenge free radicals, the principle occur or repair oxidative damage. They eliminate damaged micronutrient (vitamin) antioxidants are vitamin E, beta- molecules by directly scavenging or neutralizing free radicals carotene, and vitamin C. Additionally, selenium, a trace metal or other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen that is required for proper function of one of the body's species (RNS). Oxidative damage to cells and macromolecule antioxidant enzyme systems, is sometimes included in this is considered to be the cause of several diseases such as category. The body cannot manufacture these micronutrients coronary heart disease, a cataractogenesis, various so they must be supplied in the diet (Abbasi et al., 2015). neurodegenerative diseases including alzheimer's disease, A paradox in metabolism is that, while the vast majority of cancer and aging oxidative injury involves free radical induced ramified life on Earth requires oxygen for its existence, oxygen damage from both endogenous and exogenous sources (Lobo is a highly reactive molecule that damages living organisms by et al., 2010). Review of literature revealed that the dietary producing reactive oxygen species (Dreher, 1996). Oxygen antioxidants play an important role in preventing degenerative (O2) is a universal electron acceptor that allows aerobic diseases associated with ageing such as cancer, cardio-vascular organism to use energy stored in foodstuffs. Consequently, diseases, cataract, neurodegenerative diseases and organisms contain a ramified network of antioxidant immunological decline (Rahman, 2007). This is a great deal of metabolites and enzymes that work together to prevent interest in the natural antioxidants often referred to as oxidative forfeiture to cellular components such as DNA, "nutraceuticals" in view of their positive health effects. proteins and lipids (Vertuani et al., 2004). Many spices, fruits, Previous literature survey have shown that the action of the vegetables and medicinal plants contain potential antioxidant natural antioxidants at the cellular and molecular level compounds, such as vitamins A, C and E, β-carotene, α- involves scavenging of free radicals and modulating apoptosis tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanins, polyphenols, tannins and other phenolics constituents etc. *Corresponding author: Adhav Rahul, (Ghasemi et al., 2009). Few compounds out of these were used Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune - 411007, India. 52431 Adhav Rahul and Deokule Subhash, Total phenolic, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Chenopodium album L. and Atriplex hortensis L. for experimental analysis, these are mentioned below. Determination of total phenol content Phenolics are compounds possessing one or more aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups. They are broadly Total phenol content was determined by using standard distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant protocol of (Madaan et al., 2011) with some modifications. For secondary metabolites of plants, with more than 8,000 phenolic the preparation of Standard gallic acid graph, 10 mg of gallic structures currently known, ranging from simple molecules acid was dissolved in 100 ml of 50% methanol (100 μg/ml) such as phenolic acids to highly polymerized substances such and then further diluted to 3.1, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 as tannins. Plant phenolics are generally involved in defense μg/ml. One ml aliquot of each dilution was taken in a test tube against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens, and diluted with 10 ml of distilled water. Then 1.5 ml Folin parasites and predators, as well as contributing to plants’ Ciocalteu's reagent was added and allowed to incubate at room colours. They are ubiquitous in all plant organs and are temperature for 5 min. Four ml of 20% (w/w) Na2CO3 was therefore an integral part of the human diet. added in each test tube, the final 25 ml total reaction volume was adjusted with distilled water and left to stand for 30 min at Atriplex hortensis L. is a hardy, annual plant, belongs to family room temperature. Absorbance of the standard was measured Amaranthaceae. A. hortensis is also known as garden at 765 nm using UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Sican 2301, orache, red orach, mountain spinach. Leaves are prefered as a inkarp) against blank, i.e. distilled water. One ml aliquot of the raw or cooked (Hedrick, 1972) or used like a spinach. They sample was taken in a test tube and diluted with 10 ml of have a bland flavour and are traditionally mixed with sorrel distilled water. Then 1.5 ml Folin Ciocalteu's reagent was leaves in order to modify the acidity of the latter (Facciola, added and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 5 min. 1990). Another report says that the flavour is stronger than Four ml of 20% (w/w) Na2CO3 was added, final volume spinach (Phillips, 1995). The leaves are diuretic, emetic and adjusted with distilled water up to the mark of 25 ml, agitated purgative (Polunin, 1969; Duke, 1983) They are also said to be and left to stand for 30 min at room temperature. Absorbance a stimulant to the metabolism and an infusion is used as a of the sample was measured at 765 nm against blank, i.e. spring tonic and a remedy for tiredness and nervous exhaustion distilled water. The total phenol content was calculated from (Launert, 1989). They have been suggested as a folk remedy the regression equation prepared from a range of for treating plethora and lung ailments (Duke, 1983). The concentrations of gallic acid and optical densities for the leaves are said to be efficacious when used externally in the concentrations. treatment of gout (Grieve, 1984). Chenopodium album L. belongs to family Amaranthaceae. A number of uses have been Determination of total flavonoid content reported on C. album. The leaves and tender branches may be used as a vegetable, and also in India it is used for the The total flavonoid content was determined by following the preparation of curd, locally known as Raita (Maheshwari, protocol of (Kamtekar et al., 2014) and was calculated from 1963). It may also be used as a fodder for livestock. The leaves the regression equation prepared from a range of may be taken in the form of an infusion or decoction as a concentrations of quercetin and optical densities for the laxative and anthelminthic. It has also been recommended by concentrations. Total flavonoid content was estimated by using Hindu physicians as a treatment for hepatic disorders and Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric assay. One ml of splenic enlargement (Chopra et al., 1958). In the present sample aliquots and one ml standard quercetin solution (100, investigation it has been decided to evaluate the antioxidant 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 μg/ml) was positioned into test tubes properties, as well as to estimate the total phenolic and separately and 4ml of distilled water and 0.3 ml of 5% sodium flavonoid content of the selected plant leaves extracts. nitrite solution was added into each test tube. After 5th minutes, 0.3 ml of 10 % aluminum chloride was added. At 6th minute, 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide was added. Finally, volume was making up to 10 ml with distilled water and mix well.
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