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Improving Reproduction and Genetics in Game Birds and Ratites

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Improving Reproduction and Genetics in Game Birds and Ratites Improving Reproduction and Genetics in Game Birds and Ratites RIRDC Publication No. 11/061 RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia Improving Reproduction and Genetics in Game Birds and Ratites By Irek A. Malecki and Graeme B. Martin October 2011 RIRDC Publication No. 11/061 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-000450 © 2011 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-245-4 ISSN 1440-6845 Improving Reproduction and Genetics in Game Birds and Ratites Publication No. 11/061 Project No. PRJ-000450 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165 Researchers Contact Details Associate Professor Irek A. Malecki Winthrop Professor Graeme B. Martin School of Animal Biology MO92, School of Animal Biology MO92, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia University of Western Australia Crawley 6009 Crawley 6009 Western Australia Western Australia Phone: +61 8 64887025 Phone: +61 8 64883424 Fax: +61 8 64881029 Fax: +61 8 64881029 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researchers have agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in October 2011 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword Game bird production is not efficient because of low rates of fertility and hatchability, variable egg production and growth rates, inadequate nutrition, and lack of quality breeding programs. The game bird industries would benefit from the transfer of fertility and hatchability technologies that already exist in the emu industry so that problems in reproductive inefficiency can be objectively identified, quantified, prioritised and eliminated. Breeding flocks and individuals within the flocks could then be evaluated for their genetic value and this would improve breeding programs and lead to greater genetic gains. It is important for the Australian game bird industries to recognise that improvements are feasible because there is genetic potential in our breeding populations of ducks, pheasants and pigeons, but each needs to either revise current breeding objectives to take into account existing variation in breeding populations or introduce better genetics from overseas. The ratite industries are plagued by similar problems, many of which could be overcome by artificial insemination (AI) technology, so there is a strong need for reliable methods for semen collection, sperm storage and artificial insemination, and an understanding of factors responsible for ejaculate quality and sperm supply rates. AI technology would aid the ratite industries in achieving rapid genetic improvements. This has been largely achieved by the project, so we now have reliable semen collection methods using teaser and dummy females, and artificial insemination methods that are effective and ‘animal-friendly’. The project has demonstrated that there are production constraints in the management, reproduction, nutrition and genetics of game birds, so the next step is to develop breeding and husbandry strategies to improve the efficiency of production. For that to occur, assistance is needed to maintain progress until the breeding programs and standard management practices are in place. Every game and ratite industry in Australia clearly has the potential to grow and become more economically viable. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds, which are provided by the Australian Government. This report, an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications, forms part of our New Animal Products R&D program, which aims to provide knowledge for diversification of the Australia’s rural industries. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge numerous contributions from game bird, emu and ostrich producers, the technical and research staff in Australia and overseas who, in various ways, contributed to this project. This report would not have been possible without a valuable input provided by: Glenn Fraser and John Millington (Luv-a-duck, Victoria), Kevin and Ros O’Bryan (Olson’s Game Birds, Victoria), Leona McLaren, Pat Benett, Kelvin Jenzen (Pigeon Growers, Victoria), Mike Cowie and Rob Stout (Wangara Poultry, Victoria) and Ian Milburne (Glenloth Game, Victoria); Paul Kent, Danny Singh and Tanya Nagle (Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre, Alexandra Hills, Queensland) and Michael Evans (Applied Nutrition, Queensland); Anne and Peter Cook, Ronald Boald, Sue Fallen, Jo Reid, Trevor Want and Richard Tan (Pigeon Growers, Queensland); Rudy Kopecny (Pigeon Grower, NSW); Kip Venn (Free Range Emu Farm, Western Australia); Dya Maharani, Janine Wojcieszek, Kristy Glover, Daniel Malecki (University of Western Australia). Zanell Brand and Schalk Cloete (Western Cape Institute of Agriculture: Elsenburg and Oudtshoorn Research Farm (South Africa). Ewa Lukaszewicz and Artur Kowalczyk from the Wroclaw University of Life and Environmental Science (Poland), Jaroslaw Horbanczuk (Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzebiec, Poland) and Henryk Naranowicz, the owner of ‘Stypulow Ostriches’ whose dedication and support of farm-based research was exemplary and allowed for the major international breakthrough in ostrich semen collection. Acknowledgements also to Paulina Rybnik-Trzaskowska (PhD student, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzebiec, Poland) who studied semen collection in ostriches and Sushil Sood (PhD student, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia) who studied factors affecting storage of emu sperm in vitro. These people were funded from outside the project and some of their work forms part of this report. We sincerely thank RIRDC for providing the funds and Dr Peter McInnes (Research Manager, RIRDC) for his encouragement and advice during the course of this project. iv Abbreviations AC – artificial cloaca AI – artificial insemination AME – apparent Metabolisable energy ANOVA – analysis of variance BW – body weight CP – crude protein CV – coefficient of variation DM – dry matter EM – early mortality GD – germinal disc GE – gross energy HBW – high body weight HolesIPVL – sperm holes made in the IPVL IPVL – inner perivitelline layer LBW – low body weight LM – late mortality Log – logarithm ME – Metabolisable energy MJ – mega joules MM – middle term mortality N – nitrogen NSW – New South Wales OPVL – outer perivitelline layer PBS – phosphate buffered saline QLD – Queensland QDPI&F – Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries QPRDC – Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre SpermOPVL – sperm trapped in the OPVL SQUAB – young pigeon UWA – University of Western Australia VIC – Victoria WA – Western Australia YO – year old v Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................ v Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................
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