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Jaboticaba Peel: Antioxidant Compounds, Antiproliferative and Antimutagenic Activities

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Jaboticaba Peel: Antioxidant Compounds, Antiproliferative and Antimutagenic Activities View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Food Research International 49 (2012) 596–603 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Food Research International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodres Jaboticaba peel: Antioxidant compounds, antiproliferative and antimutagenic activities Alice Vieira Leite-Legatti a, Ângela Giovana Batista a,⁎, Nathalia Romanelli Vicente Dragano a, Anne Castro Marques a, Luciana Gomes Malta a, Maria Francesca Riccio b, Marcos Nogueira Eberlin b, Ana Rita Thomazela Machado c, Luciano Bruno de Carvalho-Silva c, Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois Ruiz d, João Ernesto de Carvalho d, Gláucia Maria Pastore a, Mário Roberto Maróstica Júnior a a School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6121, 13083–862 Campinas-SP, Brazil b ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083–970 Campinas, SP, Brazil c School of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas, MG (Unifal-MG), Brazil d Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Campinas—CPQBA/UNICAMP article info abstract Article history: This paper reports on the anthocyanin and antioxidant contents, an the ‘in vitro’ antiproliferative and ‘in vivo’ Received 18 May 2012 mutagenic/antimutagenic activities of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel (JP). According to the proximate composi- Accepted 21 July 2012 tion, JP showed a high dietary fiber content. The identification and quantification of the JP anthocyanins was carried out by HPLC-PDA and LC–MS/MS, which revealed the presence of two compounds: delphinidin Keywords: − 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside (634.75 and 1963.57 mg 100 g 1 d. w., respectively). JP showed Jaboticaba μ −1 μ −1 μ Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg a strong antioxidant potential: 25,514.24±3037 MTEg , 45.38±0.50 gmL and 9458±97 M −1 Anthocyanins TEAC g , for ORAC, DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The polar JP extract demonstrated antiproliferative effects Antiproliferative cell lines against leukemia (K-562), and the non-polar extract was the most active against prostate cancer cell (PC-3), Mutations according to the antiproliferative assay. The micronucleus test in mice demonstrated that the polar JP extract induced no DNA damage and hence it showed no cytotoxic properties on mice bone marrow cells and caused no mutagenic effects. ' 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Open access under the Elsevier OA license. 1. Introduction 2007). Besides the essential nutrients, most fruits contain considerable quantities of micronutrients, such as minerals, fibers, vitamins and There is increasing interest in the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds. Several studies have shown the importance of phytochemicals present in the diet, since they play a very important these micronutrients to human health (Rufino et al., 2010). role in the organism's defense system against reactive oxygen species Anthocyanins belong to a class of phenolic compounds, which (ROS), which are mainly generated during the regular energy have attracted increasing attention because of their antioxidant activ- metabolism of aerobic cells (Ou, Huang, Hampsch-Woodill, Flanagan, ity. Several anthocyanins from plant extracts have been tested since & Deemer, 2002). It is known that excessive concentrations of ROS they could be active in the reduction of oxidative stress, prevention and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) can cause biological damage to of some inflammatory diseases; prevention of heart diseases, protec- proteins, lipids and DNA and the human body depends on a series tion against obesity and hypoglycemia; enhancement of memory and of antioxidant systems to eliminate free radicals from the organism, the protection of fetal cerebral tissue (Brito et al., 2007; Dai, Gupte, although such systems are not 100% efficient. Thus fruits, nuts and Gates, & Mumper, 2009). vegetables, considered excellent sources of antioxidants, could play Jaboticaba is known as one of the richest Brazilian sources of a crucial role in the antioxidant status (Clerici & Carvalho-Silva, anthocyanins. Commonly found in Brazilian markets, fresh jaboticaba 2011; Haytowitz et al., 2007, Leite et al., 2011). fruit is widely consumed, and its popularity has been compared to Thus some foods are currently consumed not only for their sen- that of grapes in the United States. The species/varieties Myrciaria sory properties and personal preference, but as a source of nutrients cauliflora (DC) Berg., popularly known as jabuticaba assú and Myrciaria and bioactive compounds (Roosen, Marette, Blanchemanche, & Verger, jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg., popularly known as jabuticaba sabará, are the most important ones. The fruit grows directly on the main trunk and branches, has a diameter of 3–4 cm, 1–4 big seeds, and a thick purple ⁎ Corresponding author at: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80. Cidade Universitária, Campinas-SP, Brazil. Tel./fax: +55 19 3521 4059. peel that covers a sweet jelly-like white pulp (Reynertson, Yang, Jiang, E-mail address: [email protected] (Â.G. Batista). Basile, & Kennelly, 2008). The fruit has a sweet and subacid taste 0963-9969 © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Open access under the Elsevier OA license. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.044 A.V. Leite-Legatti et al. / Food Research International 49 (2012) 596–603 597 probably due to its sugar, organic acid and terpene contents DU640 spectrophotometer (Corona, USA). Another part of the super- (Plagemann, Krings, Berger, & Maróstica Júnior, 2012). natant was diluted in the same proportions in 0.4 M sodium acetate Recent studies by the same authors have shown that the addition buffer, pH 4.5, and the absorbance read at the same wavelengths. of 1 and 2% of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel to normal diets improves The absorbance (according to the referred method) was then calcu- the antioxidant status of healthy rats (Leite et al., 2011), and this lated using Eq. (1): effect could be attributed to the amount of anthocyanins identified ¼ ½ððÞ– ¼ : −ðÞ– ¼ : Þ in this byproduct. However, no previous results have been reported A A510nm A700nm pH 1 0 A510nm A700nm pH 4 5 1 on the in vitro antiproliferative activity on tumor cells or in vivo −1 mutagenic tests of jaboticaba peel (JP). Thus, the aim of this study The anthocyanin content (mg 100 g ) was calculated as cyanidin was to identify and quantify the jaboticaba anthocyanins, and deter- 3-glucoside (PM=449.2) using Eq. (2): mine the different anthocyanin forms (total, monomeric), total pheno- –1 lic compounds and antioxidant capacity using different methods. An C mg 100 g ¼ A:MW:DF Ä ξ:1 ð2Þ additional purpose was to evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity and mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of the jaboticaba peel extract where ξ=molar absorptivity (26,900 mol L−1), 1=tray thickness on the bone marrow cells of mice using the micronucleus test. (cm), MW=molecular weight and DF=dilution factor. The phenolic compounds were quantified according to the method 2. Material and methods described by Swain and Hillis (1959),adaptedbyRoesler et al. (2007), Roesler, Malta, Carrasco, and Pastore (2007) using the Folin–Ciocalteau 2.1. Chemicals reagent. Freeze-dried JP powder was dissolved in methanol to give a 0.5 mg mL−1 solution. In the same way, the fresh whole fruit and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis(3- peels were triturated in an Ultra-Turrax (Polytron®-Kinematica GnbH, ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); (±)- Kriens-Luzern, Switzerland) and dissolved in methanol as described 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (TROLOX); above. This solution was placed in an ultrasound for 2 h and then perco- 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (APPH) and lated through a cellulose acetate membrane. A 0.5 mL portion of the gallic acid were all obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). methanol extract (0.5 mg mL−1) was added to 2.5 mL of aqueous 10% Fluorescein sodium salt was purchased from Vetec Química Fina (São Folin–Ciocalteau solution and 2.0 mL of 7.5% sodium carbonate. The Paulo, Brazil). Myrtillin chloride, ideain chloride and kuromanin chlo- mixture was incubated for 5 min in a water bath at 50 °C and the absor- ride standards were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). bance measured at 760 nm. The blank was prepared by replacing the Doxorubicin chloridrate and cyclophosphamide were purchased from sample with water in the reaction mixture. The results were expressed Europharma (São Paulo, Brazil). in gallic acid equivalents (g GAE 100 g−1) using a standard curve of gal- lic acid dissolved in distilled water at concentrations from 0.02 to 2.2. Determination of macronutrients in the samples 0.12 mg mL−1. The phenolic compounds were quantified in the ex- tracts in triplicate. Jaboticaba fruits (M. jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg.) were bought at the local market in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, in September, 2.4. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins (HPLC-MS) 2008. The fruits were washed, manually peeled and frozen at −18 °C. The peels were dried in a freeze-dryer (LP1010, Liobras, São Carlos, One gram of freeze-dried JP was weighed into a centrifuge tube São Paulo, Brazil) at 30 °C, 300 μm Hg for 95 h, and the freeze-dried and extracted with 15 mL of methanol/water/acetic acid (85:15:0.5, product (JP powder) stored at −80 °C. vv−1). The sample was shaken in a vortex for 30 s and then placed The total N content was determined according to the Kjeldahl in an ultrasound bath for 5 min. After 10 min at room temperature method (AOAC, 1975), and the moisture, ash (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, it was mixed for 30 s, and after a further 5 min centrifuged at 1985) and lipid contents (Bligh & Dyer, 1959) also determined. The 4550 g for 10 min and the supernatant discarded.
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