Detection of Hot Gas in the Filament Connecting the Clusters of Galaxies
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A&A 482, L29–L33 (2008) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200809599 & c ESO 2008 Astrophysics Letter to the Editor Detection of hot gas in the filament connecting the clusters of galaxies Abell 222 and Abell 223 N. Werner1, A. Finoguenov2,J.S.Kaastra1,3, A. Simionescu2, J. P. Dietrich4,J.Vink3, and H. Böhringer2 1 SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] 2 Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany 3 Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands 4 ESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany Received 18 February 2008 / Accepted 17 March 2008 ABSTRACT Context. About half of the baryons in the local Universe are invisible and – according to simulations – their dominant fraction resides in filaments connecting clusters of galaxies in the form of low density gas with temperatures in the range of 105 < T < 107 K. This warm-hot intergalactic medium has never been detected indisputably using X-ray observations. Aims. We aim to probe the low gas densities expected in the large-scale structure filaments by observing a filament connecting the massive clusters of galaxies A 222 and A 223 (z = 0.21), which has a favorable orientation approximately along our line-of-sight. This filament has been previously detected using weak lensing data and as an over-density of colour-selected galaxies. Methods. We analyse X-ray images and spectra obtained from a deep observation (144 ks) of A 222/223 with XMM-Newton. Results. We present observational evidence of X-ray emission from the filament connecting the two clusters. We detect the filament in the wavelet-decomposed soft-band (0.5–2.0 keV) X-ray image with a 5σ significance. Following the emission down to the 3σ significance level, the observed filament is ≈1.2 Mpc wide. The temperature of the gas associated with the filament, determined from the spectra, is kT = 0.91±0.25 keV, and its emission measure corresponds to a baryon density of (3.4±1.3)×10−5(l/15 Mpc)−1/2 cm−3, where l is the length of the filament along the line-of-sight. This density corresponds to a baryon over-density of ρ/ ρC≈150. The properties of the gas in the filament are consistent with results of simulations of the densest and hottest parts of the warm-hot intergalactic medium. Key words. cosmology: large-scale structure of Universe – X-rays: galaxies: clusters – galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 222 – galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 223 1. Introduction distant quasars was reported in the vicinity of the Virgo and Coma clusters and interpreted as indication of the presence of According to the standard theory of structure formation, the dense and hot WHIM concentrations near the clusters (Fujimoto spatial distribution of matter in the Universe evolved from small et al. 2004; Takei et al. 2007). A blind search for WHIM was perturbations in the primordial density field into a complex performed by Nicastro et al. (2005), who reported the discov- structure of sheets and filaments with clusters of galaxies at the ery of two intervening systems at z > 0 in absorption along intersections of this filamentary structure. The filaments have the line-of-sight to the blazar Mrk 421 in the Chandra Low been identified in optical surveys of galaxies (e.g. Joeveer et al. Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS) spectra. 1978; Baugh et al. 2004; Tegmark et al. 2004), but the dominant However, Kaastra et al. (2006) carefully reanalysed the LETGS fraction of their baryons is probably in the form of a low density spectra, confirmed the apparent strength of several features, warm-hot gas emitting predominantly soft X-rays. but showed that their detection was not statistically significant. The existence of this warm-hot intergalactic medium Furthermore, the results reported by Nicastro et al. (2005)were (WHIM) permeating the cosmic-web is predicted by numerical neither confirmed by later Chandra LETGS observations nor by hydrodynamic simulations (Cen & Ostriker 1999; Davé et al. the XMM-Newton RGS data of Mrk 421 (Kaastra et al. 2006; 2001), which show that in the present epoch (z 1–2) about Rasmussen et al. 2007). The detection of the WHIM in absorp- 30% to 40% of the total baryonic matter resides in the filaments tion using current instrumentation will remain difficult, because connecting clusters of galaxies. These simulations predict that the expected absorption features are weak. In the large searched the WHIM spans a temperature range of 105 < T < 107 Kanda redshift space to distant blazars, statistical fluctuations with a density range of 4 × 10−6 cm−3 to 10−4 cm−3, which corresponds strength comparable to the strength of absorption lines expected to 15–400 times the mean baryonic density of the Universe. Gas from the WHIM will therefore always appear. A search for the at these temperatures and densities is difficult to detect (Davé WHIM from the densest and hottest parts of the large-scale et al. 2001). structure filaments with current instruments is more realistic in Several attempts have been made to detect the WHIM both emission than in absorption. in absorption and emission, but none have succeeded in pro- Searches in emission with ROSAT and XMM-Newton viding an unambiguous detection. Marginal detection of O viii have found several candidates for WHIM filaments (Kull & and Ne ix absorption features in XMM-Newton RGS spectra of Böhringer 1999; Zappacosta et al. 2002; Finoguenov et al. 2003; Article published by EDP Sciences L30 N. Werner et al.: Detection of hot gas in the filament connecting the clusters of galaxies Abell 222 and Abell 223 Kaastra et al. 2003). However, the association of the detected Table 1. The CXB components determined in a region free of clus- soft emission with the WHIM has always been difficult and un- ters emission outside of the virial radii of the clusters. The unabsorbed certain. In some cases, there is still a possible confusion with the fluxes are determined in the 0.3–10.0 keV band. f indicates parameters Galactic foreground emission, or with the Solar-wind charge ex- kept fixed during spectral fitting. vii change emission that also produces O lines and soft emission Comp. kT/Γ Flux in excess of cluster emission. (keV / phot. ind.) (10−12 erg cm−2 s−1 deg−2) Since the X-ray emissivity scales with the square of the gas LHB kT = 0.08 f 3.4 ± 1.1 density, X-ray emission studies are most sensitive to the dens- GH kT = 0.17 ± 0.03 2.9 ± 0.9 est gas concentrations of the WHIM that are located, accord- EPL Γ=1.41 f 22 f ing to simulations, near clusters of galaxies. The most appro- PL Γ=0.78 ± 0.16 49 ± 7 priate method to study the physical properties of the WHIM is therefore to target distant binary clusters in which the con- necting filament bridge is aligned approximately along our line- details see Snowden et al. 2008). To eliminate the flux pollu- of-sight. A filament between cluster pairs observed with such tion from the faint point sources due to the large wings of the a favourable geometry has a higher surface brightness than fil- point-spread function (PSF) of XMM-Newton, we applied an aments observed at a different orientation angle. By observing image-restoration technique (Finoguenov et al., in prep) that the variation of the surface brightness in X-ray images extracted uses a symmetric model for the PSF of XMM-Newton cali- in the low energy band, the presence of a WHIM filament can brated by Ghizzardi (2001). The flux from the extended wings be revealed as a bridge between the clusters. This is a differen- of the PSF of sources detected on small scales (sum of the 8 tial test with respect to the background and it is less sensitive to and 16 scale) was estimated by performing a scale-wise wavelet systematic uncertainties. analysis (Vikhlinin et al. 1998). This estimated flux was used to The most promising target for detecting the warm-hot gas in subtract the PSF model prediction from the larger scales and to a filament is Abell 222/223, a close pair of massive clusters of accordingly increase the flux on the smaller scales. The uncer- galaxies at redshift z ≈ 0.21, separated by ∼14 on the sky, which tainties in the point-source subtraction were added to the total corresponds to a projected distance of ∼2.8 Mpc. Assuming that error budget to reduce the significance of the residuals. both clusters are part of the Hubble flow without peculiar ve- ff ∆ = . ± . locities, the observed redshift di erence of z 0 005 0 001 2.2. Spectral analysis (Dietrich et al. 2002) translates to a physical separation along the line of sight of 15±3Mpc.Dietrich et al. (2005) reported indica- We extracted the filament spectrum from a circular extraction re- tions of a filament connecting both clusters using weak lensing, gion with a radius of 1.6, located between the clusters, and cen- optical, and X-ray (ROSAT) data. They found an X-ray bridge tred at a projected distance of 5.76 (1.19 Mpc) from both clus- with a linear extent of about 1.3 Mpc in projection, connecting ter cores. We determined the background spectrum using two the clusters at a 5σ significance level, and an over-density of independent sets of regions to provide a consistency check. We galaxies in the filament at a 7σ significance level.