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H0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 47, 79, 98, 123, 128, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–178, 180

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H0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 47, 79, 98, 123, 128, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–178, 180 Index H0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 47, 79, 98, 123, AGAPE, 478 128, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–178, angle 180–182, 194, 255, 300, 303, 357, deflection, 18, 461 358, 397 scaled deflection, 21 Ω0 = Ωtot,48 angular correlation function, 423 ΩCMB,48 angular diameter distance, 45, 50, 52, ΩΛ, 47–49, 64 53, 98, 164, 194, 271, 357 Ωm, 47–49, 64 aperture mass, 315, 343, 345, 347, 363, Ωr, 47–49, 64 423 Σ(ξ), 34, 36 dispersion, 368, 393, 395, 420 μp,56 map, 346 σ(Δθ), 56 third-order statistics, 433 σ8, 69, 70, 72, 79, 81, 311, 361, 367, APM 08279+5255, 17, 59, 61, 94, 118, 384, 385, 387, 396, 397, 400 220, 243 σQ,56 arc, 7, 9, 10, 15, 304, 306, 310–312, 315, σv,36 335, 341, 352 σtot(Q), 57 arclet, 7, 10, 270, 304, 306, 315, 441 0047–2808, 160, 250 astroid, 43 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, 78, 183 astroid curve, 114, 116, 192, 202, 245 3-D gravitational potential, 398 B 0218+357, 170, 173, 174, 196, 240, lensing, 397 242, 531 B 1359+154, 94 Abell 1689, 305, 310, 313, 315, 334, 335, B 1422+231, 156, 170, 171, 221, 243 341 B 1600+434, 170, 174, 177, 178, 181, Abell 1705, 352 196, 531 Abell 2218, 10, 17, 309 B 1608+656, 156, 160, 170, 173, 180 Abell 222/223, 335, 336 B 1933+503, 94, 98, 145, 146 Abell 2390, 306, 307 B 1938+666, 12 Abell 370, 270, 309, 315 B 2108+213, 211 Abell 901/902, 335 B-modes, 371, 372, 374, 392, 393, 433 ACS, 281, 298, 305, 313, 390 background galaxies, 332, 393, 406, 409 adiabatic equation, 45 baryonic matter, 129, 178, 179, 192, affine parameter, 19 211–217, 231, 300, 347 542 Index Bessel functions, 362, 364 Charge Coupled Device (CCD), 5, 478, bias 500 factor, 430 fringes, 286, 287 of galaxies, 405 mosaic, 11, 383 parameter, 418, 419, 421, 427 multi-chip, 286 biasing of galaxies, 271, 416–418, 427 chromatic effect, 14 stochastic, 419 Chwolson, O., 3, 454 binary lenses, 461, 462, 465–467, 472, Cl 0024+17, 310, 311, 340 484, 486, 497, 499, 505, 510 Cl 1409+52, 315 binary quasars, 218–220, 232 Cl 2244−02, 9 MGC 2214+3550, 219 CLASS, 5 PKS 1145–071, 219 clusters of galaxies, 299, 415 QSO 2345+007, 218 Abell 2218, 10, 17, 441 binary source, 500, 505 Abell 222/223, 335 binary stars, 465, 479, 486, 505, 521 Abell 851, 416 Birkhoff theorem, 31, 71 AC 114, 416 blending, 465, 478, 499, 500, 519–521 central cD, 299, 309 Bremsstrahlung, 301, 302 Cl 0939+4713, 417 brightness Cl 2244−02, 9 moments, 274 MG 1131+0456, 7 profile, 294 MS 1054-03, 337 in X-rays, 302 MS 1512+36, 59 BTC, 351, 383, 389 CMB, 300, 366, 367, 400 Butcher–Oemler effect, 300 anisotropy, 271, 366, 401, 427 temperature map, 271 Canopus, 473 CMB anisotropies Carswell, R.F., 5 primary, 77 causal contact, 62 secondary, 77 caustic, 25, 26, 104, 113, 115–117, 121, coaddition, 290, 291 201, 222, 230, 245, 247, 460, 462, COBE satellite, 69, 80 467, 473, 487, 490, 499, 505, 507, Cold Dark Matter (CDM), 15, 67, 82, 510, 512, 522, 524, 531 107, 128, 129, 148, 157, 178, 208, fold, 26 211, 212, 220 lips, 41 collisionless Boltzmann equation, 63 tangential, 43 COMBO-17, 293, 376, 391 Cavendish, H., 2 comoving cB58, 17, 59, 61 angular diameter distance, 45, 50, 52, cD galaxy, 299, 309 58, 98, 164, 194, 357 CDM, 309, 313, 314, 424 distance, 49, 50, 53 CfA redshift survey, 183 horizon, 62, 67 CfA-Arizona Space Telescope Lens number density, 58, 73 Survey (CASTLES), 92, 96, 139, observer, 45 143, 221, 253 radial coordinate, 45 CFH12K, 282, 386 radius, 73 CFHT, 282, 386 sphere, 70 CFRS 03.1077, 160 volume, 45, 46 Chandra, 303, 304, 310, 338 volume element, 51 Deep Field South (CDF-S), 292, 293 compact objects, 15, 453, 477, 486, 521, Chang, K., 454 524, 528 Index 543 complex shear, 25 174–178, 180–182, 194, 255, 300, concentration parameter, 76 303, 357, 358, 397 concordance, 79 Hubble radius, 194 concordance model, 77, 83 radiation density, 47 conformal gravity, 476 total density parameter, 48 constant cosmological standard model cosmological, 46 homogeneous Universe, 44 convergence, 21, 102, 308, 377 inhomogeneous Universe, 61 coordinates critical curve, 25, 26, 30, 32, 104, 113, angular, 21 115–117, 121, 201, 222, 230, 245, correlation coefficient, 422 247, 319 correlation function, 65, 362, 369, radial, 32 372–374, 382, 419 tangential, 32 AGN-galaxy, 429 critical curves, 17, 462, 463 angular, 423 critical density, 47 QSO–galaxy, 430 critical surface mass density, 331 three-point (3PCF), 431–433 cross-section natural components, 432 point-mass lens, 55 two-point, 360, 386, 427 singular isothermal sphere, 56 cosmic density fluctuations, 72 crossing time, 467, 470, 483, 522 Cosmic Lens All Sky Survey (CLASS), curvature of the Universe, 357 153, 184, 203, 206, 207, 209, 211, curvature parameter, 45 231 cusp, 26, 462, 473, 510 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), naked, 43 44, 47, 61, 69, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83 cosmic scale factor, 45 dark clusters, 353, 355 cosmic shear, 355, 358, 360, 365, 366, dark energy, 16, 47, 62, 83, 206, 312, 375, 383, 386, 394, 401, 419 355, 366, 399–401, 404, 434, 439 detection, 422 Dark Matter surveys, 434 Cold (CDM), 67, 82, 107, 128, 129, cosmic time, 45 148, 157, 178, 208, 211, 212, 220 cosmological constant, 46 Hot (HDM), 67, 81 cosmological model, 366 dark matter, 14–16, 31, 44, 58, 62, cosmological models 68, 73–75, 82, 83, 129, 136, 137, Einstein-de Sitter, 52, 63, 64, 72, 73 139, 147, 155–157, 163, 175, 190, Friedmann-Lemaˆıtre, 46 194, 212, 214, 231, 250, 299–301, cosmological parameters, 47, 77, 311, 309, 313–315, 335, 347, 366, 375, 312, 314, 360, 366, 368, 369, 392, 400–402, 405, 413, 417, 422, 429, 394, 400 438, 454, 460, 461, 475–477, 479, ΩΛ, 323, 324, 367, 395 482–484, 521, 528, 531, 533 Ωm, 324, 367, 385, 395, 396 filaments, 335 σ8, 311, 361, 367, 383–385, 387, 396, profile of galaxies, 406 397, 400, 427 dark matter distribution, 68, 300, 301, cosmological constant, 46, 80, 83 309, 313, 315, 335, 347, 366, 375, critical density, 47 400, 402, 405, 417, 422, 429 curvature, 357 dark matter halo, 38, 73, 75, 76, density parameters, 47, 49, 80 126–129, 136, 137, 139, 155–157, Hubble constant, 4, 12, 13, 16, 47, 79, 163, 175, 190, 212, 214, 231, 250, 98, 123, 128, 163–165, 169, 171, 314, 405, 411, 413, 415, 438, 460, 544 Index 461, 475, 477, 479, 480, 483, 484, 176, 192, 197, 218, 224, 229, 277, 521, 528, 531, 533 305 deflection angle, 18, 19, 461 Einstein ring, 8, 102–104, 107, 112, 139, deflection potential, 22, 308, 324, 326, 155, 173, 219, 233, 243, 244, 246, 358 247, 251 deflector plane, 20 radio, 8, 11, 97 degeneracies, 458, 475, 490, 499, 500, radius, 455, 461, 462, 475, 487, 496, 517 499, 518, 522 density visible, 3, 8, 251 contrast, 62, 64, 67, 418, 423, 431 Einstein time, 457, 458, 466, 485, 487, distribution, 19, 127 501, 503, 504, 522 fluctuations, 62, 64, 67, 81 Einstein, A., 3, 454 lens number, 15, 57 Einstein-de Sitter cosmological model, parameters, 47, 49, 80 52, 63, 64, 72, 73 density profile ellipticity, 296, 386 de Vaucouleurs, 125, 126, 138, 158 complex, 274, 275 exponential disk, 125, 126 definition, 274 Hernquist, 126, 127, 145, 147 dispersion, 276 Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW), intrinsic, 273, 276, 281, 376 76, 103, 138, 145, 306, 313, 314, mean, 276 327, 334, 349, 410, 414, 438 tangential, 278, 406 Sersic, 126 energy universal=NFW, 76, 103, 138, 145, dark, 16, 47, 62, 83, 206, 312, 355, 306, 313, 314, 327, 334, 349, 410, 366, 399–401, 404, 434, 439 414, 438 vacuum, 83, 206, 312, 355, 366, differential image (analysis), 501 399–401, 404, 434, 439 dispersion entropy regularization, 325 aperture mass, 363, 365, 368, 393, equation 395, 420 adiabatic, 45 of intrinsic ellipticity, 409 collisionless Boltzmann, 63 shear, 362, 364, 365, 368, 384, 387, Friedmann, 45 391, 395 Jeans, 158, 160, 190, 192 distance, 49, 458, 461, 483, 487, 488, Poisson, 22, 30, 63 499, 518 Vlasov, 63, 70 angular diameter, 45, 50, 52, 53, 98, equation of state (EOS), 46 164, 194, 271, 357 EROS, 472, 477, 481, 485 comoving, 49, 50, 52, 53 ESO Imaging Survey (EIS), 293 luminosity, 51 European Southern Observatory (ESO), proper, 51 518 distance ladder, 16 external shear, 39, 112, 166 distortion, 24 doppler wobble, 488 Faber–Jackson relation, 187–189, drizzling, 290 232–235, 408 Fermat potential, 22, 27, 30, 36, 54 E-modes, 371, 372, 374, 393, 433 filament, 335 EEWS, 495, 496, 498 fluctuation field, 68 Einstein angle-radius, 35, 40, 53 flux conservation, 60 Einstein radius, 103, 104, 112, 120, 130, flux ratio anomaly, 531 132, 135, 140, 141, 157, 164, 170, fold caustic, 26 Index 545 fold caustics, 465, 470 H 1413+117, 531 FORS, 282 Harrison–Zeldovich power spectrum, 68, FORS1, 350, 351, 383 81, 83 Fourier mode, 67 HE 0230–2130, 156 Fourier transform, 65, 307, 308, 316, HE 0435–1223, 94, 96, 156 361, 418 HE 1104–1805, 94, 95, 170, 180, 242 Friedmann equation, 45 HE 2149–2745, 170, 174, 177, 178, 181 Friedmann-Lemaˆıtre cosmological high magnification event, 491, 493, 496, models, 46 513 Hipparcos, 518 Galactic Bulge, 458, 478, 484, 500, 501, horizon, 67 518 Hot Dark Matter (HDM), 67, 81 HST, 5, 6, 8, 96, 305, 337, 390 Galactic halo, 471, 481 HST 14176+5226, 160 Galactic microlensing, 453, 458 HST 15433+5352, 160 galactic microlensing events HST Medium Deep Survey (MDS), 183 MACHO-LMC-1, 14 Hubble galaxies Deep Field, 276, 282, 312 background, 332, 393, 406, 409 Ultra Deep Field (UDF), 292 brightness moments, 274 Hubble constant, 4, 12, 13, 16, 47, 79, clusters, 299 98, 123, 128, 163–165, 169, 171, depletion, 280 174–178, 180–182, 194, 255, 300, distorsion, 272 303, 357, 358, 397 faint images, 272 Hubble expansion, 46, 71 number density, 280, 282 Hubble radius, 194 galaxy Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 6, 8, cB58, 17, 59, 61 96, 305, 337, 390, 513 host, 8, 17 IRAS F10214, 17, 59, 61 image parity,
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