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Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines: NEHRP Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap

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Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines: NEHRP Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap NIST GCR 14-917-33 Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines: NEHRP Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture A partnership of the Applied Technology Council and the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering Disclaimers This report was prepared for the Engineering Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Earthquake Structural and Engineering Research Contract SB134107CQ0019, Task Order 12438. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of NIST or the U.S. Government. This report was produced by the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture, a partnership of the Applied Technology Council (ATC) and the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE). While endeavoring to provide practical and accurate information, the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture, the authors, and the reviewers assume no liability for, nor express or imply any warranty with regard to, the information contained herein. Users of information contained in this report assume all liability arising from such use. Unless otherwise noted, photos, figures, and data presented in this report have been developed or provided by NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture staff or consultants engaged under contract to provide information as works for hire. Any similarity with other published information is coincidental. Photos and figures cited from outside sources have been reproduced in this report with permission. Any other use requires additional permission from the copyright holders. Certain commercial software, equipment, instruments, or materials may have been used in the preparation of information contributing to this report. Identification in this report is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor is it intended to imply that such software, equipment, instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NIST policy is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all its publications. In this report, however, information is presented in U.S. Customary Units (inch-pound), as this is the preferred system of units in the U.S. earthquake engineering industry. Cover image – Balboa Blvd. after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. This is an example of collocation of lifelines. Lateral spreading damaged water and gas distribution mains and wastewater pipelines, and affected a 600-mm gas trunk line, two 750-mm gas transmission lines, 400-mm petroleum transmission pipeline, 1240-mm water trunk line, and 1730-mm water trunk line. Gas escaping from the ruptured 600-mm gas pipeline ignited, burning several homes. The water trunk lines failed, flooding parts of the neighborhood, and cutting off a substantial part of the water supply to San Fernando Valley. The fire in the photo is from a 150-mm gas distribution line. The fire from the 600-mm gas trunk line was over 50 m high, destroying overhead electric distribution lines. (Photo credit: MCEER, State University of New York at Buffalo) NIST GCR 14-917-33 Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines: NEHRP Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 By NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture A partnership of the Applied Technology Council and the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering October 2014 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Willie E. May, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Acting Director NIST GCR 14-917-33 Participants National Institute of Standards and Technology John (Jack) R. Hayes, Jr., Director, National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Steven L. McCabe, Deputy Director, National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture Applied Technology Council Consortium of Universities for 201 Redwood Shores Parkway, Suite 240 Research in Earthquake Engineering Redwood City, California 94065 1301 S. 46th Street, Building 420 www.ATCouncil.org Richmond, California 94804 www.CUREE.org Joint Venture Management Joint Venture Program Committee Committee Jon A. Heintz (Program Manager) James R. Harris Michael Constantinou Robert Reitherman C.B. Crouse Christopher Rojahn James R. Harris Andrew Whittaker William T. Holmes Jack Moehle Andrew Whittaker Project Manager Project Review Panel Christopher Rojahn Donald Ballantyne Lloyd S. Cluff Project Technical Committee C.B. Crouse Andre Filiatrault Thomas D. O’Rourke (Project Director) Douglas G. Honegger Laurie Johnson (Lead Editor) Stephen A. Mahin Craig A. Davis Michael J. O’Rourke Leonard Duenas-Osorio Charles Scawthorn Anne S. Kiremidjian Kathleen Tierney Alexis Kwasinski Yumei Wang Michael Mahoney (ex-officio) Stuart Nishenko Douglas J. Nyman Other Participants Chris D. Poland Alex K. Tang Yousef Bozorgnia Preface In September 2012 the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture, a partnership of the Applied Technology Council (ATC) and the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE), commenced a task order project under National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Contract SB1341-07-CQ- 0019 to develop a National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Research and Implementation Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines Roadmap. The primary objective of this task order was to develop a 10-year research, development, and implementation roadmap for generating new model earthquake-resilient design and construction standards for key lifeline systems and components. The starting point for the roadmap development process was an initial effort to identify and summarize needed research, development, and implementation activities for lifelines in the areas of electric power, gas and liquid fuels, water, wastewater, telecommunications, transportation networks, lifeline interdependencies, and social, economic and institutional issues. This task was shared by members of the Project Technical Committee and Project Review Panel, who were asked specifically to focus on earthquakes, but also to consider multi-hazard exposure and resilience. The initial list of proposed research, development, and implementation activities then went through several rounds of review and refinement, including a joint meeting of members of the Project Technical Committee and Project Review Panel in December 2013. A working draft of the roadmap was then prepared and distributed to a larger group of specialists from lifeline companies, lifeline industry organizations, local government officials, leading practitioners and academics, and representatives from insurance, finance, and key government agencies for review and discussion at a two- day workshop convened in May 2014. The NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture is indebted to the leadership of Thomas D. O’Rourke, who served as Project Technical Director, and to the members of the Project Technical Committee, consisting of Laurie Johnson (Lead Editor), Craig A. Davis, Leonard Duenas-Osorio, Anne S. Kiremidjian, Alexis Kwasinski, Michael Mahoney (ex-officio), Stuart Nishenko, Douglas J. Nyman, Chris D. Poland, and Alex K. Tang, for their contributions in developing this report and the resulting recommendations. The members of the Project Review Panel, who were charged with reviewing the roadmap during the various stages of development and ensuring that GCR 14-917-33 Preface v technical results were accurate, are also gratefully acknowledged. These individuals consisted of Donald Ballantyne, Lloyd S. Cluff, C. B. Crouse, Andre Filiatrault, Douglas G. Honegger, Stephen A. Mahin, Michael J. O’Rourke, Charles Scawthorn, Kathleen Tierney, and Yumei Wang. Appreciation is also extended to the many individuals who participated in the roadmap review workshop in Oakland, California, in May 2014 and to Yousef Bozorgnia and the other individuals who provided material for the roadmap. The names and affiliations of all who contributed to this report are provided in the list of Project Participants and the list of Workshop Participants. The NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture is also pleased to acknowledge John (Jack) R. Hayes, Jr., and Steven L. McCabe of NIST for their input and guidance in the preparation of this report, and Amber Houchen for ATC report production services. Christopher Rojahn (Project Manager) ATC Executive Director vi Preface GCR 14-917-33 Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................ v List of Figures and Tables ..........................................................xi List of Recommended Research, Development, and Implementation Topics ....................................................................... xiii Executive Summary ................................................................ xv 1. Introduction ............................................................... 1-1 1.1 Impetus for this Roadmap ............................................................... 1-2 1.2 Roadmap Scope and Purpose .......................................................... 1-3 1.3 Roadmap Relevance for Multi-Hazards .......................................... 1-4 1.4 Roadmap Framework and Organization ......................................... 1-5 2. Vision for Earthquake Resilient Lifelines ............................ 2-1 2.1 Earthquakes and Disaster Risk in the United States
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