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New Empirical Relationships Among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 974-1002, August 1994 New Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement by Donald L. Wells and Kevin J. Coppersmith Abstract Source parameters for historical earthquakes worldwide are com piled to develop a series of empirical relationships among moment magnitude (M), surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, rupture area, and maximum and average displacement per event. The resulting data base is a significant update of previous compilations and includes the ad ditional source parameters of seismic moment, moment magnitude, subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, and average surface displacement. Each source parameter is classified as reliable or unreliable, based on our evaluation of the accuracy of individual values. Only the reliable source parameters are used in the final analyses. In comparing source parameters, we note the fol lowing trends: (1) Generally, the length of rupture at the surface is equal to 75% of the subsurface rupture length; however, the ratio of surface rupture length to subsurface rupture length increases with magnitude; (2) the average surface dis placement per event is about one-half the maximum surface displacement per event; and (3) the average subsurface displacement on the fault plane is less than the maximum surface displacement but more than the average surface dis placement. Thus, for most earthquakes in this data base, slip on the fault plane at seismogenic depths is manifested by similar displacements at the surface. Log-linear regressions between earthquake magnitude and surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, and rupture area are especially well correlated, show ing standard deviations of 0.25 to 0.35 magnitude units. -
Geodetic Constraints on San Francisco Bay Area Fault Slip Rates and Potential Seismogenic Asperities on the Partially Creeping Hayward Fault Eileen L
Masthead Logo Smith ScholarWorks Geosciences: Faculty Publications Geosciences 3-2012 Geodetic Constraints on San Francisco Bay Area Fault Slip Rates and Potential Seismogenic Asperities on the Partially Creeping Hayward Fault Eileen L. Evans Harvard University John P. Loveless Harvard University, [email protected] Brendan J. Meade Harvard University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/geo_facpubs Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Eileen L.; Loveless, John P.; and Meade, Brendan J., "Geodetic Constraints on San Francisco Bay Area Fault Slip Rates and Potential Seismogenic Asperities on the Partially Creeping Hayward Fault" (2012). Geosciences: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/geo_facpubs/21 This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Geosciences: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117, B03410, doi:10.1029/2011JB008398, 2012 Geodetic constraints on San Francisco Bay Area fault slip rates and potential seismogenic asperities on the partially creeping Hayward fault Eileen L. Evans,1 John P. Loveless,1,2 and Brendan J. Meade1 Received 28 March 2011; revised 17 November 2011; accepted 31 January 2012; published 31 March 2012. [1] The Hayward fault in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) is sometimes considered unusual among continental faults for exhibiting significant aseismic creep during the interseismic phase of the seismic cycle while also generating sufficient elastic strain to produce major earthquakes. Imaging the spatial variation in interseismic fault creep on the Hayward fault is complicated because of the interseismic strain accumulation associated with nearby faults in the SFBA, where the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra block is partitioned across closely spaced subparallel faults. -
Thomas Brocher
Bay Area Geophysical Society Seminar Series Thomas Brocher USGS November 19, 2018 4:00 PM McCone Hall 265, UC Berkeley The 150th Anniversary of the Damaging 1868 Hayward Earthquake: Why it Matters Abstract: October 21st marks the 150th anniversary of the damaging 1868 Hayward earthquake. USGS studies of the Hayward Fault reveal that it has produced 12 large earthquakes in the past 2000 years spaced from 100 to 220 years apart. The Hayward Fault is one of the most urbanized faults in the United States. So the expected large Hayward Fault earthquake will impact the entire San Francisco Bay Area. The odds of a damaging M6.7 earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area in the next 30 years are nearly 3 out of 4. The effects of earthquakes can be mitigated through building codes, retrofits, planning, and training. Speaker Bio: Tom Brocher is a seismologist at the USGS Earthquake Science Center, in Menlo Park, where he has worked for 33 years after working briefly at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. He served as Director of the Earthquake Science Center for several years and prior to that served as the USGS Coordinator for Northern California Earthquake Hazard Investigations. His interests include earthquake hazard assessment, earthquake mitigation, and earthquake preparedness. Tom served as chair of the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Alliance, a public/private non-profit organization seeking to increase public awareness of that earthquake and the hazards posed by the Hayward Fault. Tom has authored or co-authored 165 peer-reviewed publications and is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. -
Draft Initial Study/ Negative Declaration
DRAFT INITIAL STUDY/ NEGATIVE DECLARATION WATER TREATMENT PLANT IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT MACKERRICHER STATE PARK June 2020 State of California California State Parks Mendocino County ,California TABLE of CONTENTS Chapter/Section Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Introduction and Regulatory Guidance .............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Lead Agency .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Purpose and Document Organization ................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Project Location ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Background and Need for the Project .............................................................................................. 10 -
Three-Dimensional Deformation and Stress Models: Exploring One-Thousand Years of Earthquake History Along the San Andreas Fault System
Three-dimensional Deformation and Stress Models: Exploring One-Thousand Years of Earthquake History Along the San Andreas Fault System by Bridget Renee Smith UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 2005 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Three-dimensional Deformation and Stress Models: Exploring One-Thousand Years of Earthquake History Along the San Andreas Fault System A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences by Bridget Renee Smith Committee in charge: David T. Sandwell, Chair Bruce Bills Steve Cande Yuri Fialko Catherine Johnson Xanthippi Markenscoff 2005 Copyright Bridget Smith, 2005 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Bridget Renee Smith is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ University of California, San Diego 2005 iii For my parents – although I have never been a student in your classrooms, you will always be my most treasured teachers of life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page.……………………...……………………………………………………………….iii Dedication.……………………...……………………………………………………………………iv Table of Contents.……………………..……………………………………………………………...v List of Figures and Tables.……………………...………………………………………………….viii Acknowledgements.…………………….………………………………………………………….…x -
Database of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger Than Magnitude 6 in Northern California
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DATABASE OF POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR EARTHQUAKES LARGER THAN MAGNITUDE 6 IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA By The Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential Open-File Report 96-705 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American stratigraphic code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1996 Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential William Bakun U.S. Geological Survey Edward Bortugno California Office of Emergency Services William Bryant California Division of Mines & Geology Gary Carver Humboldt State University Kevin Coppersmith Geomatrix N. T. Hall Geomatrix James Hengesh Dames & Moore Angela Jayko U.S. Geological Survey Keith Kelson William Lettis Associates Kenneth Lajoie U.S. Geological Survey William R. Lettis William Lettis Associates James Lienkaemper* U.S. Geological Survey Michael Lisowski Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Patricia McCrory U.S. Geological Survey Mark Murray Stanford University David Oppenheimer U.S. Geological Survey William D. Page Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Mark Petersen California Division of Mines & Geology Carol S. Prentice U.S. Geological Survey William Prescott U.S. Geological Survey Thomas Sawyer William Lettis Associates David P. Schwartz* U.S. Geological Survey Jeff Unruh William Lettis Associates Dave Wagner California Division of Mines & Geology -
Final Report: USGS NEHRP Project G17AP00010
Final Report: USGS NEHRP Project G17AP00010 Project Title: Automated fault mapping of the North America-Pacific plate boundary using airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) data George Hilley and Robert Sare Department of Geological Sciences Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2115 email:[email protected] voice: (650) 723-3782 fax: (650) 725-0979 Term of Award: January 1, 2017-December 30, 2019 Abstract Fault scarps and fault-related landforms provide important information about fault zone ac- tivity over timescales that are not captured by instrumental measurements or historic records. Semi-automated methods for delineating these landforms using topographic data from light detection and ranging (lidar) and spaceborne imaging systems offer the opportunity to charac- terize fault zones on a global scale. This project explored a computationally efficient method for extracting scarp-like landforms from high-resolution (≤ 2 m), regional-scale (≥ 100-km-long) digital topographic datasets. We identified fault-related landforms using a curvature template based on the diffusion model for scarp degradation and extract scarp heights and morphologic ages at each pixel. The method was applied to the GeoEarthScope Northern California dataset, an airborne lidar acquisition imaging nearly 2500 km2 of the northern San Andreas fault sys- tem, by adapting the algorithm to use cloud computing resources. Template results and fault trace mapping show spatial agreement in active fault zones with clear topographic expression, including detection of fault scarps, shutter ridges, and elongated drainages. Comparison of the method against field-based morphologic dating of scarps along the southern San Andreas re- veals a trade-off between template window size and morphologic age contrasts resolved between strike-slip fault scarps of different relative ages. -
USGS Open-File Report 2004-1267
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WESTERN EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES TEAM 2003 Compiled by Charles Powell, II, Paul Stone, and Russell W. Graymer U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025 Open-File Report 2004-1267 2004 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the Federal Government. INTRODUCTION The Western Earth Surface Processes Team (WESPT) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts geologic mapping, earth-surface processes investigations, and related topical earth science studies in the western United States. This work is focused on areas where modern geologic maps and associated earth-science data are needed to address key societal and environmental issues such as ground-water quality, landslides and other potential geologic hazards, and land-use decisions. Areas of primary emphasis in 2003 included southern California, the San Francisco Bay region, the Mojave Desert, the Colorado Plateau region of northern Arizona, and the Pacific Northwest. The team has its headquarters in Menlo Park, California, and maintains smaller field offices at several other locations in the western United States. The results of research conducted by the WESPT are released to the public as a variety of databases, maps, text reports, and abstracts, both through the internal publication system of the USGS and in diverse external publications such as scientific journals and books. This report lists publications of the WESPT released in 2003 as well as additional 2000, 2001, and 2002 publications that were not included in the previous lists (USGS Open-File Reports 00-215, 01-198, and 02-269). -
Seismotectonics of the San Andreas Fault System Between
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 1993 Seismotectonics of the San Andreas Fault System Between Point Arena and Cape Mendocino in Northern California' Implications for the Development and Evolution of a Young Transform David A. Castillo Stanford University William L. Ellsworth U.S. Geological Survey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Castillo, David A. and Ellsworth, William L., "Seismotectonics of the San Andreas Fault System Between Point Arena and Cape Mendocino in Northern California' Implications for the Development and Evolution of a Young Transform" (1993). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 387. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/387 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 98, NO. B4, PAGES 6543-6560, APRIL 10, 1993 Seismotectonics of the San Andreas Fault System Between Point Arena and Cape Mendocino in Northern California' Implications for the Development and Evolution of a Young Transform DAVID A. CASTILLO 1 AND WILLIAM L. ELLSWORTH U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California The northernmostand relatively youthful segmentof the San Andreas fault systemis situated within a 100+ km wide zone of northwest trending strike-slip faults that includes, from west to east, the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs faults. Although the San Andreas fault is the principal strike-slip fault in this system, it has been virtually aseismic since the 1906 earthquake. -
Fault Scaling Relationships Depend on the Average Fault Slip Rate
Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript RL+SR_2MW_r16.tex 1 Fault Scaling Relationships Depend on the 2 Average Fault Slip Rate 3 John G. Anderson, Glenn P. Biasi, Steven G. Wes- 4 nousky 5 Abstract 6 This study addresses whether knowing the slip rate on a fault improves es- 7 timates of magnitude (MW ) of shallow, continental surface-rupturing earth- 8 quakes. Based on 43 earthquakes from the database of Wells and Coppersmith 9 (1994), Anderson et al. (1996) previously suggested that estimates of MW from 10 rupture length (LE)areimprovedbyincorporatingthesliprateofthefault 11 (SF ). We re-evaluate this relationship with an expanded database of 80 events, 12 that includes 57 strike-slip, 12 reverse, and 11 normal faulting events. When the 13 data are subdivided by fault mechanism, magnitude predictions from rupture 14 length are improved for strike-slip faults when slip rate is included, but not for 15 reverse or normal faults. Whether or not the slip rate term is present, a linear 16 model with M log L over all rupture lengths implies that the stress drop W ⇠ E 17 depends on rupture length - an observation that is not supported by teleseismic 18 observations. We consider two other models, including one we prefer because it 19 has constant stress drop over the entire range of LE for any constant value of 20 SF and fits the data as well as the linear model. The dependence on slip rate for 21 strike-slip faults is a persistent feature of all considered models. The observed 22 dependence on SF supports the conclusion that for strike-slip faults of a given 23 length, the static stress drop, on average, tends to decrease as the fault slip rate 24 increases. -
Explanatory Text to Accompany the Fault Activity Map of California
An Explanatory Text to Accompany the Fault Activity Map of California Scale 1:750,000 ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor LESTER A. SNOW, Secretary BRIDGETT LUTHER, Director JOHN G. PARRISH, Ph.D., State Geologist STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN G. PARRISH, Ph.D. STATE GEOLOGIST Copyright © 2010 by the California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written consent of the California Geological Survey. The Department of Conservation makes no warranties as to the suitability of this product for any given purpose. An Explanatory Text to Accompany the Fault Activity Map of California Scale 1:750,000 Compilation and Interpretation by CHARLES W. JENNINGS and WILLIAM A. BRYANT Digital Preparation by Milind Patel, Ellen Sander, Jim Thompson, Barbra Wanish, and Milton Fonseca 2010 Suggested citation: Jennings, C.W., and Bryant, W.A., 2010, Fault activity map of California: California Geological Survey Geologic Data Map No. 6, map scale 1:750,000. ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor LESTER A. SNOW, Secretary BRIDGETT LUTHER, Director JOHN G. PARRISH, Ph.D., State Geologist STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY An Explanatory Text to Accompany the Fault Activity Map of California INTRODUCTION data for states adjacent to California (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults/). The The 2010 edition of the FAULT ACTIVTY MAP aligned seismicity and locations of Quaternary OF CALIFORNIA was prepared in recognition of the th volcanoes are not shown on the 2010 Fault Activity 150 Anniversary of the California Geological Map. -
Appendix M Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Resources
GNOSS FIELD AIRPORT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FINAL APPENDIX M GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND SEISMICITY RESOURCES This appendix contains supporting documentation for the assessment of Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Resources for the Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Impact Report. Landrum & Brown Appendix M – Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Resources June 2014 Page M-1 GNOSS FIELD AIRPORT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FINAL THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Landrum & Brown Appendix M – Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Resources June 2014 Page M-2 2240 Northpomt Parkway (K~'ilNF£LD£R Santa Rosa, CA ~-? Bright People. Right Solutions. 95407-5009 pi 707.571 .1883 f 1707.571 .7813 kle infelder.com September 8, 2009 Project: 92158-1906 Ms. Sara Hassert Mr. Rob Adams Landrum and Brown 8755 W. Higgins Road, Suite 850 Chicago, IL 60631 Subject: Geology, Soils and Seismicity Subsection Gnoss Field Airport EIS/EIR Novato, California Dear Ms. Hassert and Mr. Adams: Kleinfelder is pleased to provide the enclosed revised Geology, Soils, and Seismicity section for your review, comment, and use. As requested , Alternative C has been deleted from consideration . Based on the tasking sequence, we understand this text may be used for the appropriate sections of both the EIS and EIR documents, which we understand will be separate stand-alone documents. These subsections were prepared entirely by Kleinfelder. Once finalized, we understand you will fold all of the subsections from the various consultants together. At this time, we didn't include supporting appendix material, other than Plates 1, 2, and 3, with this submittal. We understand that as you review and assemble the EIS and EIR documents, you will decide what supporting material will need to accompany the EIS and/or EIR documents.