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Por Manuel Clemente Rojo Por Manuel Clemente Rojo Introducción y notas de: Carlos Lazcano y Arnulfo Estrada APUNTES HISTORICOS DE LA FRONTERA DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA APUNTES HISTORICOS DE LA FRONTERA DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA Colección de Documentos sobre la Historia y la Geografía del municipio de Ensenada Documento no. 1 3 "-J Cl u.. -q- Ensenada en 1887, cuando vivia en el puerto don Manuel Clemente Ro jo. Ensenada apenas tenía cinco años de haberse iniciado como población. Colecciónde José Estrada APUNTES HISTORICOS DE LA FRONTERA DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA Por Manuel Clemente Rojo Introducción y notas de Carlos Lazcano Sahagún y Arnulfo Estrada R. Museo de Historia de Ensenada Seminario de Historia de Ensenada 5 Retrato de don Manuel Clemente Rojo. Dibujo hecho por José Estrada en base a una fotografía de la época. 6 En memoria de don Manuel Clemente Rojo en el primer centenario de su muerte ,,/' 7 7 Colección de Documentos e sobre la Historia y la Geografía del municipio de Ensenada Consejo editorial Museo de Historia de Ensenada c Seminario de Historia de Ensenada I Coordinador: Carlos Lazcano S. t Estimado lector, con motivo de que próximamente conmemoraremos 250 años de que fue fundada la misión de Santa Gertrudis (1751), el Museo de Historia [ de Ensenada y el Seminario de Historia de Ensenada, con la participación de diversos sectores y personas de la comunidad ensenadense, da inicio a la publicación de la serie llamada "Colección de Documentos sobre la Historia y la Geografía del Municipio de Ensenada". La idea de esta colección es aportar nuevos conocimientos para el mejor entendimiento de nuestra historia y geografía regionales. Tomamos como inicio de la colección el aniversario de Santa Gertrudis debido a que se trata de la primer misión establecida en lo que actualmente es el municipio de Ensenada y el Estado de Baja California y con ello se marca el inicio de la cultura occidental en nuestra región y el inicio propiamente de lo que somos actualmente. Consideramos oportuno iniciar la colección con el documento, inédito hasta ahora, de don Manuel Clemente Rojo intitulado "Apuntes Históricos de la Frontera la de Baja California", el cual aportará valiosa información sobre nuestra historia regional , especialmente del siglo XIX. La importancia de Clemente Rojo en nuestra historia es ampliamente conocida, así que esta publicación es un homenaje a su memoria ahora que se cumplen 100 años de su muerte, la cual ocurrió aquí, en nuestra querida Ensenada, el 9 de julio de 1900. Portada y contraportada: Vestigios de la misión dominíca de Santo Domingo de la Frontera. Foto de Carlos lazcano S. Investigación y transcripción de documentos: Carloslazcano S. Asesoría: Arnulfo Estrada R. y luis Guzmán © 2000 Carlos Lazcano Sahagún Primera Edición Ensenada, Baja California 8 Contenido Contenido pag. 9 Introducción pag. 11 Documento no.1 pag. 32 o -Apuntes Históricos de la Frontera Baja California ia e Documento no.2 pag. 52 a -Mi Arribo a la Frontera en 1848 a -Descripción de la Frontera -lQuienes eran los Hombres de esta Frontera a al Tiempo y Antes de la Conquista? -Conquista s :1 Documento no. 3 pag. 95 s -Descripción de la Frontera a Fines del Siglo XIX l Documento no. 4 pag.110 -Retratos de Algunos Personajes de la Frontera Indice pag.120 Bibliografía pag.133 9 m::s � 111 � ('1 ::s � o c.. g� o ('1::s � ..... (X) � \O �' ..... (/) ::ti o c.. � o e:¡ c.. o 111 c.. ('1 o ("')o 3 -o o ::Slo' -+, e::: o iii. -+ o 111 -o o ,o ("') � ('1 O"', o, ('1 ("') ::s ("')o c.. ('1 3 � ? 10 INTRODUCCION En 1958 salió a la luz, publicado por don Enrique Aldrete, el documento más antiguo que se conocía de don Manuel Clemente Rojo, intitulado APUNTES HISTÓRICOS, COROGRÁFICOS Y ESTADÍSTICOS DEL DISTRITO NORTE DEL TERRITORIO DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA 1, escrito en 1872 cuando don Manuel era la máxima autoridad política en el Partido Norte de Baja California. Posteriormente, en 1987, la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California dio a conocer los APUNTES HISTÓRICOS DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA CON ALGUNOS RELATIVOS A LA AL TA CALIFORNIA, escrito también por don Manuel en el año 2 de 1879 para la Biblioteca Bancroft de California • Ambos documentos nos hablan casi exclusivamente sobre el devenir histórico del norte de la Baja California durante buena parte del siglo XIX. Para sorpresa nuestra, y gracias al generoso apoyo de don Santos Cota Martin, aparece un olvidado e ignorado testimonio de don Manuel, que consta de cuatro documentos. Fueron escritos a lo largo de más de 40 años, entre 1848 y 1892, y vienen a enriquecer grandemente la historiografía bajacaliforniana, especialmente la del extremo norte, conocida durante muchos años como La Frontera. Esta serie de testimonios, la intituló don Manuel "APUNTES HISTÓRICOS DE LA FRONTERA DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIN, se trata, sin lugar a dudas, su más importante contribución al conocimiento de nuestra historia regional durante el siglo XIX. Estos escritos vienen a complementar ampliamente lo ya publicado de él, por lo cual podemos considerarlo el auténtico cronista de La Frontera. LA FRONTERA La Frontera; con este nombre se designó durante el final del siglo XVIII y casi todo el Siglo XIX al extremo norte de Baja California; desde la misión de San Fernando Velicatá hasta San Diego, Alta California, extendiéndose hacia el oriente hasta el Golfo de California, más o menos desde donde está la Bahía de San Luis Gonzaga, hasta la zona de la desembocadura del Colorado. 1 Manuel Clemente Rojo, APUNTES HISTORICOS, COROGRAFICOS Y ESTADISTICOS DEL DISTRITO NORTE DEL TERRITORIO DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA, publicado en: Enrique Aldrete, BAJA CALIFORNIA HEROICA, edición del autor, México, 1958, pag. 470-549. 2 Manuel Clemente Rojo, APUNTES HISTORICOS DE LA BAJA CALIFORNIA CON ALGUNOS RELATIVOS A LA ALTA CALIFORNIA, Introducción y Notas de David Zárate L., Fuentes Documentales para la Historia de Baja California no.5, Centro de Investigaciones Históricas UNAM­ UABC, Tijuana, 1987. Este documento fue publicado en 1972 traducido al inglés: Manuel C. Rojo, HISTORICAL NOTES ON LOWER CALIFORNIA, edición y traducción de Philip O. Gericke, Baja California Travels Series no. 26, Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles, 1972. ll Según J. Bendímez3 "Una frontera es un límite entre lo conocido y lo extraño, entre lo comprendido y lo ignorado, entre lo controlado y lo autónomo. Es también, en el caso de las sociedades, un límite entre una cultura y otra". LA FRONTERA JESUITA El concepto de frontera en nuestra península lo empezaron a aplicar los misioneros jesuitas desde principios del siglo XVIII, utilizándolo para indicar el avance de la evangelización. Un término muy común fue el de llamar "la misión frontera", a las misiones que se iban estableciendo hacia el norte. La primer misión que se le designó con dicho término fue a la de Mulegé, establecida en 1705, ya que durante muchos años, desde su fundación hasta 1720, fue la misión más norteña de la California, aunque siguió con su carácter de "frontera" hasta 1728 en que se establece la misión de San Ignacio4, la cual adquirió el nuevo carácter de misión frontera. La siguiente misión frontera fue la de Santa Gertrudis, establecida en 1752, y posteriormente la misión de San Borja en 1762, Calamajué en 1766, y la última misión frontera de los jesuitas fue la de Santa María, establecida en 1767. Como vemos, esta primer "frontera" se fue recorriendo poco a poco hacia el norte, al paso que avanzaba la obra evangelizadora de los misioneros. Otro término que aplicaban los misioneros era el de "frontera de la gentilidad", el cual indicaba hasta Donde se encontraban los indígenas cristianizados, y cual era el límite con los indígenas no cristianizados, generalmente llamados "gentiles". Fue el padre Wenceslao Linck, el último de los grandes exploradores jesuitas, quien primero penetró por tierra a lo que posteriormente se conocería como La Frontera. En 1766, durante su famosa expedición hacia el río Colorado, descubrió el paraje de Velicatá, donde sería establecida en 1769 la misión de San Fernando por los franciscanos, y ascendió a la parte sur de la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, cruzando hacia el desierto de San Felipe, pero sin alcanzar su objetivo que 5 era el Colorado • Linck recomendó a Velicatá para una fundación misional, pero debido a que estaba demasiado lejos de la misión frontera de entonces, la de San Borja, se efectuó un establecimiento previo, primero en Calamajué (1766), y enseguida en Cabuja-Caamang (1767) con el nombre de Santa María de Los ' Mary Julieta Bendímez, WENCESLAUS LINCK Y LA ULTIMA FRONTERA JESUITA EN BAJA CALIFORNIA, revista Meyibó no.6, Centro de Investigaciones Históricas UNAM-UABC, 1985, pag. 73. 4 En 1720 fue fundada la misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Huasinapí, localizada en la sierra de la Giganta, al Oeste de Mulegé. Quedaba geográficamente unos 3 o 4 kilómetros más al norte que esta última, sin embargo, como Mulegé se encontraba en la costa y en un terreno menos accidentado, se siguió utilizando como base para la expansión hacia el norte, y debido a eso se le siguió considerando como "misión frontera" hasta que se estableció San Ignacio. 5 Sobre la expedición de Linck consultar: Miguel del Barco, HISTORIA NATURAL Y CRONICA DE LA ANTIGUA CALIFORNIA, edición y estudio preliminar de Miguel León Portilla, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas de la UNAM, México, 1988, pag. 339-344. También ver: Bendímez, op. cit., pag. 73-85. 12 Ángeles. Como consecuencia de la expulsión de los jesuitas de todos los dominios 6 de España en 1767, ya no pudieron llevar a cabo nada en Velicatá • FRANCISCANOS Y DOMINICOS Con la entrada de los misioneros franciscanos (1768), y posteriormente los dominicos (1772), a la Baja California, el concepto de frontera se modificó.
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