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A new species of Leucopogon () from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand

Article in New Zealand Journal of Botany · March 2003 DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512829

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New Zealand Journal of Botany Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 A new species of Leucopogon (Ericaceae) from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand P. J. De LANGE a , P. B. Heenan b & M. I. Dawson b a Science & Research Unit, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newton, Auckland, New Zealand b Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, 8152, New Zealand Version of record first published: 17 Mar 2010.

To cite this article: P. J. De LANGE, P. B. Heenan & M. I. Dawson (2003): A new species of Leucopogon (Ericaceae) from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 41:1, 13-21 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512829

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A new species of Leucopogon (Ericaceae) from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand

P. J. de LANGE Keywords Ericaceae; Leucopogon; L. parviflorus; Science & Research Unit L. xerampelinus; L. fasciculatus; new species; Department of Conservation ; cytology; conservation; ultramafic Private Bag 68908 vegetation; New Zealand flora Newton Auckland, New Zealand P. B. HEENAN INTRODUCTION M. I. DAWSON The Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand Landcare Research (34°23'S, 173°01'E), with only 120 ha of ultramafic P.O. Box 69 rocks (Fig. 1), support a greater number of endemic Lincoln 8152, New Zealand vascular plants than perhaps any other similar-sized area of New Zealand (Michie 1957; Druce et al. 1979; de Lange & Heenan 2001). Eleven taxa Abstract A new ultramafic endemic Leucopogon (excluding Coprosma neglecta which also grows on xerampelinus is named from the Surville Cliffs, non-ultramafic rocks) are endemic to the area North Cape, New Zealand. The Surville Cliffs (Cheeseman 1897a,b, 1906, 1912; de Lange 1997, population has previously been referred to 1998; de Lange & Heenan 1997, 2001; Heads & de , from which it differs by its Lange 1999; Heenan & de Lange 2001; de Lange & prostrate, trailing habit, reddish leaf colour, smaller Gardner 2002), and the taxonomic status of several flowers, and restriction to ultramafic rocks. other vascular plants restricted to the cliffs requires However, we consider that the floral and vegetative clarification. One of these is a Leucopogon, which morphology indicates that it may be more closely has previously been included under Leucopogon related to L.fasciculatus. Leucopogon xerampelinus parviflorus (e.g., Connor & Edgar 1987) and its is a common shrub of the plateau, gully heads, and synonyms (e.g., Cheeseman 1925, asL. richei; Allan cliff faces of its ultramafic habitat. Although the new 1961, as Cyathodes parviflora), or treated as an species is entirely restricted to the 120 ha exposure unnamed taxon (e.g., Eagle 1982; de Lange et al. of ultramafic rocks at North Cape, within this area 1999). it is very common. Possible long-term threats include Since 1990, we have studied herbarium the spread of weeds, and damage from some specimens and plants growing in the wild and in browsing mammals. As such the conservation status cultivation of the Surville Cliffs Leucopogon, and Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 is assessed as "At Risk/Range Restricted". compared it critically with material of L. parviflorus sens. str. from its known distribution in the Chatham Islands, Tasmania, and the Australian mainland. The Surville Cliffs population consistently differs in its much smaller, prostrate, semi-rambling growth form, pink or reddish brown foliage, smaller flowers, pink or red fruit, and its restriction to ultramafic rocks. As these morphological differences are retained in cultivation (Michie 1957; authors pers. obs.), we consider the Surville Cliffs plants distinct from L. B02033; published 31 March 2003 parviflorus sens. str. and therefore describe them as Received 11 April 2002; accepted 11 November 2002 a new species. 14 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41

Fig. 1 Location of the Surville Cliffs showing the 120 ha New exposure of the Tangihua Cape Zealand 35°- Reinga Ophiolite, the only known habitat North Cape of Leucopogon xerampelinus.

40"S-

ikari

South Island 45° -

Awanui Q~^ 10 20 30km 175°E 180' '

Tangihua Ophiolite (ultramafic rocks) habitat of Surville Cliffs Leucopogon xerampelinus

North Cape

MATERIALS AND METHODS by PdL from Rosebud, Mornington Peninsula The decisions reached in this paper are based on the (38°21'S, 144°55'E). Seedlings and cutting-grown study of specimens and type material held at AK, plants from Cape Portland, Petal Point, Tasmania Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 AKU, BM, CHR, HO, K, NSW, MEL, and WAIK. (Landcare Research Accession G465/98), the Live specimens of Leucopogon parviflorus sens. lat. Surville Cliffs, and Chatham Island were cultivated were also examined and collected in New Zealand and studied between 1984 and 2002 at the by PdL at the Surville Cliffs (34°23'S, 173°01Ti) and experimental gardens at Landcare Research in on Chatham (Rekohu) Island by PdL at Long Beach Lincoln, the University of Auckland, Percy Reserve (Te Henga) (43°51'S, 176°36'W), Taupeka (43°43'S, in Petone, and the authors' gardens. 176°27'W), Ocean Mail (43°45'S, 176°25'W), and at The material grown at the Landcare Kaingaroa Road (43°45'S, 176°23'W). In Australia, Research experimental gardens was used by MID for plants were studied and specimens collected from chromosome counts. Cytology voucher specimens Tasmania by PdL at Bream Creek (42°49'S, are deposited in the Landcare Research herbarium 147°52'E), Dunalley Beach (42°54'S, 147°49Ti), (CHR). Mitotic chromosome preparations were and Long Point (41°45'S, 148° ITE), and in Victoria made from root tips following the technique of by PBH at Lakes Entrance (37°53'S, 144°08Ti) and Dawson (1993). de Lange et al.—Leucopogon xerampelinus sp. nov. 15

Fig. 2 Holotype of Leucopogon xerampelinus (P. J. de Lange 3050, AK 229536). Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012

TAXONOMY = Perojoa Cav. Icon. 4, 29 (1797). Lectotype species: P. microphylla Cav. Leucopogon R.Br. nom. cons. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl., 541 (1810) (fide Greuter et al. 1993) Leucopogon xerampelinus de Lange, Heenan et Lectotype species: L. lanceolatus R.Br., nom. illeg. M.I.Dawson, sp. nov. ( parviflora Andrews, L. parviflorus DIAGNOSIS: AL.parviflori (Andrews) Lindl. habitu (Andrews) Lindl.) (fide Greuter et al. 1993). prostrata serpenti, foliis porphyreis, floribus 16 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41

minoribus et habitatione ad petras ultramaficas raised membranous ridges. FL Sep-Nov; FT Oct- limitatas differt. Apr. Differs from L. parviflorus (Andrews) Lindl. by the CHROMOSOME NUMBER: 2n = 22 (CHR 514899). prostrate, trailing habit, reddish brown foliage, This chromosome count and voucher specimen have smaller flowers, and restriction to ultramafic rocks. previously been reported by Dawson (2000) under HOLOTYPUS (Fig. 2): New Zealand, North Island, Te the name Leucopogon parviflorus. The other Paki Ecological Region and District, Te Paki, North accession listed by Dawson (2000; CHR 514909) Cape Scientific Reserve, Surville Cliffs; P. J. de remains L. parviflorus, and is from the Chatham Lange 3050,11 October 1996; AK 229536 (flowers Islands. and fruit); isotypi: CHR, HO. Sands (1960) appears to have also counted L. DESCRIPTION: Low-growing sprawling subshrub, xerampelinus, but under the name L. richei. She usually up to 20 cm tall and up to 1 m diam. obtained a meiotic count of n = 11 for material from Branches and branchlets prostrate to decumbent; "Coastal cliffs at Kerr Point, North Cape." The name, branchlets c. 1 mm diam., red-brown, with bifarious chromosome number, and location provided by pubescence or ± glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged, Sands (1960) imply the collection is L. xerampelinus, crowded on stems, usually patent, internodes 1.0- although no voucher specimens are cited from which 1.5 mm. Lamina narrow lanceolate to narrow to confirm this identity. Smith-White's (1955) elliptic, 10.0-25.0 x 1.5–4.0 mm, rigid, planar, red- divergent counts (n = 6,2n= 12) of L. parviflorus brown, coriaceous, glabrous; apex mucronate, (as L. richei) from Flinders Bay, Western Australia, flushed red; veins prominent, usually 5-7 main cannot be authenticated as we know of no voucher veins, light red-brown, adaxial surface slightly specimens. rugose; margins entire, rarely with a few teeth at The Styphelieae are cytologically very variable, distal end; petiole 0.5-1.0 mm long, attenuate, pale with extensive polyploidy and dysploidy (e.g., Stace green to cream. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, et al. 1997). L. xerampelinus and L. parviflorus are racemose, flowers hermaphrodite. Peduncle up to diploid (2n = 22), whereas L. fasciculatus is 10 mm long, puberulent, with 4-9 flowers. Pedicel tetraploid (2n = 44) (Sands 1960; Dawson 2000). A < 0.25 mm long or absent; bracts and bracteoles recent molecular phylogenetic analysis to resolve the usually 3, 0.5-1.0 x 0.5-1.5 mm, green with cream generic limits of Leucopogon distinguished a clade margins, broad-obovate to orbicular, obtuse, (L1) that corresponded with Leucopogon sens. str. mucronulate, margins ciliolate. 5, 1.5-1.7 x (Taaffe et al. 2001). This clade featured n = x2= 12, 1.0-1.2 mm, green with cream margins, elliptic to with n = 11 an apparent apomorphy for L. glabellus, ovate, imbricate; apex subacute, sometimes slightly L. revolutus, and L. parviflorus. We confirm a mucronulate; margin ciliolate. Corolla white; tube secondary base number of x2 = 11 for L. parviflorus 1.0-1.2 mm long, c. 1.5 mm diam., inner surface from Petal Point, Cape Portland, North East Region, glabrous, although usually hairy at the distal end Tasmania (2n = 22, CHR 514901). L. xerampelinus where it grades into the corolla lobes; lobes 5, and L. fasciculatus also share x2= 11, and their spreading to recurved, 1.2-2.0 mm long, narrow relationship to other species with this basic triangular, acute to subacute, densely hairy on inner chromosome number needs further clarification. surface. Filament fused to corolla tube along most REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: NEW ZEALAND: of its length, free part 0.8-0.9 mm long, glabrous,

Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 NORTH CAPE (SURVILLE CLIFFS): E. Clarke, translucent-white. Anthers brown, 0.6-0.9 x Sep 1908, AK 6854 (flowers); A. D. Beddie, Jun c. 0.3 mm, with a short (0.1-0.2 mm), brown or 1944, CHR 46414; R. H. Michie, 9 Jun 1945, CHR cream-brown apical appendage. Ovary 0.6 x 95335; L. B. Moore & R. M. Michie, 1 Jan 1954, 0.5 mm, ovoid, green, glabrous; style 0.4-0.5 mm CHR 83676; P. Hynes, 24 Aug 1957, AK 50804 long, attenuate at base; red. Glandular scales (flowers); P. Hynes, 24 Aug 1957, AK 50805 five, maroon, 0.3 mm long. Immature fruit c. 3 x (flowers); L.J. Dumbleton, Feb 1967, CHR 174875; c. 2 mm, pink-green, obovate to round, surface with A. E. Orchard 3571, 12 Oct 1972, AK 130914

Fig. 3 Specimens ofLeucopogon xerampelinus (Surville Cliffs, North Cape Scientific Reserve) showing A, a mature plant growing on serpentinite rocks at cliff head and B, a flowering branchlet. de Lange et al.—Leucopogon xerampelinus sp. nov. 17 Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 18 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41

(flowers and fruit), AD, CHR, CM, K; D. R. Given Thompson & Rodgers 1977; Hewitt 1992). Although 11557 & J. Bartlett, 18 Jan 1979, CHR 355700; A. seemingly tolerant of shade, L. xerampelinus is most P. Druce, Apr 1979, CHR 326200; A. E. Wright common in open or exposed habitats. 5951, 15 Oct 1983, AK 165542 (flowers and fruit); Although L. xerampelinus occurs as solitary P. J. de Lange 432, 5 Oct 1990, CHR 472760 plants in open cliff and boulderfield devoid of other (flowers). vegetation (Fig. 3A) it more commonly grows in ETYMOLOGY: The epithet xerampelinus meaning association with a large range of small trees, shrubs, "dull red, with a strong mixture of brown" (Stearn sedges, herbs, and grasses. Of these, the most 1993) refers to the distinctive leaf coloration of the common associates include Kunzea ericoides var. species. linearis, Leptospermum scoparium, Leptecophylla juniperina, , Phyllocladus ILLUSTRATIONS: Eagle (1982, pl. 121) as aff. trichomanoides (AK 138493), Coprosma Leucopogonparviflorus var.; Baigent-Mercer (2001) neglecta, Cassinia amoena, Geniostoma as Leucopogon aff. parviflorus. ligustrifolium var. crassum, Hebe brevifolia, H. aff. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS: Leucopogon ligustrifolia (AK 207101), Pimelea aff. urvilleana xerampelinus is an ultramafic endemic, confined to (AK 130893), Pomaderris edgerleyi, Lepidosperma that part of the North Cape Peninsula where 120 ha laterale, Morelotia affinis, Carex ophiolithica, and of serpentinised peridotite (harzburgite and Rytidosperma spp. iherzolite), known as the Surville Serpentinite In addition, L. xerampelinus is one of the few formation of the Tangihua Complex Ophiolite ultramafic endemics to have colonised the former Sequence (Brook 1989; Isaac et al. 1994), is exposed. serpentinite quarry floor, an area that has remained In this area, L. xerampelinus is a common component largely devoid of vegetation since the quarry was of the cliff, gully head, boulderfield, and plateau closed during the mid 1980s. Indeed, the species' vegetation. Within these habitats, plants grow apparent ability to utilise heavily modified and/or directly on serpentinite rock, associated saprolite, or frequently disturbed habitats may also explain why the Typic Nodular Oxitid (Ferricrete) soils formed it is a common shrub of the plateau portion of the from these substrates (Thompson et al. 1974; serpentinised zone, as it is this area which has been

Table 1 Distinguishing features of Leucopogon parviflorus, L. xerampelinus, and L. fasciculatus.

Characters L. parviflorus L. xerampelinus L. fasciculatus Growth habit Upright, bushy shrub, Low-growing sprawling shrub, Upright, bushy shrub, stems upright to spreading stems prostrate to decumbent stems upright to spreading Branchlets Sparsely to moderately hairy Glabrous or with bifarious hairs Moderately to densely hairy Leaves Green, slightly concave on Red-brown, planar, adaxial Green, planar, adaxial surface abaxial surface, adaxial surface surface slightly rugose with slightly rugose with the veins smooth; veins not prominent, the veins sunk slightly below sunk slightly below the immersed in lamina, the surface; veins, margins surface; veins prominent,

Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 usually 3-5 main veins; and apex often flushed usually 5-7 main veins; margin entire when mature, darker red-brown; veins margin finely toothed fimbriate in bud prominent, usually 5-7 main veins; margin entire, rarely with a few teeth at distal end Corolla lobe 2.0-3.0 mm 1.2-2.0 mm 0.9-1.3 mm length Anther length 0.9-1.3 mm 0.4-1.0 mm 0.4-1.0 mm Anther 0.1-0.2 mm long, cream 0.1-0.2 mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm long, cream appendage cream-brown or brown Style length 0.5-0.8 mm 0.6-0.8 mm 0.6-0.8 mm Inflorescence Upright to spreading Spreading, Drooping, pendulous; sometimes recurved strongly recurved de Lange et al.—Leucopogon xerampelinus sp. nov. 19

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jft

Fig. 4 Flower and style details of A, Leucopogon parviflorus and B, L. xerampelinus. Leucopogon fasciculatus flowers are not illustrated but are similar to L. xerampelinus. Scale bars = 1 mm.

the most extensively modified over the last 100 or usually with three to five main veins and few obvious so years (Wheeler 1963; de Lange & Heenan 2001). secondary veins, the lamina surface is smooth, and RELATIONSHIPS: Plants here referred to Leucopogon the margins are entire when mature. The flowers of xerampelinus have previously been placed in L. L. xerampelinus andL. fasciculatus are very similar, parviflorus (e.g., Connor & Edgar 1987) and its with the corolla lobes, anthers, and anther synonyms L. richei (e.g., Cheeseman 1925) and appendages of these species being smaller than those Cyathodes parviflora (e.g., Allan 1961). L. of L. parviflorus. Nevertheless, despite these xerampelinus and L. parviflorus share the same similarities we consider L. xerampelinus to be chromosome number, entire leaves, and upright or distinct from L. fasciculatus, from which it can be spreading inflorescences (Fig. 3B, 4A,B) (although readily distinguished by its growth habit, branchlet in some instances the inflorescences of L. indumentum, foliage pigmentation, spreading, xerampelinus may be drooping, as illustrated by sometimes recurved inflorescence (Table 1), and Eagle 1982). However, in other characters the diploid chromosome number. L. fasciculatus differs species are quite distinct from each other (Table 1). from both L. xerampelinus and L. parviflorus in its We have compared critically the morphology of finely toothed leaves and drooping inflorescences. Leucopogon taxa from New Zealand, as well as Furthermore, L. xerampelinus and L. fasciculatus are representatives from Australia, and consider there to sympatric on the Surville Cliffs but they do not

Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 be a close relationship between L. xerampelinus and appear to hybridise. L. fasciculatus, a common and widespread New Differences in ploidy level of the New Zealand Zealand species; these two species are more similar and Australian species of Leucopogon prompted to each other than either is to L. parviflorus. Sands (1960) to comment "In New Zealand, it seems Leucopogon xerampelinus and L. fasciculatus probable that the secondary polyploid L. fasciculatus have a very similar leaf and flower morphology. The was derived from L. richei or from an ancestor leaves of these two species are planar, usually with common to both species." Now thatL. richei is sunk obvious veins, including five to seven prominent into synonymy with L. parviflorus, and because of main veins and numerous secondary veins, and the our recognition here of a third species, L. adaxial and abaxial lamina surfaces are slightly xerampelinus, Sands' (1960) comment is in need of bullate, with the main veins being sunk slightly modification. If L. xerampelinus andL. fasciculatus below the surface. In comparison, the leaves of L. are more closely related, then the widespread New parviflorus are slightly concave at the margins, Zealand endemic L. fasciculatus may be a tetraploid 20 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41

derivative of a diploid ancestor that is now ACKNOWLEDGMENTS represented by the Surville Cliffs endemic. Alternatively, if L. xerampelinus and L. parviflorus We are grateful to past and present staff of the Te Paki Field Centre, Northland Conservancy, and Chatham are more closely related, then L. xerampelinus could Island Area Office, Department of Conservation, for be considered as an ultramafic specialist and transport, and field assistance on the Surville Cliffs and allopatric segregate of the widespread and disjunct Chatham Islands. We thank Ngati Kuri for permission to (southern Australia/Tasmania and Chatham Islands) visit and collect specimens from their rohe. Alex L. parviflorus. Further investigations are required to Buchanan (HO), Tasmania, and Peter Roberts, Victoria, determine how the general morphological assisted PdL with fieldwork in their areas. Rhys Gardner similarities of L. xerampelinus and L. fasciculatus and Josephine Ward provided live material of Leucopogon parviflorus sens. str. from the Auckland are related to phylogeny, and how the New Zealand University grounds (ex Chatham Islands) and Tasmania, Styphelieae are related to their Australian respectively. For comments on a draft manuscript we counterparts. thank Brian Murray, Neville Walsh, and Elizabeth Brown. Chris Edkins provided Fig. 1, Mei Nee Lee Fig. CONSERVATION STATUS: Leucopogonxerampelinus, 2, Ewen Cameron Fig. 3, and Rebecca Wagstaff Fig. 4. as Leucopogon aff. parviflorus (AK 130914; The authors acknowledge assistance received from the Surville Cliffs) has been listed as "Taxonomically curators and staff at AK, AKU, HO, MEL, WAIK, Indeterminate/Naturally Uncommon-Range Rest- WELT, and WELTU. ricted" by the New Zealand Threatened Plant Committee (de Lange et al. 1999). This assessment reflected the uncertain taxonomic status and natural restriction of the taxon to the 120-ha North Cape Scientific Reserve. Since then, a new classification REFERENCES system for assessing the risk of extinction faced by Allan, H. H. 1961: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. I. indigenous New Zealand biota has been devised Wellington, Government Printer. (Molloy et al. 2002). Under these criteria the Baigent-Mercer, D. 2001: Farthest North, strangest things. conservation status of Leucopogon xerampelinus is Forest & Bird 300: 20-23. unchanged, the species rating an "At Risk/Range Brook, F. J. 1989: Sheet N1 & N2 North Cape and Three Restricted CD, ST, OL" listing, acknowledging that the species is placed at some risk because it is a narrow- Kings. Geological map of New Zealand 1:63 360. range endemic naturally confined to one location Wellington, DSIR. (OL), where the population is believed at present to Cheeseman, T. F. 1897a: On the flora of the North Cape be stable (ST), and whose long-term security is District. Transactions and Proceedings of the New dependant on a continuation of current conservation Zealand Institute 29: 333-385. measures (CD). Cheeseman, T. F. 1897b: On some plants new to the New This assessment acknowledges that L. Zealand flora. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 29: 390-393. xerampelinus, while very common, is potentially at risk from the spread of pampas grass (Cortaderia Cheeseman, T. F. 1906: Manual of the New Zealand selloana), downy hakea (Hakea gibbosa), and needle flora. Wellington, Government Printer. bush (H. sericea) (see de Lange 1997; de Lange & Cheeseman, T. F. 1912: A new genus and some new Heenan 2001), as well as browsing animals such as species of plants. Transactions of the New Zealand Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 12:56 18 October 2012 possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), feral horses Institute 44: 159-162. (Equus caballus), and cattle (Bos taurus). Cheeseman, T. F. 1925: Manual of the New Zealand Admittedly the risk posed by these browsing animals flora. 2nd ed. Wellington, Government Printer. is only minor because L. xerampelinus is scarcely Connor, H. E.; Edgar, E. 1987: Name changes in the palatable; the main concern is that these animals indigenous New Zealand flora, 1960-1986 and facilitate the spread of weeds as well as trampling Nomina Nova IV, 1983-1986. New Zealand plants. This conservation assessment also Journal of Botany 25: 115-170. acknowledges thatL. xerampelinus, along with many Surville Cliff endemics, is potentially threatened by Dawson, M. I. 1993: Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora — 31. Clematis fire as people frequently visit the area despite its (Ranunculaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany isolation and access restrictions. 31: 91-96. de Lange et al.—Leucopogon xerampelinus sp. nov. 21

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