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Chapter 1 18 Notes Chapter 1 18. ATI Systems. (2011). Campus solutions. Retrieved from http://www.atisystem.com/markets/campus-alert-systems 1. Truman, J. L., & Langton, L. (2014). Criminal victimization, .htm; Lindsey, S., & Walker, D. (2007, August 23). Va. Tech 2013. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. study: Add security, help for troubled students. USA Today, 2. Kyckelhahn, T. (n.d.). Justice expenditures and employ- p. 5A; Toppo, G. (2008, April 15). College on the alert ment extracts, 2 011 . Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov in low-tech ways, too. USA Today, p. 4D; Easing campus /index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=33. privacy rules. (2008, April 4). The Week, p. 4. 3. Muskal, M., Winton, R., & Gerber, M. (2015). Death in 19. Lindsey & Walker, see note 18; Toppo, see note 18; “Easing a classroom: Oregon shooter targeted his English class. campus privacy rules,” see note 18. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-or 20. U.S. Congress. (1968). HR 1572; The Omnibus Crime egon-shooting-20151002-story.html. Control and Safe Streets Act (P.L. 90-351). Washington, 4. Fieldstat, E. (2015). Oregon college shooting: Gun- DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; The Comprehensive man Chris Harper Mercer died of suicide, officials say. Crime Control Bill of 1984 (P.L. 98-473). (1984). Washing- Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; The Crime Con- /oregon-college-shooting/oregon-college-shooting-gun trol Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-647). (1990). Washington, DC: man-chris-harper-mercer-died-suicide-officials-n438106. U.S. Government Printing Office; The Violent Crime Con- 5. Healy, J., & Lovett, I. (2015). Oregon killer described as man trol and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (HR 3355). (1994). of few words, except on topic of guns. Retrieved from http:// Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; USA www.nytimes.com/2015/10/03/us/chris-harper-mercer PATRIOT Act of 2001 (HR 3162 RDS). (2001). Washing- -umpqua-community-college-shooting.html?_r=0. ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; USA PATRIOT 6. Associated Press. (2015). Fired Oklahoma officer con- Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 (HR 199). victed of raping black women ’picked the wrong lady.’ (2006). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/11 21. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). Crime in the United /fired-oklahoma-officer-convicted-raping-black-women States, 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; -picked-wrong-lady.html. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, see 7. Herbert, S. J. (1992, September). King litigation may spur note 20; The Comprehensive Crime Control Bill of 1984, healing or unrest: Rodney King’s civil lawsuit against the see note 20; The Crime Control Act of 1990, see note 20; Los Angeles Police Department. Black Enterprise. Retrieved The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12539601.html. 1994, see note 20; USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, see note 20; 8. King, R. (1992, May 2). Quotation of the day. The New USA PATRIOT Improvement Act of 2005, see note 20. York Times, p. 6A. 22. Abrams, J. (2011, May 27). Obama, in Europe, signs Patriot 9. Nolan, P., & Lenski, G. (2010). Human societies (11th ed.). Act extension. Associated Press. Retrieved from http:// New York: Paradigm Publishers. abc7chicago.com/archive/8156039/. 10. Durkheim, É. (1885/1938). The rules of sociological method 23. The Disaster Center. (n.d.). United States crime rates, (trans. by S. Solovay & J. Mueller). New York: Free Press; 1960–2009. Retrieved from http://www.disastercenter p. 68. .com/crime/uscrime.htm. 11. Sklar, R. (2008). Pregnancy pact: High schoolers plot- 24. Levitt, S., & Dubner, S. (2006). Freakonomics (rev. ed.) New ted to get pregnant, raise babies together. Retrieved from York: HarperCollins. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/20/pregnancy 25. The Disaster Center, see note 23. -pact_n_108344.html. 26. Pastore, A., & Maguire, K. (2012). Sourcebook of criminal 12. Associated Press. (2009). Blinded Iranian wants eye-for- justice statistics (Table 2.1) Retrieved from http://www eye justice in acid case. Retrieved from http://www.fox .albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t212012.pdf. news.com/story/0,2933,504474,00.html. 27. Maraniss, D. (2007, April 19). That was the desk I chose 13. Smith, A. (2015). Forget Ohio. Ten more states try to to die under. The Washington Post, p. A01; Federal Bureau legalize marijuana. Retrieved from http://money.cnn of Investigation. (2007). School shooting: Role of FBI at .com/2015/11/04/news/marijuana-legalization-2016/. Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/news 14. Durkheim, see note 10. /stories/2007/april/vtech_shoot041607/?searchterm=None. 15. Erickson, K. (1966). Wayward puritans. New York: 28. Data on the number of federal, state, local, and campus MacMillan. police agencies is available at http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov 16. London, J. (2009). How the use of marijuana was crimi- /index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=7. nalized and medicalized, 1906–2004. Lewiston, NY: The 29. Reeves, B. (2006, August 1). Federal law enforcement offi- Edward Mellen Press; Goode, E. (2007). Drugs in Ameri- cers, 2004. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index can society (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill; Faupel, C., .cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=867. Horowitz, A., & Weaver, G. (2009). The sociology of Ameri- 30. Information on the U.S. Park Police, Traffic Safety Unit, can drug use (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. is available at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/uspp/traffic- 17. Durkheim, see note 10. safety-unit.htm. 315 Magnifying Glass: Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com; Texture: © echo3005/Shutterstock. © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC. An Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 316 Notes 31. Information on U.S. courts is available at http://www DC: U.S. Department of Justice; Rantala & Edwards, see .uscourts.gov. note 8. 32. Parker, L. (2006, February 28). Yates rejects state’s plea 10. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Uniform Crime offer. USA Today, p. 3A. Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm. 33. Woman not guilty in retrial in the deaths of her 5 chil- 11. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Hate crimes. dren. (2006, July 27). The New York Times. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/27/us/27yates.html. /hate.htm. 34. Kaeble, D., Glaze, L., Tsoutis, A., & Minton, A. (2015). Cor- 12. Complying with the Jeanne Cleary Act. Retrieved from rectional Populations in the United States, 2014. Washing- http://clerycenter.org/clery-act-compliance-resources. ton, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Retrieved from http:// 13. National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. (n.d.). National www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus14.pdf. Crime Victimization Survey resource guide. Retrieved 35. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved from http://www from http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/NCVS. .bop.gov. 14. National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, see note 13. 36. The discussion is derived from: Ferdico, F., Fradella, H., & 15. Walsh, A., & Ellis, L. (2007). Criminology. Thousand Oaks, Totter, C. (2008). Criminal procedure for the criminal justice CA: Sage; Biderman A., & Lynch, J. (1991). Understanding professional (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. crime incidence statistics. New York: Springer-Verlag. 37. Frontline. (2004). The plea. Retrieved from http://www 16. Skogan, W. (1981). Issues in the measurement of victimiza- .pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/etc/synopsis tion. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. .html. 17. Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. (1995). Juvenile victimization. 38. Packer, H. (1968). The limits of criminal sanction. Stanford, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 287–307. CA: Stanford University Press. 18. Lauritsen, J., & Schaum, R. (2005). Crime and victimization 39. Packer, see note 38. in the three largest metropolitan areas, 1980–1998. Washing- 40. Braithwaite, J. (1999). Restorative justice. Burlington, VT: ton, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Ashgate Press; Braithwaite, J. (2001). Restorative justice and 19. Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., & Rosenfeld, R. (1991). Trend responsibility. In G. Bazemore & M. Schiff (Eds.), Restor- and deviation in crime rates. Criminology, 29, 237–264; ative community justice (pp. 63–84). Cincinnati: Anderson Hindelang, M. (1974). The uniform crime reports revis- Publishing; Braithwaite, J. (2007). Encouraging restorative ited. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2, 1–17; MacDowall, D., justice. Criminology and Public Policy, 6, 689–696. & Loftin, C. (1992). Comparing the UCR and NCS over 41. Elechi, O. (2007). Restorative justice. In G. Barak (Ed.), time. Criminology, 30, 125–132; Messner, S. (1984). The Battleground criminal justice (Vol. 2; pp. 611–618). Westport, ‘dark figure’ and composite indexes of crime. Journal of CT: Greenwood Press; Restorative justice: Beyond crime and Criminal Justice, 12, 435–444. punishment. (1998). Washington, DC: Justice Fellowship. 20. Porterfield, A. (1946). Youth in trouble. Austin, TX: Leo 42. Sadeghi, L., & Price, B. (2007). Social justice. In G. Barak Potishman Foundation; Wallerstein, J., & Wyle, J. C. (Ed.), Battleground criminal justice (Vol. 2, pp. 697–704). (1947). Our law-abiding lawbreakers. Federal Proba- Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; Heffernan, W., & Kleinig, tion, 25, 107–112; Short, Jr., J. F. (1954). A report on the J. (2000). From social justice to criminal justice. New York: incidence of criminal behavior, arrests and convictions Oxford University Press. in selected groups. Research Studies of the State College of 43. Heffernan & Kleinig, see note 42. Washington, 22, 110–118; Short, Jr., J. F., & Nye, F. I. (1958). 44. Heffernan & Kleinig, see note 42. Extent of unrecorded juvenile delinquency. Journal of 45. Heffernan & Kleinig, see note 42. Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 49, 296–302.
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