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A Comparative Analysis of Police Corruption in the Us And A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLICE CORRUPTION IN THE US AND TURKEY By YUSUF SARIKAYA A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs Written under the direction of Professor James O. Finckenauer and approved by Dr. Norman Samuels Dr. Jean-Marc Coicaud Dr. Maria (Maki) Haberfeld (Outside Examiner) Newark, New Jersey May, 2015 © Copyright 2015 Yusuf Sarikaya ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT A Comparative Analysis of Police Corruption in the US and Turkey By Yusuf Sarikaya Dissertation Director: Professor James O. Finckenauer Although police represent the law and justice system, police corruption cases still occur in many police organizations around the world. This cross national study examined and compared the perceptions of Turkish and American police officers regarding police corruption. The data that was collected by the researcher from TNP was used as a primary data; on the other hand, the dataset of Klockars et al’s study was used as a secondary data. This research examined the police corruption problem on the basis of organizational level explanations considering individual and societal approaches rather than the traditional limited view. In this study, a cross-sectional survey research design including a survey questionnaire, along with hypothetical scenarios based primarily on temptations faced by officers in their daily work was applied. The findings of this study demonstrated significant agreements between the Turkish and American police officers’ perceptions especially on the most serious cases. This agreement showed a consensus between the American and Turkish police officers perception about what they considered as being serious. While the Turkish and American i police officers come from different economic, social, political, cultural environments, they share a common understanding of corruption seriousness. According to the findings, both the Turkish and American respondents are not willing to report all the misbehaviors of their colleagues even they perceive those behaviors as being unethical. The results showed that ‘the code of silence’ and ‘loyalty’ to colleagues exist in the TNP and American police agencies. This research also investigated factors contributing to officers’ perception of seriousness. “Income satisfaction level” and “supervisory position” have significant effects on Turkish police officers’ attitude toward corruption. “Supervisory position”, “length of service” and “current assignment unit” have significant effects on American police officers. This study did not aim to measure the extent of police corruption in any police agency of Turkey or the US, but tried to shed light on some scientifically unexplored aspects of the police corruption phenomena in the US and Turkey. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many people. First of all; I would like to thank Professor James O. Finckenauer, chair of my dissertation committee, for his guidance and encouragement throughout the study. I am deeply grateful for his extremely valuable recommendations and for having faith and confidence in me in the each phase of this dissertation. Much gratitude and appreciation are extended to Professor Norman Samuels for his mentoring and valuable support to my work. I have benefited very much from his advice and guidance during my entire education at Rutgers. Very special thanks to Professor Jean-Marc Coicaud for his patience, understanding and tolerance. His willingness to serve as a committee member for my dissertation encouraged me to accomplish my research. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Professor Maki (Maria) Haberfeld for constantly supporting me on the long path to complete my study. Whenever I needed help, she was always there for me. I owe thanks a lot to my friends and colleagues for their support. Dr. Mehmet Dayıoglu and Mustafa Demir helped me for the statistical analyses of this research. Dr. Ahmet Celik, Dr. Ahmet Duran Bitmez, Dr. Hakan Cem Cetin, Dr. Sener Uludag, Dr. Huseyin Ors, Ahmet Rahmi Kirkpinar, Dr. Derin Akdeniz, Dr. Oguzhan Omer Demir, Dr. Yusuf Yuksel, Dr. Ayhan Akbulut and many others were with me whenever I needed their assistance and counselling. iii Finally and the most importantly, I would like to extend my very special thanks and appreciation to my wife Gulay, my children Yunus, Yavuz and Nilgun, my mother, my father and my brother for their patience and support to complete my long education journey. This is their achievement as much as mine. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ v LIST of TABLES..................................................................................................................................... vii LIST of FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... x ABREVATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 1 Purpose and Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 5 Difficulties in Studying Police Corruption ..................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND OF POLICE CORRUPTION ....... 12 What is Police Corruption? ........................................................................................... 12 The Types of Police Corruption .................................................................................... 17 Corruption of Authority.................................................................................................. 17 Kickbacks ....................................................................................................................... 18 Opportunistic Thefts ....................................................................................................... 18 Shakedowns .................................................................................................................... 19 Protection of Illegal Activities ....................................................................................... 19 Traffic, Misdemeanor, and Felony Fixes ....................................................................... 20 Direct Criminal Activities .............................................................................................. 20 Internal Payoffs ............................................................................................................... 20 The Influences of Police Corruption ............................................................................. 23 CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF POLICE CORRUPTION .. 26 Individual Level Explanations ...................................................................................... 26 Organizational Level Explanations ............................................................................... 29 Police Organizational Culture and Corruption .............................................................. 31 Organizational Aspects of Police Work and Corruption ............................................... 43 A Final Word on the Organizational Approach............................................................. 61 Societal Level Explanations .......................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY........................................................................................... 68 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 68 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 72 Study Variables ............................................................................................................. 73 Research Instruments .................................................................................................... 75 Study Site ...................................................................................................................... 81 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 83 Human Subjects ............................................................................................................ 86 Data Analysis Process ................................................................................................... 86 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments ......................................................... 87 Limitations and Strengths of the Study ........................................................................
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