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Scabies Contamination Status in Iran: a Review

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Scabies Contamination Status in Iran: a Review International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 2016; 3(1): 86-94. ijer.skums.ac.ir Scabies contamination status in Iran: A review Rouhullah Dehghani1, Mohammad Ghannaee Arani2, Hamid Reza Seyyedi Arani3*, Iran Zarghi4 1 Research Centre for Health-Related Social Determinates, Environmental Health Dept., Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran; 2Trauma Research Centre, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran; 3Anesthesia Health Dept., Kashan University of Medical, Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran; 4Management and Public Health Dept., Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran. Received: 4/Jul/2015 Accepted: 6/Oct/2015 Review Review ABSTRACT Background and aims: Scabies is a common worldwide parasitic contagious disease article caused by Sarcoptes scabiei of the order of Astigmata of the family of Sarcoptidae. Therefore, this review is to determine the exact status of scabies in Iran in order to manage it better. Methods: On the whole, out of the 120 articles and books, 56 ones were covered based on items such as study purpose, date of publication, journal’s credibility, indication of the subject in them, transmittance, way of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Results: Due to the non-uniform geographical distribution of scabies in Iran, diagnosis and treatment of the disease is different. Studies show that scabies is on increase in Iran. Thus, scabies is a burden to the economy and the health care system. Prevalence of this disease has been rather high in Iran during war, prisons, and geographical humid areas which are variable in different provinces due to various climates. Conclusion: By regular monitoring and controlling the way the disease spreads, health of the population at risk can be maintained in order to bring health to the society that is among the main aims of every organizations and health providing institutions. This review focuses on scabies in Iran and other countries the entire world over to find ways for preventing and giving health care to control the disease. Keywords: Sarcoptes, Scabiei, Infestation, Environmental factors, Iran. INTRODUCTION Scabies is a cutaneous contagious ectoparasites that reside in the stratum disease caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei D corneum of the skin of humans and other e Geer (Sarcoptiformes: Sarcoptidae) mammals.1-3 Scabies known also as mange which is manifested with popular and is one of the common main cutaneous nodular skin lesions and intensive itching infestations among the animals.1 Factors of particularly at night. Sarcoptes scabiei are scabies in human are attributed to the *Corresponding author: Hamid Reza Seyyedi Arani, Anesthesia Health Dept., Kashan University of Medical, Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran, Tel: 00983155548883, E-mail: [email protected] 86 Dehghani R, et al. Scabies contamination status in Iran sarcoptic and demodectic mites. Demodex Science, Medline, and EBM Cochrane has various classes living on animals such as Database of Systematic Review for English dogs and cats which are fatal in dogs, but articles. On the other hand, using key words Demodex folliculorun (Trombidiformes: such as mite, scabies or mange, and hygienic Demodicidae) does not bring diseases to pest we searched the SID database for human being. Demodex folliculorunmites Persian articles. A total of 120 articles and remain scaly patches on the nose, lips, books were selected at last of which 30 ones cheeks, chins, forehead and the eye lids,2 were excluded because of their irrelevancy while Sarcoptes scabiei appears mostly on to the aims of this study. In the next step, the other parts of the body extending from studying the abstracts, 25 articles not the neck, truck and the legs.4,5 Frequency covering the subject were excluded. On the rate of scabies in different communities whole, out of the 120 articles and books, 56 indicates both health condition and status of ones were covered based on items such as general health of the societies subsequently.6 study purpose, date of publication, Journal’s This disease is one of the most common credibility, indication of the subject in them, itching diseases all over the world. It is transmittance, way of prevention, diagnosis, found in all races and social classes and treatment. especially in the warm and humid areas of Before the seventeenth century, scabies the world.7-10 About 300 million individuals was considered as the blood dirtiness; and in the world population are estimated to be Ibn al Taher, the Persian physician, was the suffering from this disease. This disease is first that put forward the parasitic factor of mostly common among families and those scabies. The disease was first reported in densely populated communities of the poor. 1689 by 2 Italian scientists, Giovanni Comio Increasing population size, absence of Bonoma and Diancinto Cestoni which was hygienic facilities, war, famine, and other after wards known as a parasitic disease 200 identical disasters are all contributors to years later. After invention of microscope in increased scabies frequency.8,11 the nineteenth century, Venoxy was the first Scabies has been studied by various that watched Sarcoptes under microscope researchers in Iran.7-10 However, due to the and proved that it is caused by a small importance of the matter in the country arachnid.2,12 Effects of scabies have been especially where health and treatment are recorded during and after the World War by concerned, considering possible preventive a variety of writers. Sokoloff has described and therapeutic approaches seem to be how the Italian soldiers were suffering from essential for solving this native and regional scabies at their war against Napoleon. problem. Therefore, we try to study scabies Erasmus Wilson was witness to a wide along with its related factors in Iran. So, this scabies contamination among the British review is to determine the exact status of forces during the war with the Crimean scabies in Iran in order to manage it better. Peninsula citizens, while Milion during the First World War (1914-1918) wrote about the French soldiers that scabies was really METHODS like wrath of God among their troops. This review was conducted in 2014 Scabies is known as a venereal and familial using key words like scabies, nodular disease because it is not only transmitted scabies, pruritic, mange, and Sarcoptes between the parents, but also it is scabiei (Norwegian scabies). We searched transmitted quickly from parents to children databases of Pub med, Ovid, Web of and from the children to each other.11 87 International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 2016; 3(1): 86-94. Scabies as a cutaneous disease is also bedrooms are used by the healthy people. associated with secondary infection of the This disease lasts for some days or two scabietic lesions with B hemolytic weeks.17-20 streptococci that can lead to Scabiei mites live in the skin and infect glomerulonephritis in children.13 Also, parts of the body with delicate, wrinkled, severe cases of infection of scabies have and moist skin. Scabies infestation is usually been reported due to the use of lower in the presence of pilosebaceous immunosuppressive agents.14 glands found in head, face, and armpit. Of Sarcoptes scabiei is able to infect course, in the severe cases, the entire body various mammalian hosts. Sarcoptes scabiei except for head and the face is species is hardly visible to the naked eye and infected.12,21,22 The symptoms include is seen like a white spot on a black sheet of cutaneous reddish lesions, cutaneous paper.11 The males range in size from rashesand subcutaneous tunnels. Noctural 213-285 µm long by 162-210 µm wide itching is the main symptom. The itching which is about two thirds the size of the occurs when the mite burrows in feeds from females, that is, 300-405 µm long by or lays eggs in the upper layers of the skin. 230-420 µm wide.2 Sarcoptes mites are from This may lead to allergic conditions. The different species which are morphologically itching is intensified in the bed or while the same, but physiologically indistinct with bating which may result in wounds, various and specific hosts in the mammals.14 inflammation of lymph nodes, fever and Cause of these specific features for each bacterial secondary infections.23,24 Scabies mammalian and parasitic species is not lesions are caused by burrowing and release known yet. The cause is also depended on of toxic and antigenic secretions of the male parasitic needs or immunologic and mite.25,26 Early diagnosis of the disease is non-immunologic factors of the host so that necessary. Also predictive actions are any decrease in IgA makes scabies required to leave out the contamination.20 infestation more probable.15,16 This parasite is mostly common in the In the life of the female and male developing countries.27,28 sarcoptes four stages are recognized: Egg, Sarcoptes scabiei is known as a parasite larva, protonymph, and deutonymph. The throughout its life but is simply spread and females lay 2 or 3 eggs daily. After transmitted from one host to the other. Smell 3-5 days the eggs hatch and a six legged of the hosts made them to be chosen by this larvae comes out of the eggs. In the molting parasite.29 Scabies affect individuals pouch, a larva molts and matures into an regardless of their sex, age, and race. eight-legged nymph which last for 10-13 Molecules present in scabies produce IgE in days.2 In the nymphal stage, sarcoptes the individuals. This mite is the source of 12 searches for mating partners on the surface antigens of which 7 ones are useful for the of the skin and the male mite dies one or 2 infested hosts with IgE.30 Mite antigens days after mating and the female burrows enter the dermis and stimulate humoral and deeper.12 Each adult patient is home to cellular immune responses.31 Scabies is 10-12 mites, while for the children, 20 mites mostly common in young children in are enough to infect them.
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