PEOPLE on the MOVE: an Analysis of International, National and Local Mobility of Kosovo People

Kosovo Population and Housing Census 2011 Final Results PEOPLE ON THE MOVE: an analysis of international, national and local mobility of Kosovo people

21.028 20.035 19.223

15.232

Census Project Multi-Donor Trust Fund All the data reported in this brochure refer to the 2011 Census. The census results include data from 34 municipalities. Due to objective reasons the enumeration could not be carried out in the northern municipalities, which has been recognised by the Census Trust Fund Steering Committee. The Kosovo Agency of Statistics will publish estimates for these municipalities later on.

DISCLAIMER This publication has been produced with the assistance of EUCEP, a technical assistance project financed by the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Kosovo Agency of Statistics and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

Technical assistance to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics for the preparation of a Population Census An EU-funded project managed by the European Union Office in Kosovo implemented by Istat, CIRPS- Sapienza University of Rome, ICON-INSTITUT and Rrota Migrants and Non-Migrants

Kosovo residents can be described as quite a mobile population: on a total of 1,739,825 individuals enumerated in the census, around 30% experienced at least one migration, most of them just changing their last place of residence inside the country (3 out of 4), the others coming from abroad. That means a remarkable amount of experiences in terms of adaptability to different living conditions and enrichment of one’s cultural background that can be a wealth for the whole country.

Resident population by migration status

Internal Migrants, 22.5%

International Migrants, 7.5%

Non Migrants, 70.0%

3 Migrants and Non-Migrants

Internal migration balance by municipality

code Municipality code Municipality 01 Deçan/Dečani 20 Prizren/Prizren N W E 12 02 Gjakovë/Đakovica 21 Skënderaj/Srbica S 03 Gllogovc/Glogovac 22 Shtime/Štimlje 04 Gjilan/Gnjilane 23 Štrpce/Shtërpcë 05 Dragash/Dragaš 24 Suharekë/Suva Reka 29 11 28 06 Istog/Istok 25 Ferizaj/Uroševac 18 07 Kaçanik/Kačanik 26 Viti/Vitina 08 Klinë/Klina 27 Vushtrri/Vučitrn 27 06 09 Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo 28 Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok Polje 21 19 10 Kamenicë/Kamenica 29 Zvečan/Zveçan 17 15 11 Mitrovicë/Mitrovica 30 Malishevë/Mališevo 08 03 09 10 12 Leposavić/Leposaviq 31 Junik/Junik 34 14 13 Lipjan/Lipljan 32 Mamusha/Mamuša 01 14 Novobërdë/Novo Brdo 33 Hani i Elezit/Đeneral 30 35 Janković 31 13 22 04 15 Obiliq/Obilić 34 Gračanica/Graçanicë 02 16 36 16 Rahovec/Orahovac 35 Ranilug/Ranillug 24 25 17 Pejë/Peć 36 Parteš/Partesh 37 18 Podujevë/Podujevo 37 Klokot-Kllokot 26 19 Pristina 23 07 20 32 33

05 Legend Migration balance (%)

Important loss: at least -100 (3) Moderate loss: -99.9 to -10 (14) 0 20 40 Remained stable: -9.9 to +10 (5) km Moderate gain: +10.1 to +100 (7) Important gain: over +100 (5) Data not available (3)

See definition of migration balance

4 Migrants and Non-Migrants

Data on migration collected in the census refer to the last change of place of residence, whenever it took place. The analysis shows that population movements inside Kosovo are leading to a redistribution of population within the municipalities. The most relevant dynamics are taking place around Pristina. While the municipality where the capital city is located shows a notable migratory gain, together with some neighbouring municipalities such as Fushë Kosovo and Graçanicë, some municipalities nearby are loosing a significant amount of population, i.e. Kamenicë and Podujevë. Some of the municipalities at the north-eastern border, on the other hand, have a very limited change in their population due to internal migration: in Istog , Gjakovë and Pejë the migration balance is lower than 1%, showing that pull and push factors roughly even up in those areas.

The country has still a marked rural characterization, as just 39% of its population is living in urban settlements. The last changes of residence changed this feature but not as much as one could expect looking at the process of urbanization taking place in other countries. People who were born in rural settlements contributed for more than 85% to the total migration inside Kosovo, but they moved to urban areas only in 1/3 of the cases, the rest being movements to other rural settlements. On the other hand, the opposite flows, i.e. from urban to rural areas, are very rare indeed, accounting for less than 6% of the total internal migration, and confirming that cities have a marked gravitational pull.

Rural-rural movements are much more important than rural-urban ones; while inter-urban movements show that Pristina and its surrounding areas have a great attractive power.

Glossary: Internal migration corresponds to a change of residence within Kosovo. Only the last reported change of residence is taken into consideration, regardless the period when it took place. Municipalities where there have been more departures than entrances have a negative net-migration, they loose population due to internal movements; on the contrary, municipalities having more people arriving to reside than people leaving for elsewhere in Kosovo have a positive net migration balance. The classification of settlements asrural or urban considered in the census is based on administrative definitions; in some cases, settlements have mixed habitat and do not represent a fully rural or fully urban reality.

5 Migrants and Non-Migrants

Migrants and non-migrants (gender ratio)

80.0 %

70.0 %

60.0 %

50.0 % M 40.0 % F

30.0 %

20.0 %

10.0 %

0.0 % Migrant Non-Migrant

Most of internal migrations are due to women, that are markedly overrepresented being ¾ of migrants, and only 40% of non-migrant population. The traditional habit entailing that the bride follows her husband in his home is surely an important driver of this gender unbalance.

Migrants and non-migrants by educational level (percentage)

70.0 %

60.0 %

50.0 % M migrant 40.0 % M non-migrant F migrant 30.0 % F non-migrant 20.0 %

10.0 %

0.0 % No At most Upper Tertiary completed lower secondary education education

6 Migrants and Non-Migrants

As for education, migrants’ profile differs by gender. Men who choose to migrate are usually more educated than sedentary ones, with a higher presence of graduates. The opposite holds for women, as the most educated are overrepresented in the non- migrant group: women with at least an upper secondary diploma are almost 30% of non-migrants, and only 24% of migrants. In this case, education could be related to a looser observance of traditional habits, some of which are a driver for migration.

For males, higher the education higher the mobility; this is not true for women, whose internal mobility is mainly linked to marriage.

Reason to migrate (inside Kosovo) by gender - %

REASON Male Female Total For employment reasons 18.1 1.7 5.8 For education or training purposes 7.1 1.4 2.8 For family reasons 58.2 78.4 73.4 For 1998-1999 war reasons 10.0 2.7 4.5 For other reasons 6.6 15.8 13.5 Total 100 100 100

The reason why people changed their last place of residence for the current one confirms the important role played by the family which is by far the main reason of moving and contributes for almost 3/4 to the total internal migration. Even in this case, there are differences by gender: data show that men migrate also for employment reasons (18%) and education purposes (7%), while for women these two reasons account together just for 3% of their total internal migration.

Changing residence in Kosovo is above all linked to some family reason. Yet, men in Kosovo changed their last place of residence also for work or study reasons, which is not the case of women.

7 Coming from Abroad

International immigration by municipality (Rates per 100 residents)

05 Legend Immigration rate (%)

Data not available (3) < 5 (5) 0 20 40 5 - 6 (7) km 6.1 - 7 (9) 7.1 - 10 (7) >10 (6)

8 Coming from Abroad

Immigration from abroad has a strong impact on the size of the population and its geographical distribution. At least 8% of the Kosovan population had their last residence abroad and almost the 40% of those decided to reside in Pristina, Gjilan, Prizren and Ferizaj. The immigration rates clearly show the impact of these migratory flows on the municipality of destination. In Junik, Fushë Kosovo and Deçan over the 13% of the resident population came from abroad; this means that these immigration flows affect also the internal structure of the resident population in termsof demographic and socio economic composition.

Countries of origin of immigration flows (% on total immigration)

Germany

Serbia

Switzerland

FYROM/Macedonia

Albania

Montenegro

Italy

Slovenia

Austria

Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Sweden

United Kingdom

Norway United States of America Others

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

9 Coming from Abroad

As for the country of origin, 3 countries only gather more than 60% of persons whose last residence was abroad: Germany, Serbia and Switzerland. Other countries in the Balkans are also relevant, such as FYROM/Macedonia, Albania and Montenegro. The overall picture shows a strong link with German-speaking countries and with areas included in former Yugoslavia.

Immigrants’ profile is defined by slight prevalence of men (61%) rising to around 70% for immigrants coming from Germany and Switzerland. On the contrary, immigration from neighbouring countries includes a majority of women, clearly showing different patterns in migratory choices divided between mainly labour migrations and mixed labour/family movements.

Glossary: Immigration from abroad counts only people resident in Kosovo whose last place of residence before the move was outside Kosovo, no matter when the change of residence took place.

Immigration in the last 30 years

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 1

8 8

9 9

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

1 1

10 Coming from Abroad

Considering the last 30 years, the maximum of immigration is registered during the post-war period, with a peak of 20 thousand immigrants in 2000. Following the declaration of Independence, Kosovo has become more attractive, as the trend in immigration is clearly increasing.

Are those migrants all Kosovars? Almost, as they hold Kosovan citizenship in 97% of cases, the percentage decreasing around 90% only for specific flows, namely those coming from Albania, Serbia and Turkey. Hence, a large majority of immigrants are, in fact, returnees.

Kosovo people who resided abroad are progressively returning to live in Kosovo; they tend to settle in big cities.

Number of spoken languages by Returnees and by Non migrants (%)

100 % 90.0 % 80.0 % 70.0 % 60.0 % Returnees Non migrants 50.0 % 40.0 % 30.0 % 20.0 % 10.0 % 0.0 % Only mother 2 3 4+ tongue

11 Coming from Abroad

While almost 90% of those who never changed their place of residence can only speak their mother tongue, this proportion drops to 27% for Kosovars whose last residence was abroad. This difference shows the variety of cultural identities and skills that returnees bring with them when they come back. As expected, the majority of them speak German, Serbian and English.

Returnees are considerably more skilled in speaking foreign languages than residents who never changed their place of residence. Experiencing international migration is a factor of personal skills enrichment.

Considering citizenship of its residents, Kosovo appears to be quite homogeneous country. Among those who answered to the census, 98.6% hold the Kosovo citizenship, the remaining being mostly Serbs. Citizens of other countries, such as Albania or FYROM, are present in a very limited number.

But the picture becomes slightly more varied when skipping from citizenship to ethnic/ cultural background. The large majority of Kosovars who answered to the census states to have an Albanian background (93%); around 4% are either Bosnians, Serbs or Turks, while other minorities – such as Askhali, Egyptians or Goran people – add up to less than 3%.

Geographical distribution shows some peculiarities, as non-Albanians are clearly concentrated in some of the municipalities where the census took place. Namely, almost 100% of Ranillug’s and Partesh’s population declares to have Serbian ethnic/ cultural background. The same holds for 2/3 of Graçanicë’s population and for almost

12 Coming from Abroad

50% of people in Novobërdë, Shtërpcë and Kllokot. A notable presence of minorities can also be found in Mamushë (93% Turks), Prizren (Turks and Bosnians are 15% of population) and in Dragash, where 38% of residents are Goran or Bosnian.

Note In the census, the questions about ethnic/cultural background and about religion were not compulsory. In addition, in some municipalities, a part of the Kosovo-Serb population did not accept to take part in the enumeration, biasing the proportions in ethnically mixed municipalities. Percentages must be therefore considered with caution.

13 Kosovars Abroad

Out-migration was measured in the census by a special supplementary form, which was not standard to census as the information collected does not serve to the count of the total Kosovo population. As a share of the resident population in 2011, the out- migrants reported by households in the census amount 22%.

Relevance of out-migration differs significantly within the country. It is often lower in municipalities with a strong presence of ethnicities other than Albanian; for example, it is below 10% with respect to resident population in Shtërpcë, Graçanicë, Ranillug and Mamushë. It increases up to more than 30% in other parts of the country, such as Mitrovicë, Gjakovë and Klin. In Pristina, reported out-migrants are around 15% of resident population, i.e. almost 30 thousands individuals. Rates of: Out-migrants by municipality (%)

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Prizren Pristina Pejë/Peć Viti/Vitina Klinë/Klina Istog/Istok Junik/Junik Obiliq/Obilić Deçan/Dečani Lipjan/Lipljan Gjilan/Gnjilane Klokot/Kllokot Shtime/Štimlje Parteš/Partesh Vushtrri/Vučitrn Dragash/Dragaš Štrpce/Shtërpcë Kaçanik/Kačanik Ranilug/Ranillug Ferizaj/Uroševac Skënderaj/Srbica Gjakovë/Đakovica Rahovec/Orahovac Gllogovc/Glogovac Mamusha/Mamuša Podujevë/Podujevo Mitrovicë/Mitrovica Malishevë/Mališevo Kamenicë/Kamenica Gračanica/Graçanicë Suharekë/Suva Reka Novobërdë/Novo Brdo Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje Hani i Elezit/Đeneral Janković The main destination of flows departing from Kosovo is Germany, chosen by more than 1 emigrant out of 3. Also Switzerland is an important destination (23%). Adding up the figures for Austria, it comes to light that German-speaking countries take in almost two thirds of the total reported outmigrants. The size of the phenomenon towards other countries is notably lower: It is worthwhile to mention Italy (7%) and Sweden (5%) in addition to ex-Yugoslav countries, destination of 4% of out-migrants.

14 Kosovars Abroad

Glossary: International out-migration. The question was asked to resident households that had to report former members living abroad. Hence, both an issue of under-reporting (i.e. whole families migrating) and double-counting (same person reported by more than one household) could have occurred. Nevertheless, the family-based structure of the Kosovan society makes it reasonable to assign sufficient reliability to collected data, at least to draw some general information on the main characteristics of out-migration from Kosovo Important Note. Kosovo people residing abroad are not included in the Kosovo population otherwise all calculations based on population would show very biased figures. For example, if GDP per capita would include all Kosovars living in the world, Kosovo could result the poorest country of the planet. In addition, Kosovo people living abroad are included in the population of the country where they live. Indeed the main purpose of the census is to sketch the profile of the country’s residents to measure the services they need in terms of education, health, social care, employment, public services like water supply, energy, sewage, and many others.

Out-migration from Kosovo (top 10 countries of destination-%)

Norway

Slovenia

Belgium

United Kingdom France

Sweden

Austria

Italy

Switzerland

Germany

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Germany and Switzerland are the two bigger host countries of Kosovo people living abroad.

15 Kosovars Abroad

Some notable exceptions can be found looking at specific municipalities. Outmigration usually follows a chain-like process; hence quite a strong link is often set up between places of origin and specific destinations. This is the case, for example, of Kllokot and Partesh, where the link with Switzerland is quite pronounced (double the national average). In Malishevë, it can be observed that more than one third of migrants are living in Italy (5 times the national average) and this destination is more frequent than on average also in Mamushë and Hani i Elezit . Migrations to Serbia are particularly relevant in Graçanicë, Ranillug, Kllokot and Partesh, possibly also due to the specific ethnic composition of those municipalities.

Out-migration in the last 30 years

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 1

8 8

9 9

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

1 1

Taking into consideration only the most recent years (to avoid issues due to memory problems with events too far in the past) it is clear that most of out-migration took place in the nineties, with a significant peak during the 1998-99 war (more than 50 thousand out-migrations reported). In the last years, out-migration shows a more regular path with about 10-12 thousand out-migrants per year, corresponding to a rate of 6 out-migrants per thousand residents (for the sake of comparison, the same indicator is estimated to be around 5.3 per thousand in Italy for the year 2011).

16 Kosovars Abroad

While the phenomenon of returning to Kosovo is clearly evidenced, the country continues to experience international out-migration. For one returnee, there are two residents leaving Kosovo to live abroad.

Main reason to migrate abroad

4.0% 8.1%

Employment 37.9% Study Family 1998-1999 war reasons Other Reasons 48.8% 1.2%

The strong family ties that link Kosovan population are clear in the reason for emigration: almost half of the answers reports that the main reason is a family one (possibly a marriage or a family reunion). Labour migrations are less frequent, accounting for 38% of the total. Quite relevant are also migrations driven by the war in itself (around 8%).

17 Commuters

People attending school or working away from the settlement they reside in are more than 165 thousand, i.e. almost 9.5% of population. They are called “commuters”, and census provides information on them for all persons aged over 10 years. A small but interesting part of commuting phenomenon is made of trans-border movements: about 4 thousand Kosovars commute regularly to neighbouring countries, 27% on a daily basis, to work or study.

Commuters’ impact on the destination town is twofold. On the one hand they bring an additional weight on the public transportation system and on the road network, and they add an extra burden on the public services provided by the receiving town; on the other hand they give a contribution, sometimes not negligible, to its economy.

Depending on the capacity of attracting people, municipalities show very diverse incidence of commuters. Pristina is the most attractive municipality, its population being increased of 34% when taking into consideration commuters (more than 56 thousands). From this point of view, other important areas are Obiliq, Hani i Elezit and Kllokot, whose population is considerably increased when considering commuters (respectively by 23, 19 and 16 per cent).

Commuting phenomenon impacts on vehicles’ circulation flows and therefore it is important for planning and managing transport and control road traffic. Pristina Capital City, main working and education centre of Kosovo, hosts 56,000 commuters. When considering the actual amount of people “using” the capital city, the number of 145,149 residents raises up to more than 200,000 persons using the city resources.

18 Commuters

Commuters rate by municipality

05 Legend Commuters by municipality (%)

Data not available (3) < 3 (4) 0 20 40 3 - 5 (7) km 5.1 - 10 (16) 10.1 - 20 (5) >20 (2)

19 Commuters

Commuters by age

6.0 %

5.0 %

4.0 %

3.0 %

2.0 %

1.0 %

0.0 % 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Age

More than 1/3 of commuters are young people between 16 and 22 years old, probably students having to move to reach high school or university. The peak has to be found at the age of 19-20, afterwards apparently people become less and less inclined – or less in need - to move away from their settlement.

20 Commuters

Commuters to Pristina settlement, by municipality (percentage and incidence on resident population)

Municipality Commuters % per 100 resident Deçan/Dečani 1205 2.4 3.6 Gjakovë/Đakovica 2293 4.6 2.9 Gllogovc/Glogovac 2551 5.1 5.4 Gjilan/Gnjilane 1947 3.9 2.6 Dragash/Dragaš 432 0.9 1.5 Istog/Istok 1145 2.3 3.6 Kaçanik/Kačanik 655 1.3 2.4 Klinë/Klina 975 1.9 3.1 Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje 3459 6.9 12.3 Kamenicë/Kamenica 870 1.7 2.8 Mitrovicë/Mitrovica 1342 2.7 2.3 Lipjan/Lipljan 2611 5.2 5.6 Novobërdë/Novo Brdo 89 0.2 1.6 Obiliq/Obilić 1589 3.2 9.2 Rahovec/Orahovac 1196 2.4 2.6 Pejë/Peć 1540 3.1 1.9 Podujevë/Podujevo 5290 10.5 7.5 Pristina 6447 12.8 3.9 Prizren 1717 3.4 1.2 Skënderaj/Srbica 1926 3.8 4.7 Shtime/Štimlje 850 1.7 3.9 Štrpce/Shtërpcë 44 0.1 0.8 Suharekë/Suva Reka 1641 3.3 3.4 Ferizaj/Uroševac 2156 4.3 2.4 Viti/Vitina 900 1.8 2.4 Vushtrri/Vučitrn 3028 6.0 5.3 Malishevë/Mališevo 1552 3.1 3.7 Junik/Junik 168 0.3 3.4 Mamusha/Mamuša 16 0.0 0.4 Hani i Elezit/Đeneral Janković 172 0.3 2.3 Gračanica/Graçanicë 566 1.1 6.4 Ranilug/Ranillug 1 0.0 0.0 Parteš/Partesh 1 0.0 0.1 Klokot/Kllokot 20 0.0 0.9 Total 50394 100.0 3.5

21 Commuters

Commuters to Pristina city, by length of travel distance covered and settlements COMMUTERS TO PRISTINA CITY, BY LENGTH OF THE TRAVEL DISTANCE COVERED AND SETTLEMENTS A B C D Code Municipality Code Municipality . . . code Municipality code Municipality . . 01 Deçan 20 Prizren ...... 01 Deçan/Dečani02 Gjakovë20 21 Prizren/PrizrenSkenderaj ...... 03 Gllogoc 22 Shtime ...... 1212. . . 1212... . . 02 Gjakovë/Đakovica04 Gjilan 2123 Skënderaj/SrbicaShtërpcë ...... 05 Dragash 24 Suharekë ...... 03 Gllogovc/Glogovac 22 Shtime/Štimlje ...... 06 Istog 25 Ferizaj ...... 04 Gjilan/Gnjilane 23 Štrpce/Shtërpcë ...... 07 Kaçanik 26 Viti ...... 05 Dragash/Dragaš 24 Suharekë/Suva Reka ...... 29.29...... 08 Klinë 27 Vushtrri ...... 1111. . .1818 09 Fushë Kosovë 28 Zubin Potok ...... 1111 . . .. 06 Istog/Istok 25 Ferizaj/Uroševac . 2828 ...... 2828...... 10 Kamenicë 29 Zveqan ...... 07 Kaçanik/Kačanik 26 Viti/Vitina ...... 11 Mitrovicë 30 Malishevë ...... No Window ...... 08 Klinë/Klina 27 Vushtrri/Vučitrn ...... 12 Leposaviq 31 Junik ...... 2727...... 09 Fushë13 Kosovë/Kosovo Lipjan 2832 Zubin Potok/ZubinMamushë Potok . . 0606...... Polje14 Novobërdë 33 Hani i Elezit ...... 21.21 ...... 2121. . . . 1515 ...... 15 Obiliq 34 Graçanicë ...... 10 Kamenicë/Kamenica 29 Zvečan/Zveçan ...... 1919 . .. 1717...... 1919 . . . . 17.17 ...... 16 Rahovec 35 Ranillug ...... 11 Mitrovicë/Mitrovica 30 Malishevë/Mališevo ...... 17 Pejë 36 Partesh ...... 0303. 0909...... 10.10. . . 12 Leposavić/Leposaviq 31 Junik/Junik . .. . . 0808 . . 0303. . ..0909...... 1010 . 18 Podujevë 37 Kllokot ...... 3434...... 19 Pristina ...... 3434 ...... 13 Lipjan/Lipljan 32 Mamusha/Mamuša ...... 1414 . . . 0101...... 1414 ...... 14 Novobërdë/Novo Brdo 33 Hani i Elezit/Đeneral ...... LEGEND: Settlements ...... 1313 ...... 3535. . . . 3030 1313 ...... Janković ...... 3131 ...... 3131 ...... < 20 km (95) ...... 2222...... 15 Obiliq/Obilić 34 Gračanica/Graçanicë ...... 2222 ...... 20 ‐ 50 km (429) ...... 0202 . 1616 ...... 02.02. . . 16.16 . . . .. 0404 3636...... 16 Rahovec/Orahovac51 ‐ 80 km (579)35 Ranilug/Ranillug ...... 2525...... 2424 ...... 81 + km (363) ...... 37.37 . .. 17 Pejë/Peć 36 Parteš/Partesh ...... 2626 3737...... 2626. ... . Distance covered and persons commuting . . .3232 ...... 18 Podujevë/Podujevo 37 Klokot-Kllokot ...... < 20 km; 26.9 Percent (95) ...... 19 Pristina ...... 2323 ...... 2020. .. . 0707 21 ‐ 50 km; 40.6 Percent (429) . . 2020. . 07.07...... 33.33. 51 ‐ 80 km; 20 Percent (579) . . . 3333...... 81 + km ; 12.5 Percent (363) ...... Data not available . . . 0505. Legend 0 20 40 .. Pristina city . (NumberSettlements of settlements located in that km distance category from Pristina City) Distance covered and persons commuting

< 20 km; 26.9 % (95) 21 - 50 km; 40.6 % (429) 51 - 80 km; 20 % (579) 81+ km; 12.5 % (363) Data not available (3) Pristina City

(Number of settlements located in that distance category from Pristina City)

22 The capital city alone is destination of more than 56 thousand commuters, i.e. one third of total commuters in Kosovo. That should be added to the total resident population when considering the actual amount of people “using” the capital city, bringing it from 145 to more than 200 thousand.

They arrive mostly from neighbouring settlements - Podujevë, Fushë Kosovo and the rest of the Pristina municipality account for more than 30% of the total movements - but also from further areas, such as Gllogoc and Vushtrri, where more than 5% of population commute to Pristina for study or work reasons. Most of the transfers are medium range ones (between 21 and 50 km) but almost one third are longer than 50 km. In this case they frequently take place just once a week or even more rarely.