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Power Electronics har80679_FC.qxd 12/11/09 6:23 PM Page ii Commonly used Power and Converter Equations Instantaneous power: p(t) ϭ v(t)i(t) t2 Energy: W ϭ p(t)dt 3 t1 ϩ ϩ t0 T t0 T W 1 1 Average power: P ϭ ϭ p(t) dt ϭ v(t)i(t) dt T T 3 T 3 t0 t0 ϭ Average power for a dc voltage source: Pdc Vdc Iavg 1 T rms voltage: V ϭ v 2(t)dt rms B T 3 0 ϭ ϩ ϩ ϩ . : ϭ 2 ϩ 2 ϩ 2 ϩ Á 2 rms for v v1 v2 v3 Vrms V1, rms V2, rms V3, rms I rms current for a triangular wave: I ϭ m rms 13 2 Im 2 rms current for an offset triangular wave: I ϭ ϩ I rms B a 13 b dc V rms voltage for a sine wave or a full-wave rectified sine wave: V ϭ m rms 12 har80679_FC.qxd 12/11/09 6:23 PM Page iii V rms voltage for a half-wave rectified sine wave: V ϭ m rms 2 P P Power factor: pf ϭ ϭ S Vrms Irms q 2 a I n A ϭ Total harmonic distortion: THD ϭ n 2 I1 1 Distortion factor: DF ϭ A1 ϩ (THD)2 Irms Form factor ϭ Iavg Ipeak Crest factor ϭ Irms ϭ Buck converter: Vo Vs D V Boost converter: V ϭ s o 1 Ϫ D D Buck-boost and Cuk´ converters: V ϭϪV o s a1 Ϫ D b D SEPIC: V ϭ V o s a1 Ϫ D b ϭ D N2 Flyback converter: Vo Vs Ϫ a1 D baN1 b ϭ N2 Forward converter: Vo Vs D a N1 b har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page i Power Electronics Daniel W. Hart Valparaiso University Valparaiso, Indiana har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page ii POWER ELECTRONICS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 978-0-07-338067-4 MHID 0-07-338067-9 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange Vice President, EDP: Kimberly Meriwether-David Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Developmental Editor: Darlene M. Schueller Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds Project Manager: Erin Melloy Senior Production Supervisor: Kara Kudronowicz Senior Media Project Manager: Jodi K. Banowetz Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri (USE) Cover Image: Figure 7.5a from interior Compositor: Glyph International Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. This book was previously published by: Pearson Education, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Daniel W. Power electronics / Daniel W. Hart. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-338067-4 (alk. paper) 1. Power electronics. I. Title. TK7881.15.H373 2010 621.31'7—dc22 2009047266 www.mhhe.com har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page iii To my family, friends, and the many students I have had the privilege and pleasure of guiding har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page iv BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 7 Introduction 1 DC Power Supplies 265 Chapter 2 Chapter 8 Power Computations 21 Inverters 331 Chapter 3 Chapter 9 Half-Wave Rectifiers 65 Resonant Converters 387 Chapter 4 Chapter 10 Full-Wave Rectifiers 111 Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits, and Heat Sinks 431 Chapter 5 Appendix A Fourier Series for Some Common Waveforms 461 AC Voltage Controllers 171 Appendix B State-Space Averaging 467 Index 473 Chapter 6 DC-DC Converters 196 iv har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page v CONTENTS Chapter 1 2.5 Effective Values: RMS 34 Introduction 1 2.6 Apparent Power and Power Factor 42 1.1 Power Electronics 1 Apparent Power S 42 1.2 Converter Classification 1 Power Factor 43 1.3 Power Electronics Concepts 3 2.7 Power Computations for Sinusoidal 1.4 Electronic Switches 5 AC Circuits 43 The Diode 6 2.8 Power Computations for Nonsinusoidal Thyristors 7 Periodic Waveforms 44 Transistors 8 Fourier Series 45 1.5 Switch Selection 11 Average Power 46 1.6 Spice, PSpice, and Capture 13 Nonsinusoidal Source and 1.7 Switches in Pspice 14 Linear Load 46 The Voltage-Controlled Switch 14 Sinusoidal Source and Nonlinear Transistors 16 Load 48 Diodes 17 2.9 Power Computations Using Thyristors (SCRs) 18 PSpice 51 Convergence Problems in 2.10 Summary 58 PSpice 18 2.11 Bibliography 59 1.8 Bibliography 19 Problems 59 Problems 20 Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Half-Wave Rectifiers 65 Power Computations 21 3.1 Introduction 65 2.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Resistive Load 65 2.2 Power and Energy 21 Creating a DC Component Instantaneous Power 21 Using an Electronic Switch 65 Energy 22 3.3 Resistive-Inductive Load 67 Average Power 22 3.4 PSpice Simulation 72 2.3 Inductors and Capacitors 25 Using Simulation Software for 2.4 Energy Recovery 27 Numerical Computations 72 v har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page vi vi Contents 3.5 RL-Source Load 75 Capacitance Output Filter 122 Supplying Power to a DC Source Voltage Doublers 125 from an AC Source 75 LC Filtered Output 126 3.6 Inductor-Source Load 79 4.3 Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers 131 Using Inductance to Resistive Load 131 Limit Current 79 RL Load, Discontinuous Current 133 3.7 The Freewheeling Diode 81 RL Load, Continuous Current 135 Creating a DC Current 81 PSpice Simulation of Controlled Full-Wave Reducing Load Current Harmonics 86 Rectifiers 139 3.8 Half-Wave Rectifier With a Capacitor Controlled Rectifier with Filter 88 RL-Source Load 140 Controlled Single-Phase Converter Creating a DC Voltage from an Operating as an Inverter 142 AC Source 88 4.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers 144 3.9 The Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier 94 4.5 Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers 149 Resistive Load 94 Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers 151 RL Load 96 The Three-Phase Converter Operating RL-Source Load 98 as an Inverter 154 3.10 PSpice Solutions For 4.6 DC Power Transmission 156 Controlled Rectifiers 100 4.7 Commutation: The Effect of Source Modeling the SCR in PSpice 100 Inductance 160 3.11 Commutation 103 Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier 160 The Effect of Source Inductance 103 Three-Phase Rectifier 162 3.12 Summary 105 4.8 Summary 163 3.13 Bibliography 106 4.9 Bibliography 164 Problems 106 Problems 164 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Full-Wave Rectifiers 111 AC Voltage Controllers 171 4.1 Introduction 111 5.1 Introduction 171 4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers 111 5.2 The Single-Phase AC Voltage The Bridge Rectifier 111 Controller 171 The Center-Tapped Transformer Basic Operation 171 Rectifier 114 Single-Phase Controller with a Resistive Load 115 Resistive Load 173 RL Load 115 Single-Phase Controller with Source Harmonics 118 an RL Load 177 PSpice Simulation 119 PSpice Simulation of Single-Phase RL-Source Load 120 AC Voltage Controllers 180 har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page vii Contents vii 5.3 Three-Phase Voltage 6.11 Discontinuous-Current Operation 241 Controllers 183 Buck Converter with Discontinuous Y-Connected Resistive Load 183 Current 241 Y-Connected RL Load 187 Boost Converter with Discontinuous Delta-Connected Resistive Load 189 Current 244 5.4 Induction Motor Speed Control 191 6.12 Switched-Capacitor Converters 247 5.5 Static VAR Control 191 The Step-Up Switched-Capacitor Converter 247 5.6 Summary 192 The Inverting Switched-Capacitor 5.7 Bibliography 193 Converter 249 Problems 193 The Step-Down Switched-Capacitor Converter 250 6.13 PSpice Simulation of DC-DC Chapter 6 Converters 251 DC-DC Converters 196 A Switched PSpice Model 252 An Averaged Circuit Model 254 6.1 Linear Voltage Regulators 196 6.14 Summary 259 6.2 A Basic Switching Converter 197 6.15 Bibliography 259 6.3 The Buck (Step-Down) Problems 260 Converter 198 Voltage and Current Relationships 198 Output Voltage Ripple 204 Capacitor Resistance—The Effect on Ripple Voltage 206 Chapter 7 Synchronous Rectification for the DC Power Supplies 265 Buck Converter 207 7.1 Introduction 265 6.4 Design Considerations 207 7.2 Transformer Models 265 6.5 The Boost Converter 211 7.3 The Flyback Converter 267 Voltage and Current Relationships 211 Continuous-Current Mode 267 Output Voltage Ripple 215 Discontinuous-Current Mode in the Flyback Inductor Resistance 218 Converter 275 6.6 The Buck-Boost Converter 221 Summary of Flyback Converter Voltage and Current Relationships 221 Operation 277 Output Voltage Ripple 225 7.4 The Forward Converter 277 6.7 The Cuk´ Converter 226 Summary of Forward Converter 6.8 The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Operation 283 Converter (SEPIC) 231 7.5 The Double-Ended (Two-Switch) 6.9 Interleaved Converters 237 Forward Converter 285 6.10 Nonideal Switches and Converter 7.6 The Push-Pull Converter 287 Performance 239 Summary of Push-Pull Operation 290 Switch Voltage Drops 239 7.7 Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge DC-DC Switching Losses 240 Converters 291 har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page viii viii Contents 7.8 Current-Fed Converters 294 8.7 Amplitude and Harmonic 7.9 Multiple Outputs 297 Control 342 7.10 Converter Selection 298 8.8 The Half-Bridge Inverter 346 7.11 Power Factor Correction 299 8.9 Multilevel Inverters 348 7.12 PSpice Simulation of DC Multilevel Converters with Independent Power Supplies 301 DC Sources 349 7.13 Power Supply Control 302 Equalizing Average Source Power with Pattern Swapping 353 Control Loop Stability 303 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Small-Signal Analysis
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