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IC 555 Timer in the Contemporary World
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume -4 Issue-6, August 2015 An Imprint of IC 555 Timer in t he Contemporary World Nanditha Nandanavanam Abstract- The paper deals with the basic principle of IC 555 There is also a flip flop element which gives high output Timer, its working and its application in the present world. 555 when ‘S’ is high and ‘R’ is low. It gives low when ‘R’ is Timer is part and parcel of almost every electronics project. It is high and ‘S’ is low. versatile IC whose applications range from simply making a light blink on and off to pulse-width modulation. From the time of its Pin configuration invention, a myriad of several novel and unique circuits have been developed and presented in several trade, professional , and hobby publications. Keywords: Monostable mode, A stable mode, Oscillator, Speed Detector, Hygrometer, Invertor, Patents. I. INTRODUCTION IC 555 timer is an integrated circuit(IC) or a chip used for various electronic applications. The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under a contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. It has b een in wide use ever since. It wa s the very first commercial timer IC to be designed. IC 555 timer got its name from three 5 kilo ohm resistors connec ted in series voltage divider. A single IC consists of several transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes, flip flops and other elements. It is a highly stable device for Fig. 2 Pin diagram generating accurate time delays or oscillation [8]. -
PLC Based Timer Controller for Multiple Machines
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 4, Issue 8, August (2016) www.ijeter.everscience.org PLC Based Timer Controller for Multiple Machines T.Vignesh, Assistant professor/Project Guide/EEE, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, India. N.Lakshmanakumar, S.Sethu, P.Kumarasamy, S.Gowthamraj UG Scholar /EEE Jay Shriram group of Institutions, India. Abstract – This paper describes the design and development of a 2. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER feedback control system that maintains the time of a process at a desired set point. The system consists of a PLC-based timer The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a relatively new controller unit that provides input and output interfaces between technology that uses a computer to process the information. the PLC and the man machine interface and computer system. The control task is incorporated into a graphical program called The main difference from other computers is that PLCs are the Ladder Logic Diagram. Any control task modifications are armoured for severe conditions such as dust, moisture, heat, cold done by changing the program. Today, PLCs are used in many etc., and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) "real world" applications such as machining, packaging, arrangements. The paper will provide details about the timer material handling, automated assembly or countless other control unit, shows the implementation of the controller unit, and industrial processes. present test results. Index Terms – PLC, Ladder Language, Functional Block Basic PLCs are available on a single printed circuit board .They Diagram (FBD), Automation. are sometimes called single board PLCs or open frame PLCs. -
Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises This Book Is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises James Feher Copyright © 2009 James Feher Editor-In-Chief: James Feher Associate Editor: Marisa Drexel Proofreaders: Jackie Sharman, Rachel Pugliese For any questions about this text, please email: [email protected] The Global Text Project is funded by the Jacobs Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises 2 A Global Text Table of Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................................7 0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................9 1. The transistor and inverter....................................................................................................10 The transistor..................................................................................................................................................10 The breadboard................................................................................................................................................11 The inverter.....................................................................................................................................................12 -
Chapter 7 TIMERS, COUNTERS and T/C APPLICATIONS
Chapter 7 TIMERS, COUNTERS and T/C APPLICATIONS Introduction Timers and counters are discussed in the same chapter since most rules apply to both. Timers and counters have been in existence for as long as relays and provide an important component in the development of logic. Timers were constructed in the past as an add-on device to relays slowing down the transition of the plunger from immediately opening or closing. The time delay was accomplished with a pneumatic bladder that allowed the air to escape either quickly or slowly depending on the setting of the timer. Quick was usually less than a second and slow was usually between 30 and 60 seconds. Setting this kind of timer was an inexact science and today's traffic lights are an example of the fickle nature of timers that seldom respond in exactly the same from day to day and year to year. For the first time, function blocks are introduced in the rung output position or coil position to provide timer and counter functions. Function blocks allow inputs from the left and pass power through to the right when the function is done or when various conditions are met. Either the timer has timed out or the counter has counted to the preset. Function block usage differs from manufacturer to manufacturer. Function blocks rely on a standard format to enter information about the counter or timer. All variables in the function block must be entered correctly before the device will operate. Some timers are referred to as retentive. Retentive refers to the device’s ability to remember its exact status such that when the circuit is again activated, the timer continues from the previous point. -
The Transistor - Successor
THE TRANSISTOR - SUCCESSOR TO THE VACUUM TUBE? By John A. Doremus, Chief Engineer, Carrier and Control Engineering Dept. Motorola, Inc. Reprinted by Motorola Inc. Communications and Electronics Division Technical Information Center 4545 Augusta Boulevard • Chicago 51, Illinois presented to Chicago Section, I.R.E. January 18, 1952 ATIC-251-UM ERRATA Page 5, column 1, paragraph 10 should re a d : "The alternating current equivalent circuit of a Transistor (as shown in Fig. 24) for most - Page 5, column 2, paragraph 4 should re a d : "The output impedance is equivalent to rc plus rb. This may be from 20, 000 ohms to over a megohm. Figure 26 shows typical - -. " Page 5, column 2, paragraph 7 should re a d : "- _ _ _ are not permanently darpaged by elevated temperature as long as the criti cal point is not exceeded. " THE TRANSISTOR - SUCCESSOR TO THE VACUUM TUBE ? We, who work in the communication phase of a transistor is equivalent to a triode. Its phy si- this industry, when we get to the heart of many of can embodiment is extremely small, since its our problems, have the feeling that "There's no ability to amplify does not depend upon its size. thing wrong with electronics that the elimination Three different types of transistors are shown in of a few vacuum tubes would not fix. " This is a F ig s . 1, 2 and 3. sordid thought to have concerning the element around which our industry revolves. Yet many of It is interesting to note that the name is de our basic short comings can be traced back to the rived from the fact that it was called a transit vacuum tube. -
View, New Products Require More Compact and Power-Saving Solutions to Accommodate the Ever-Growing Demand of the Market
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ X-band Phase Shifters for Phased Array A Dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the College of Engineering 2007 By Jian XU B.S., Shanghai Jiaotong University, China, June 2004 Committee Chair: Professor Altan M. Ferendeci Abstract In this thesis, X-band phase shifters have been investigated and developed to meet the needs of future multi-antenna communication systems. Different types of digital phase shifters have been described with design equations. An X-band analog phase shifter using vector sum method is designed and simulated in ADS environment. A new biphase modulator using Lange coupler structure is developed and employed in the analog phase shifter. The simulation results show around 12dB insertion loss and around 10dB reflection coefficient. The phase error for each state is better than some of the commercially available products. As an application of the phase shifter, a phased array receiver is proposed on a print circuit board. The receiver is to instantaneously configure the phased array to the direction to which the signal comes from. The integration of antenna array, RF circuit, analog-to-digital converter, and microprocessor gives the receiver practical application in wireless communication area. iii iv Acknowledgements Many thanks are due my thesis advisor, Professor Altan M. -
Citizen 6840 Movement
Setting Instructions for Movement Caliber 6840 Contents (click on a topic) 1) Outline 2) Main Components 3) Mode Change-Over 4) Before Using a) 0-Position Setting 5) How to Set and Operate Each Mode a) Setting the Time b) Using Race Mode 1 c) Using Race Mode 2 d) Using Race Mode 3 e) Setting the Timer f) Stopwatch (Chronograph) Operation g) Setting the Alarm h) Alarm Monitor in the Normal Time Mode i) All-Reset Function 6) Use of the Rotating Bezel 7) Specifications 8) Care of Your Timepiece. Return to Table of Contents 1. OUTLINE This is an analog multi-function quartz watch having eight operation modes that can be changed with the push button. Main Features Race 1: 10-minute graphic timer Auto-Chronograph after time up Repeated timer Race 2: 10, 5-minute graphic timer Auto-Chronograph after time up Race 3: 3-,5-,10-minute graphic timer Timer: 90-minute timer Chronograph Alarm 2. Main Components Return to Table of Contents Return to Table of Contents 3. MODE CHANGE OVER Push the (M)(lower right) button to switch between modes as shown below TME R-1 R-2 R-3 Normal Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 time mode ALM CHR TMR >0< Alarm Stop-Watch Timer Mode Mode Zero Position Mode Confirmation Note: Be sure to check the mode hand to ensure that the watch is set in the desired mode for use. Pressing the (M)(lower right) accidentally during operation may occur. 4. BEFORE USE Before use, follow the procedure below to ensure that all watch components are in proper working order. -
SWITCHES for DAC the Switches Which Connects the Digital Binary Input to the Nodes of a D/A Converter Is an Electronic Switch
SWITCHES FOR DAC The Switches which connects the digital binary input to the nodes of a D/A converter is an electronic switch. Although switches can be made of using diodes, Bipolar junction Transistors, Field Effect transistors or MOSFETs, They are i) Switches using MOS Transistor- Totem pole MOSFET Switch and CMOS Inverter Switch. i) Totem pole MOSFET Switch: The switches are in series with resistor R and therefore, their on resistance must be very low and they should have zero offset voltage. Bipolar transistor do not perform well as voltage switches, due to the inherent offset voltage when in saturation. However, using MOSFET, this can be achieved. Different types of digitally controlled SPDT electronics switches are available. A totem pole MOSFET driver feeds each resistor connected to the inverting input terminal 'a' . The two complementary gate inputs Q and 푄̅ come from MosFET S-R flip-flop or a binary cell of a register which holds one bit of the digital information to be converted to an analog number. Assume a negative logic, i e. logic '1' corresponds to -10 V and logic "0' corresponds to zero 0v. If there is 'l' in the bit line, S=1 and R= 0 so that Q =1 and 푄̅ = 0. This drives t he transistor Q1 on, thus connecting the resistor R1 to the reference voltage -VR whereas the transistor Q2 remains off. Similarly a "0" at the bit line connects the resistor R1 to the ground terminal. ii) CMOS Inverter Switch: Another SPDT switch consists of CMOS inverter feeding an op-amp voltage follower which drives R1 from a very low output resistance. -
Basic Electronic Components
An introduction to electronic components that you will need to build a motor speed controller. Resistors A resistor impedes the flow of electricity through a circuit. Resistors have a set value. Since voltage, current and resistance are related through Ohm’s law, resistors are a good way to control voltage and current in your circuit. 2 More on resistors Resistor color codes 1st band = 1st number 2nd band = 2nd number 3rd band = # of zeros / multiplier 4th band = tolerance 3 Color code Tolerance: Gold = within 5% Black: 0 Brown: 1 Red: 2 Orange: 3 Yellow: 4 Green: 5 Blue: 6 Violet: 7 Gray: 8 White: 9 4 Units Knowing your units is important! Kilo and Mega are common in resistors Milli, micro, nano and pico can be used in other components K (kilo) = 1,000 M (mega) = 1,000,000 M (milli) = 1/1,000 u (micro) = 1/1,000,000 n (nano) = 1/1,000,000,000 (one trillionth) p (pico) = 1 / 1,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillionth) 5 Capacitors A capacitor stores electrical energy. This pool of electrons is available for electronic components to use. Capacitance is measured in Farads. The small capacitors usually used in electronics are often measured in microfarads and nanofarads. Some capacitors are polarized. Note the different length terminals on one of the capacitors. 6 Polarity of capacitors The shorter terminal goes on the negative side. The stripe is on the negative terminal side of the capacitor. The board is marked for positive or negative. 7 Applications of capacitors Capacitors supply a pool of electrons for immediate use. -
Digital Electronics: Logic and Clocks
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS: LOGIC AND CLOCKS LAB 9 INTRO: INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE DIGITAL LOGIC, MEMORY, AND CLOCKS GOALS In this experiment, we will learn about the most basic elements of digital electronics, from which more complex circuits, including computers, can be constructed. Proficiency with new equipment and approaches: o Logic gates, memory circuits, digital clocks o Combining components & Boolean logic DEFINITIONS Duty cycle – percentage of time during one cycle that a system is active (+5V in the case of digital logic) Truth table – table that shows all possible input combinations and the resulting outputs of digital logic components Flip-flop - a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. Logic gates – a physical device that implements some Boolean logic operation DIGITAL CIRCUITS - GENERAL In almost all experiments in the physical sciences, the signals that represent physical quantities start out as analog waveforms. To display and analyze the information contained in these signals, they most often are converted into digital data. Often this is done inside a commercial instrument such as an oscilloscope or a lock-in amplifier, which is then connected to a computer through a digital interface. In other cases, data acquisition cards are added to a computer chassis, allowing analog signals to be input directly to the computer. Scientists usually buy their data acquisition equipment rather than build it, so they usually don’t have to know too much about the digital circuitry that makes it work. Almost all data are eventually analyzed digitally with a computer. Analog information can be translated into digital form by a device called an Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D converter or ADC). -
Schrack Timers & Monitoring Relays
Timer Relays w Timer Relays Series ZR5 w Timer Relays Series ZR5 Page 96 w Timer Relays Series ZR4 w Timer Relays Series ZR4 w Timer Relays Series AMPARO w Timer Relays Series ZR6 Timer Relays Page 97 Timer Relays w Index Timer Relays Series ZR5 ........................................................................................... Page 98 Timer Relays Series ZR4 ........................................................................................... Page 107 Timer Relays Series AMPARO .................................................................................. Page 112 Timer Relays Series ZR6 ........................................................................................... Page 116 Timer Relays w Timer Relays Series ZR5 Page 98 ZR5E,R,ER ZR5MF ZR5B ZR5SD025 ZR5RT011 w Schrack-Info ZR5E0011 ZR5MF025 ZR5SD025 • 1 CO • Multi-function timer relay • 2 CO • Mode: "E" • 2 CO • Wide input voltage range • Multi-voltage 24-240 V AC/DC • Modes: "E", "R", "Ws", "Wa", "Es", "Wu" • Mode: "S" & "Bp" • In-line design • Multi-voltage 12-240 V AC/DC • Multi-voltage 12-240 V AC/DC • 17.5 mm component width • In-line design • In-line design ZR5R0011 • 35 mm component width • 35 mm component width • 1 CO ZR5RT011 ZR5B0011 • Mode: "R" • Timer function for emergency lighting • 1 CO tests • Multi-voltage 24-240 V AC/DC • Modes: " lp" & "li" • 1 CO • In-line design • Multi-voltage 12-240 V AC/DC • Integrated test switch • 17.5 mm component width • In-line design • Mode: "Ws" ZR5ER011 • 17.5 mm component width • 230 V AC • 1 CO ZR5B0025 -
Relay and Timer Specifications
Technical Data Relay and Timer Specifications Bulletin Number 700 Topic Page Topic Page NEMA Industrial Relays 149 Summary of Changes 2 700-P Industrial Relays 151 General Information 3 700S-P and 700S-PK — Heavy-Duty Safety Control Relays 167 General Purpose Relays 9 700-N Industrial Relays 172 700-HA General-purpose Relay 12 700-R Sealed Switch Relays 176 700-HB Square Base Relay 22 700-RTC — Solid-State Timing Relay 181 700-HD Flange Mount Square Base Relay 28 IEC Control Relays 187 700-HF Square Base Relay 32 700-CF Control Relay 188 700-HC Miniature Ice Cube Relay 39 700S-CF Control Relays 207 700-HK Slim Line Relay 44 700-K Miniature Control Relays 212 700-HL Terminal Block Relay 50 Solid-state Relays 219 700-HLF Terminal Block Timing Relay 60 Solid-state Relay Glossary 221 700-HP Slim Line Relay 64 700-SC Ice Cube Relays 226 700-HJ Magnetic Latching Relay 71 700-SF Square Base Relays 231 700-HG Power Relay 75 700-SH Hockey Puck Relays 235 700-HHF Flange Mount Power Relay 80 700-SK Slim Line Relays 244 700-HTA Alternating Relay 83 General Purpose Electronic Timers and Counters 89 700-FE Economy Timing Relay 92 700-FS High Performance Timing Relay 96 700-HNC Miniature Timing Relay 103 700-HNK Ultra-Slim Timing Relay 109 700-HR Dial Timing Relays 116 700-HT Plug-in Timing Relay 128 700-HV Timing Relay 133 700-HX Multi-Function Digital Timing Relay 138 Relay and Timer Specifications Summary of Changes This publication contains new and updated information as indicated in the following table.