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View, New Products Require More Compact and Power-Saving Solutions to Accommodate the Ever-Growing Demand of the Market UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ X-band Phase Shifters for Phased Array A Dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the College of Engineering 2007 By Jian XU B.S., Shanghai Jiaotong University, China, June 2004 Committee Chair: Professor Altan M. Ferendeci Abstract In this thesis, X-band phase shifters have been investigated and developed to meet the needs of future multi-antenna communication systems. Different types of digital phase shifters have been described with design equations. An X-band analog phase shifter using vector sum method is designed and simulated in ADS environment. A new biphase modulator using Lange coupler structure is developed and employed in the analog phase shifter. The simulation results show around 12dB insertion loss and around 10dB reflection coefficient. The phase error for each state is better than some of the commercially available products. As an application of the phase shifter, a phased array receiver is proposed on a print circuit board. The receiver is to instantaneously configure the phased array to the direction to which the signal comes from. The integration of antenna array, RF circuit, analog-to-digital converter, and microprocessor gives the receiver practical application in wireless communication area. iii iv Acknowledgements Many thanks are due my thesis advisor, Professor Altan M. Ferendeci, for his guidance, encouragement and mentorship. His knowledgeable insights, outstanding perception, friendly personality is the base of the thesis. Appreciation is also extended to my dissertation committee: Professor Peter Kosel and Professor Kenneth P. Roenker. Also Professor Wen-Ben Jone has been a great help for digital circuit design. I would like to thank the members in Millimeter Wave Electronics Lab, Mr. Piyou Zhang, Mr. Ruirong Shi, Mr. Yu Cai, Mr. Yuanzhi Lin, Mr. Weiqun Chen and Mr. Qingyi Wu for the discussion on antennas, circuit schematic, layout and other topics. Many thanks also go to colleagues, faculties and staffs in ECE department of University of Cincinnati. Special thank Mr. Jianliang Gu, my former colleague in JRD electronics, for his help on 8051 and assembly language. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their love and support for my study. Without their help, it is impossible for me to complete it. v Table of Contents Abstract....................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................vi List of Figures..............................................................................................................ix List of Tables...............................................................................................................xii 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................1 1.1 Phased Array Antenna System .......................................................................1 1.2 Phase Shifters: Related Design Issues............................................................2 1.3 Phase Shifters: Recent Progress .....................................................................3 1.4 Motivation ........................................................................................................6 1.5 Outline ..............................................................................................................6 2 Digital Phase Shifter: Concepts and Design Equations.....................................8 2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................8 2.2 PIN Diode Characteristics..............................................................................8 2.3 Planar Transmission Lines.............................................................................9 2.3.1 Microstrip Line .....................................................................................10 2.3.2 Stripline.................................................................................................12 2.3.3 Coplanar Waveguide.............................................................................13 2.3.4 Comparison...........................................................................................14 2.4 Digital Phase Shifter .....................................................................................17 2.4.1 Switched Line Phase Shifters ................................................................18 vi 2.4.2 Reflection Phase Shifters ......................................................................21 2.4.3 Loaded Line Phase Shifters ..................................................................23 2.4.4 Hi-Lo Pass Phase Shifter......................................................................25 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................26 3 Analog Phase Shifter: An Example ...................................................................27 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................27 3.2 Analog X-band Phase Shifter Design ..........................................................28 3.2.1 Lange Coupler ......................................................................................32 3.2.2 Wilkinson Power Divider ......................................................................35 3.2.3 Biphase Modulator................................................................................37 3.2.4 PIN Diode Switch..................................................................................39 3.2.5 Attenuator..............................................................................................39 3.2.6 System Integration ................................................................................39 3.3 Simulation Results ........................................................................................41 3.4 Summary........................................................................................................43 4 Phased Array Receiver .......................................................................................44 4.1 Phased Array Antenna..................................................................................44 4.2 4x1 Linear Phased Array Receiver Using Digital Phase Shifters .............48 4.2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................48 4.2.2 Single Patch Antenna............................................................................49 4.2.3 Four-element Linear Phased Array ......................................................53 4.2.4 RF Block................................................................................................53 vii 4.2.5 Square-law Detector .............................................................................54 4.2.6 ADC and uP Control.............................................................................57 4.3 4x1 Linear Phased Array Receiver Using Analog Phase Shifters.............59 4.4 4x4 Planar Phased Array Receiver Using Analog Phase Shifter ..............59 4.5 Summary........................................................................................................60 5 Recommendations for Future Work..................................................................61 5.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................61 5.2 Future Work ..................................................................................................62 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................63 viii List of Figures Fig. 1.1 (a) Conventional and (b) Phased array heterodyne receiver architecture 2 Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of PIN diode ..................................................................9 Fig. 2.2 Equivalent circuit of a PIN diode in (a) forward biased, (b) reverse biased......................................................................................................................9 Fig. 2.3 Planar transmission lines: (a) microstrip, (b) stripline, (c) coplanar waveguide (CPW), (d) coplanar waveguide with ground (CPWG)................10 Fig. 2.4 Insertion loss graph for various transmission lines...................................16 Fig. 2.5 Binary bits for digital phase shifters...........................................................17 Fig. 2.6 Digital phase shifter architecture................................................................18 Fig. 2.7 (a) Ideal representation of series-diode switched line phase shifter (all
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