Anadenanthera Peregrina (L) Spegazzini (Leguminosae) GRACIELA M

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Anadenanthera Peregrina (L) Spegazzini (Leguminosae) GRACIELA M Acta Fm.Bonaerense 2 (1):47-54 Actualizaciones Recibido el 13 de junio de 1983 Principios Activos con Acción Alucinógena: 11. Bufotenina y otras Triptaminas. Su presencia en Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Spegazzini (Leguminosae) GRACIELA M. BONGIORNO de PFIRTER y ELOY L. MANDRILE Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Naciond de La Plata, cdks 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina. Prosiguiendo con la consideración Ciertas tribus indígenas del más le- de las sustancias psicotrópicas inclui- jano noroeste amazónico emplean como das en la "Lista 1" (*) y que natural- rapé a las hojas pulverizadas de coca mente se encuentran en plantas culti- (Erythroxy lon coca), mezcladas conceni- vadas o silvestres usadas como alucinó- zas de Cecropia. genas por aborígenes americanos ', en Otros campos de investigación in- la presente publicación nos referiremos a dican la importancia y amplia utiliza- Anadenan thera peregrina (L. ) Spegazzi- ción de rapés intoxicantes preparados ni y sus principios activos. con la resina exudada por el tronco RESEÑA HISTORICA de plantas del género Viroh. Un poderoso rapé psicotomiméti- En la literatura, principalmente co preparado a partir de semillas de Ana- antropológica, fue injustificadamente denanthera peregrina -más conocida co- exagerada la importancia del rapC de mo Piptadenia peregrina- fue usado Leguminosas (An~denanthera)~. La equi- aparentemente desde tiempos precolom- vocada creencia que todos los rapés binos en la región antillana y aún hoy intoxicantes del Amazonas -que obvia- es empleado por tribus aborígenes que mente no fueran de tabaco- debieron habitan al norte de Sudamérica, espe- ser preparados con A. peregrina deri- cialmente en el valle del Río Orinoco. van de la generalización de Bentham, La literatura concerniente a rapés quien dice que "todo árbol sudameri- sudamericanos es muy confusa. Varias cano referido como d fuente de rapé plantas no relacionadas entre sí inter- narcótico, se trata probablemente de una vienen en la preparación de rapés aborí- especie que fuera identificada por Li- genes. Indudablemente que el tabaco, nneo como Mimosa peregrina". (Nicotiana tabacum), fue y es aún el Los mapas y reseñas bibliográfi- m@ importante material empleado con cas que muestran la distribución del uso estos fines; en muchas partes de Su- de rapé obtenido de A. peregrina inclu- clamérica constituye la forma más di- yen, además de la región antillana, a la fundida de usar el tabaco. totalidad de la cuenca del Orinoeo y * Lista oficial & drogas de uso prohibido m h eiabotación de eapcciaüdaáei fumacéuticaa yfónnuh ma- gisaaies (Ley No 19303, Art. 3O). ISSN 0326-2383 47 Bongiomo de Pfirter, G. M. y E. L. Mandrile áreas adyacentes del este y sur de sobre este narcótico fueron publicados ~enezuela,tendiendo al oeste a través por von Humboldt en 1852, quien iden- del norte de los Andes colombianos y tifica botánicamente al árbol fuente del buena parte del valle del Río Magda- rapé como Acacia niopo '. Este au- lena y en la parte inferior de los Andes tor, sobre observaciones realizadas en a través de Colombia y Ecuador. 1801, relata que los indios maypore, del El consumo de rapé fue practica- Orinoco, rompen las largas vainas y do amplia y comúnmente en diferentes re- humedecen sus semillas, dejándolas fer- giones sudarnenricanas, como lo demues- mentar; cuando se vuelven oscuras, las tran los vdiados implementos (platillos, semillas ya blandas son amasadas con ha- tubos y stros utensillos) hallados en ex- rina de mandioca y caparazones calci- cavaciones arqueológicas. Es probable nados de caracoles, haciendo que al se- que muchos de ellos sirvieran para rapé carse adopten la forma de pequeños de tabaco, pero algunas de las viejas bollos, los que son pulverizados cuando referencias bibliográficas mencionan el se desea un suministro de rapé (***). uso de fuertes rapés psicoacti~os~~~. Según von Humboldt, "no se cree que A. peregrina es el primer alucinó- la vainas de Acacia niopo sean la princi- geno americano conocido por los euro- pal causa del efecto estimulante del rapé" peos, pues las más remotas mencio- atribuyendo la respuesta psicotomirnéti- nes referidas al uso de un rapé psico- ca a los caparazones calcáreos. tomimético preparado con semillas de Fue Spruce quién en 1851 propor- esta especie fueron realizadas en 1496 ciona una comunicación detallada sobre por el jesuita Ramón Pane, quien acom- el narcótico, basándose en observaciones patíaia a Colón en su segundo viaje al de los indios guahibo, que habitan la noevo mundo. Las descripciones del sa cuenca del Orinoco, en Colombia y Ve- cerdote fueron publicadas en 1511 por nezuela 9. Petrus Martyr de Anglería, en sus cró- Se debe a Safford, en 1916, la nicas sobre el nuevo mundo "De Orbe identificación definitiva del "cohoba" Novo Decades", donde relata que los como Anadenanthera peregrina ' O, ya indios taino, (*) de la Isla Hispaniola, que con anterioridad a esa fecha la li- llamaban "cohoba" a un rapé psicoacti- teratura era muy confusa. El mismo vo, empleado por inhalación a tra- investigador relaciona luego esa especie vés de sus fosas nasales (**) con el pro- con el empleo, en el Orinoco, de un rapé pósito de conseguir un efecto alucinó- narcótico denominado "yopo", aún muy geno que les permitiera comunicarse empleado por los indios, estableciendo con el mundo de los espíritus. su identidad con el antiguo "cohoba" Los primeros estudios científicos antillano. * El rapC parece no ser actualmente empleado en las Antillas, donde pocos grupos aborígenes existen aún5. ** El rapC era inhaiado empleando un tubo de un pie de largo (a veces con forma de "Y''), colocando la o las tubuladuras en contacto con las fosas nasales, mientras el otro extremo permanece junto ai polvo. ***Hay apreciable variación, según las tribus, en la preparación del rapé. Los nativos usualmente tuestan y puiverizan simikmente las semillas, pero mientras muchas comunidades indígenas adicionan una mezcla alcaiina de cenizas, algunas -como los guahibo de Colombia- aspiran el polvo sin ninguna clase de adita- mento*. Aparentemente nunca a han empleado otros ingredientes en h elaboración de rapé de Anadenan- tberu r 8 Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense -Vol. 2 NO1 Mo1983 El centro del uso de este rapé es, El pecíolo, de 0,5 - 5 mm nace y probablemente ha sido, la cuenca del en la base de la hoja y el raquis ocasio- Río Orinoco " . Las tribus indígenas nalmente presenta 7 - 10 pequeñas glán- centroamericanas fueron invadidas por dulas ovales. aborígenes que habitaban el norte La inflorescencia es normalmente de Sudamérica, en cuyo caso el consumo compacta, constituida por 35 - 50 flo- de rapé de ~olvode Anadenanthera en res blancas muy pequeñas dispuestas en las islas de las Antillas puede considerar- racimos terminales o axilares, mide 10 - se un rasgo cultural importado de 18 mm de diámetro en fascículos de 1 - aquélla. 5 flores, con pedúnculos pubescentes de DESCRIPCION DE LA ESPECIE, HABITAT Y 1,7 - 4 mm de largo. ORIGEN BOTANICO Según los lugares donde habita o es cultivada, se conoce a Anadenanthera peregrina (L. ) S pegazzini bajo diversas denominaciones vernáculas: "cohoba", "caboba", "yopo", "yupa", "hatax", "jataj", etc. Es un árbol o arbusto de 3 - 18 m de alto, con un tronco de 20 - 50 cm de diámetro y copa graciosamente ex- pandida. La corteza es delgada, cor- chosa, rugosa, gris o negruzca, lenti- celada y a menudo armada con fuertes espinas cónicas o proyecciones cunea- das; las ramas son inermes y las ramitas pubescen tes. Las hojas bipinadas, de 12 - 30 cm de largo -incluído el pecíolo- son pubescentes y se vuelven glabras cuando envejecen; con raquis principal sulcado poseen 10 - 30 folíolos o más, cada una de 2 - 5 cm de largo, opuestas o subo- puestas, que presentan 25 - 80 pares de Las flores son membranosas y el folíolos secundarios membranosos, li- cáliz campanulado, pentalobulado, mide neares, oblongos o lanceolados, rectos o 0,5 - 2,5 mm de largo; corola con 5 pC- falcados, basalmente oblicuos o trunca- talos, libres o ligeramente connados, de dos, apicalmente apiculados, de 2 - 8 mm 2 - 3,5 mm de largo. Los 10 estambres de largo y 0,5 - 1,5 mm de ancho, su- libres de 5 - 8 mm de largo, poseen an- perficie superior verde oscura, nítida y teras sin glándulas (*) o con pequeñas superficie inferior pálida. glándulas estipitadas en la yema floral. * El nombre genérico (Anadenantbera) deriva de esta característica (un = sin, aden = glándula, anrbera = antera). Bongiorno de Pfuter, G. M. y E. L. Mandrile ,El fruto es una vaina coriácea o separarlas en géneros distintos. subleñosa, parduzca, sin punta, costrosa Hace casi 150 años, en 1840, o verrucosa, ampliamente linear o con Bentham reconoce cinco especies en la forma de cinta, de 5-35 cm de largo- sección Niopa, aunque sugiere que pue- excluyendo el pedúnculo- y 1-3 cm den representar variedades de un número de ancho, usualmente contraída entre menor de ellas; en 1875 el autor aún las semillas. Estas son numerosas (3 - 15) reconoce cuatro especies válidas, consi- pardas o negras, muy delgadas, planas, derándolas como pertenecientes al géne- orbiculares o suborbiculares, de 10 - 20 ro Piptadenia en su "Revisión of the mm de diámetro; generalmente sólo unas su border Mimoseae ". pocas maduran en la vaina. En 1923 Spegazzini crea el género A. peregrina crece naturalmente Anadenan thera, incluyendo en él dos en el norte de Sudamérica, vegetando especies, y en 1927 Britton y Rose, no en las abiertas planicies o región de los reconociendo la prioritaria designación llanos de la cuenca del Orinoco, en Co- dada por Spegazzini, proponen elevar la lombia y Venezuela, en sabanas y bos- totalidad de la sección Niopa al estado ques abiertos al sur de la Guayana genérico. Británica, en las extensas tierras de pastos A revisar la taxonomía del gé- (campos) de la región de Río Branco o nero Piptadenia sobre la base de una en áreas muy localizadas (sabanas) nueva interpretación de caracteres, en en la zona del bajo Río Madeira.
Recommended publications
  • The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures
    THE GENUS ANADENANTHERA IN AMERINDIAN CULTURES BY SIRI VON REIS ALTSCHUL, PH .D. RESEARCH FELLOW BOTANICAL MUSEUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1972 This monograph is dedicated in affectionate memory to the late DANIEL HERBERT EFRON, PH.D., M.D. 1913-1972 cherished friend of the author and of the Botanical Museum, a true scientist devoted to the interdisciplinary approach in the advancement of knowledge. A/""'f""'<J liz {i>U<// t~ },~u 0<<J4 ~ If;. r:J~ ~ //"'~uI ~ ()< d~ ~ !dtd't;:..1 "./.u.L .A Vdl0 If;;: ~ '" OU'''-k4 :/"­ tu-d ''''''"-''t2.. ?,,".jd,~ jft I;ft'- ?_rl; A~~ ~r'4tft,t -5 " q,.,<,4 ~~ l' #- /""/) -/~ "1'Ii;. ,1""", "/'/1'1",, I X C"'-r'fttt. #) (../..d ~;, . W,( ~ ~ f;r"'" y it;.,,J 11/" Y 4J.. %~~ l{jr~ t> ~~ ~txh '1'ix r 4 6~" c/<'T'''(''-;{' rn« ?.d ~;;1';;/ a-.d txZ-~ ~ ;o/~ <A.H-iz "" ~".,/( 1-/X< "..< ,:" -.... ~ ~ . JJlr-0? on .­ .it-(,0.1' r 4 -11<.1.- aw./{') -:JL. P7t;;"j~;1 S .d-At ;0~/lAQ<..t ,ti~?,f,.... vj "7rU<-'- ~I""" =iiR-I1;M~ a....k«<-l, ¢- f!!) d..;.:~ M ~ ~y£/1 ~/.u..-... It'--, "" # :Z:-,k. "i ~ "d/~ efL<.<~/ ,w 1'#,') /';~~;d-t a;.. tlArl-<7'" I .Ii;'~.1 (1(-;.,} >Lc -(l"7C),.,..,;.. :.... ,,:/ ~ /-V,~ , ,1" # (i F'"' l' fJ~~A- (.tG- ~/~ Z:--7Co- ,,:. ,L7r= f,-, , ~t) ahd-p;: fJ~ / tr>d .4 ~f- $. b".,,1 ~/. ~ pd. 1'7'-· X ~-t;;;;.,~;z jM ~0Y:tJ;; ~ """.,4? br;K,' ./.n.u" ~ 7r .".,.~,j~ ;;f;tT ~ ..4'./ ;pf,., tJd~ M_~ (./I<'/~.'. IU. et. c./,. ~L.y !f-t.<H>:t;.tu ~ ~,:,-,p., .....:.
    [Show full text]
  • Bifurcated Snuff Tubes in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean
    Journal of Caribbean Archaeology Copyright 2020 ISBN 1524-4776 Conduits to the supernatural: Bifurcated snuff tubes in the pre-Columbian Caribbean Joanna Ostapkowicz School of Archaeology University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 2PG, UK [email protected] UK museum collections hold an important and largely unexplored corpus of Caribbean pre-Columbian cultural heritage, including seminal pieces that can offer new insights into the development of complex rituals in the region. This paper re-establishes the cultural context and significance of a previously undocumented carving related to cohoba drug rituals: an ornate, composite snuff tube carved of cannel coal, recovered from the Lesser Antillean island of St Vincent before 1870, and donated to Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum in 1900. Both the material (which does not occur in the insular Caribbean) and the carving style suggest that the snuff tube was an import from Venezuela's Lower Orinoco region, where the Barrancoid style emerged in its classic form ca. ~100 BC - AD 500 (Los Barrancos complex). As such, it is the earliest example of drug paraphernalia often assumed to have been used only after ~AD 1000, and isolated to the chiefdom-level societies of the Greater Antilles. This paper contributes a brief review of the St Vincent snuff tube within the context of other stone and wood examples in public collections in efforts to explore their diagnostics, range and, ultimately, the ceremonies in which they were used. Las colecciones museísticas del Reino Unido conservan un importante y a su vez poco conocido corpus de materiales pertenecientes al patrimonio precolombino caribeño, entre los que se incluyen piezas destacadas que pueden ofrecer información sobre el desarrollo de rituales complejos en la región.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality
    AM 9:31 2 12/10/14 2 224926_Covers_DEC10.indd INNER VISIONS: SACRED PLANTS, ART AND SPIRITUALITY Brauer Museum of Art • Valparaiso University Vision 12: Three Types of Sorcerers Gouache on paper, 12 x 16 inches. 1989 Pablo Amaringo 224926_Covers_DEC10.indd 3 12/10/14 9:31 AM 3 224926_Text_Dec12.indd 3 12/12/14 11:42 AM Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality • An Exhibition of Art Presented by the Brauer Museum • Curated by Luis Eduardo Luna 4 224926_Text.indd 4 12/9/14 10:00 PM Contents 6 From the Director Gregg Hertzlieb 9 Introduction Robert Sirko 13 Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality Luis Eduardo Luna 29 Encountering Other Worlds, Amazonian and Biblical Richard E. DeMaris 35 The Artist and the Shaman: Seen and Unseen Worlds Robert Sirko 73 Exhibition Listing 5 224926_Text.indd 5 12/9/14 10:00 PM From the Director In this Brauer Museum of Art exhibition and accompanying other than earthly existence. Additionally, while some objects publication, expertly curated by the noted scholar Luis Eduardo may be culture specific in their references and nature, they are Luna, we explore the complex and enigmatic topic of the also broadly influential on many levels to, say, contemporary ritual use of sacred plants to achieve visionary states of mind. American and European subcultures, as well as to contemporary Working as a team, Luna, Valparaiso University Associate artistic practices in general. Professor of Art Robert Sirko, Valparaiso University Professor We at the Brauer Museum of Art wish to thank the Richard E. DeMaris and the Brauer Museum staff present following individuals and agencies for making this exhibition our efforts of examining visual products arising from the possible: the Brauer Museum of Art’s Brauer Endowment, ingestion of these sacred plants and brews such as ayahuasca.
    [Show full text]
  • Mini Review on Psychedelic Drugs: Illumination on the Hidden Aspects of Mind
    Review Article Mini Review on Psychedelic Drugs: Illumination on the Hidden Aspects of Mind Lemlem Hussien Salih and Atul Kaushik* Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea ABSTRACT Psychedelics constitute a class of psychoactive drugs with unique effects on consciousness. Psychedelic means mind/soul "revealing" and refers to the ability of these drugs to illuminate normally hidden aspects of mind or psyche. Many psychedelic agents occur in nature; others are synthetically produced. Naturally occurring psychedelic drugs have been inhaled, ingested, worshiped, and reviled since Address for prehistory. The phenomenology of the hallucinogenic experience is Correspondence extremely complex, sensory, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual, levels. Most psychedelic drugs structurally resemble with Department of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, two catecholamines (nor Medicinal Chemistry, epinephrine and dopamine), and serotonin. These structural School of Pharmacy, similarities lead to three classes for categorizing psychedelic drugs: Asmara College of anticholinergic, catecholamine-like, and serotonin-like. And also a Health Sciences, fourth class of psychedelic drugs can be included, the psychedelic Asmara, Eritrea anesthetics. This mini review focuses on pharmacological and Tel.- +291-1-186041 medicinal aspects of this class. E-mail: atul_kaushik29 Keywords: Psychedelic drugs, Pharmacological features of @rediffmail.com psychedelic drugs, SAR of psychedelic drugs. INTRODUCTION "Rational consciousness...is but one produced. Naturally occurring psychedelic special type of consciousness, whilst all drugs have been inhaled, ingested, about it, parted from it by the filmiest of worshiped, and reviled since prehistory. screens; there lie potential forms of Native American shamans consumed consciousness entirely different."-William psychedelic plants such as the peyote cactus James.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychedelic Renaissance and Its Forensic Implications
    ANALYSIS AND COMMENTARY The Psychedelic Renaissance and Its Forensic Implications Brian Holoyda, MD, MPH, MBA Recent years have seen a renaissance of research into the use of psychedelic compounds to address various psychiatric conditions. The study of these substances went dormant in 1970 when the United States government passed the Controlled Substances Act, which categorized lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD or acid, as a Schedule I drug. The rise of psychedelics in research settings raises questions regarding their risks outside of clinical trials. The available data on the impact of psychedelic use on interpersonal violence and other criminal behavior remain scant. Although Timothy Leary’s work of the 1960s failed to clearly demonstrate a reduction in criminal recidivism with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, recent studies suggest that the use of psychedelics may reduce individuals’ risk of interpersonal violence. Forensic psychiatrists should be aware of this research, as well as the role that psychedelics may play in various forensic assessments. This article summarizes basic information that the forensic practitioner should know about psychedelic substances, including their various effects and proposed mechanism of action; describes historical and recent research into psychedelics and criminal behavior; and offers evaluators a practical means by which to assess individuals’ psychedelic use in forensic contexts. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 48:87–97, 2020. DOI:10.29158/JAAPL.003917-20 Psychiatrist Humphry Osmond first introduced the Hell or soar angelic/Just take a pinch of psyche- term “psychedelic” to the scientific community delic” (Ref. 2, p 713). when he spoke of his research on the compound Various investigators studied the therapeutic po- lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a 1957 meeting tential of LSD and other psychedelic compounds un- of the New York Academy of Sciences.1 Osmond had til the 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • Intoxicating Snuffs of the Venezuelan Piaroa Indians
    Intoxicating Snuffs of the Venezuelan Piaroa Indians PETER A.O.M. DE SMET* & LAURENT RIVIER** It is well known that the indigenous peoples and cal overview of Piaroa and related snuffs, and followed by tribes of the Western Hemisphere have used a variety of a pharmacological view of the constituents that were psychoactive preparations in a ritual context. Major isolated. nonoral dosage forms seem to be enemas (de Smet 1983), snuffs (de Smet 1985a) and fumigatories (de Smet ETHNOBOTANY AND CHEMISTRY 1985b). With respect to snuffs, there can be no doubt that OF PIAROA ANDRELATED SNUFFS the center of their ritual use lies in South America (see Piaroa Snuffs from Anadenanthera Table I). Several sources indicate that the men of the Piaroa . One of the numerous South American groups that has tribe use an intoxicating snuff called yopo, niopo or niopa been reported to employ intoxicating snuffs is the Vene- (Kaplan 1975; Wilbert 1958; Wurdack 1958; Gheerbrant zuelan Piaroa tribe (Wassen 1967). These tropical forest 1952; de Wavrin 1948). Gheerbrant stated that this snuff people of the Salivan family are settled along tributaries of is the crushed black-brown mixture of unidentified in- the Orinoco in the Guiana Highlands of the Federal Terri- gredients and the fine white ash of certain herbs. The tory of Amazonas (Kaplan 1975). Ethnobotanical sources evidence available from other authors suggests that An- only stated that the Piaroa Indians prepared snuffs from adenanthera seeds are a common ingredient of Piaroa Anadenanthera seeds (von Reis Altschul 1972; Wilbert snuffs. The genus Anadenamhera, formerly considered 1958; Wurdack 1958), but in the 1960's the presence of as the section Niopa of the genus Piptadenia, is the harmine in a Piaroa snuff was reported (Holmstedt & probable source of various South American yopo snuffs Lindgren 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • Indole Alkaloids in Plant Hallucinogens
    $.2 Q. t Indole Alkaloids In Plant Hallucinogens Richard Evans Schultes, ph.d. .1 learnt that caapi was cultivated. .and I various tryptamines). went. .to get specimens of the plant, and. .to Indole alkaloids are not confined to plants: bufo- tenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is found in purchase a sufficient quantity of the stems to be sent to England for analysis. .1 saw, not the skin of certain toads and the biogenic amine without surprise, that it belonged to the order serotonine (5-hydroxy-tryptamine) is present in minute Malpighiaceae and the genus Banisteria, of amounts in the central nervous tissue of warm-blooded which I made it out to be an undescribed animals. species. .My surprise arose from the fact that There are about 600 alkaloids with an indole there was no narcotic Malpighiad on record, nor nucleus or a nucleus very close to an indole group in indeed any species of that order with strong their molecule (Hesse 1968;Manske 1965;Saxton I960; medicinal properties of any kind. Saxton 1965; Schultes 1970; Schultes & Hofmann 1973; Richard Spruce (1852) Taylor 1965; Taylor 1966). It is an extremely difficult class of alkaloids to delimit and to classify because of chemical complexity. Of the more than twenty classes of Many psychoactive plants owe their activity to indole alkaloids, those involved in hallucinogenic plants structures containing an indole nucleus. This nucleus is may be placed in four categories: 1) lysergic acid evident in the synthetic LSD and in such well known derivatives (the ergoline alkaloids); 2) tryptamines compounds as yohimbine, reserpine, physostigmine and (N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilocybine); 3) the carbo- the strychnos alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoactive Botanicals in Ritual, Religion, and Shamanism - G.H
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY - Vol. II - Psychoactive Botanicals in Ritual, Religion, and Shamanism - G.H. Shepard Jr. PSYCHOACTIVE BOTANICALS IN RITUAL, RELIGION, AND SHAMANISM G.H. Shepard Jr. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil Keywords: Shamanism, ethnobotany, psychopharmacology, ayahuasca, psychoactive plants, psychedelics, drug and alcohol abuse, history of religion. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definitions and Scope 1.2. Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives 2. Shamanism, psychoactive plants, and the origins of religion 2.1. Trance and Altered States of Consciousness 2.2. Evidence from Ancient Art 3. Psychoactive botanicals: A world overview 3.1. Africa 3.1.1. Coffea arabica: The Wine of Islam 3.1.2. Tabernanthe iboga: Way to the Ancestors 3.2. Europe and Asia 3.2.1. Amanita muscaria: Divine Mushroom of Immortality? 3.2.2. Claviceps paspali: Key to the Eleusinian Mysteries? 3.2.3. Atropa belladona, Datura metel, Hyoscyamus niger: Nightshades for Oracles, Witches, and Beautiful Ladies. 3.2.4. Cannabis sativa: Hemp for Fiber, Medicine, and Delight 3.3. Oceania 3.3.1. Piper methysticum: Kava-kava 3.3.2. Boletus manicus: Kuma Mushroom Madness 3.4. The Americas 3.4.1. Nicotiana tabacum: Magical Breath of Shamans 3.4.2. Datura, Brugmansia, Brunfelsia: Nightshades for Visions, Healing, and Divination 3.4.3. Psilocybe mexicana: Flesh of the Gods 3.4.4. Lophophora williamsii, Trichocereus pachanoi: hallucinogenic cacti of Mexico and PeruUNESCO – EOLSS 3.4.5. Virola theiodora, Anadenanthera peregrina: hallucinogenic snuffs of the Northwest Amazon 3.4.6. BanisteriopsisSAMPLE caapi: Vine of the Soul CHAPTERS 3.4.7. Cyperus: Ergot-Infested Sedges 3.4.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Endogenous Psychoactive Tryptamines Reconsidered: an Anxiolytic Role for Dimethyltryptamine
    Medical Hypotheses (2005) 64, 930–937 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/mehy Endogenous psychoactive tryptamines reconsidered: an anxiolytic role for dimethyltryptamine Michael S. Jacob, David E. Presti* Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA Received 15 October 2004; accepted 4 November 2004 Summary The presence of the potent hallucinogenic psychoactive chemical N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human body has puzzled scientists for decades. Endogenous DMT was investigated in the 1960s and 1970s and it was proposed that DMT was involved in psychosis and schizophrenia. This hypothesis developed from comparisons of the blood and urine of schizophrenic and control subjects. However, much of this research proved inconclusive and conventional thinking has since held that trace levels of DMT, and other endogenous psychoactive tryptamines, are insignificant metabolic byproducts. The recent discovery of a G-protein-coupled, human trace amine receptor has triggered a reappraisal of the role of compounds present in limited concentrations in biological systems. Interestingly enough, DMT and other psychoactive tryptamine hallucinogens elicit a robust response at the trace amine receptor. While it is currently accepted that serotonin 5-HT2A receptors play a pivotal role in the activity of hallucinogenic/ psychedelic compounds, we propose that the effects induced by exogenous DMT administration, especially at low doses, are due in part to activity at the trace amine receptor. Furthermore, we suggest that endogenous DMT interacts with the TA receptor to produce a calm and relaxed mental state, which may suppress, rather than promote, symptoms of psychosis. This hypothesis may help explain the inconsistency in the early analysis of endogenous DMT in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Litter Decomposition of Woody Species Inoculated with Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Semiarid Brazil Maria Scotti, Eduardo José A
    Growth and litter decomposition of woody species inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Semiarid Brazil Maria Scotti, Eduardo José A. Corrêa To cite this version: Maria Scotti, Eduardo José A. Corrêa. Growth and litter decomposition of woody species inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Semiarid Brazil. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2004, 61 (1), pp.87-95. 10.1051/forest:2003088. hal- 00883832 HAL Id: hal-00883832 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883832 Submitted on 1 Jan 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 61 (2004) 87–95 87 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004 DOI: 10.1051/forest:2003088 Original article Growth and litter decomposition of woody species inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Semiarid Brazil Maria Rita SCOTTI*, Eduardo José A. CORRÊA Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Cep: 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil (Received 28 May 2002; accepted 28 April 2003) Abstract – Jaíba Project is an irrigation enterprise and its forest reserve is one of the largest protected areas of dry deciduous forest of Caatinga.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca. an Overview
    T Transworld Research Network 37/661 (2), Fort P.O. Trivandrum-695 023 Kerala, India The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca, 2011: 1-21 ISBN: 978-81-7895-526-1 Editor: Rafael Guimarães dos Santos 1. Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca. An overview Luis Eduardo Luna Wasiwaska, Research Center for the Study of Psychointegrator Plants Visionary Art and Consciousness, Florianópolis, Brazil Abstract. Ayahuasca, a psychotropic beverage used by numerous indigenous groups of the Upper Amazon, the Orinoco Basin and the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, has an important role in their medico-religious, artistic and social lives. Its use was later incorporated in healing ceremonies among the mestizo population of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. This chapter presents an overview of such uses among some indigenous groups as well as that of contemporary practitioners in the Peruvian Amazon region. 1. Introduction It is my intention to give an overview of indigenous use of ayahuasca, and a discussion on the so-called vegetalismo phenomenon among the mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon. I will also add a brief commentary about Correspondence/Reprint request: Dr. Luis Eduardo Luna, Wasiwaska, Research Center for the Study of Psychointegrator Plants, Visionary Art and Consciousness. Florianópolis, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] and www.wasiwaska.org 2 Luis Eduardo Luna the so-called “ayahuasca tourism” phenomenon. The part related to the indigenous realm is mostly based on written sources, as my first-hand experience was limited to short stays with few indigenous groups1. The part related to vegetalismo is mostly based on my own fieldwork during 1980- 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnographic Research on Hidden Populations: Penetrating the Drug World
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. National Institute on Drug Abuse MONOGRAPH SERlE!? The C Ilection __ AI Interp tation 'ata , 1 i den .... \lo...ulati ns (l~ ,,00",-, ~ ns (4- ......... "'-- --'~-"""----- U s. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Heallh Service • Alcohol. DrUG Abuse, and Mental Health Admmrstrallon The Collection and Interpretation of Data from Hidden Populations Editor: Elizabeth Y. Lambert, M.S. Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 98 1990 U.S. DEPAR1MENT OF HEALTII AND I-IUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 128609 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this ""ausat material has been granted by Public Domain/U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis· sion of the""" owner. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ~-- The Collection and Interpretation of Data from Hidden Populations ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review on the collection and interpretation of data from hidden populations that took place on July 13 and 14, 1988, in Rockville, MD.
    [Show full text]