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Human Physiology ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.Sc. (Home Science – Nutrition and Dietetics) I - Semester 365 11 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Authors Dr Rachana, Assistant Professor, School Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida Units (1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.2-4.3, 7.2, 7.3, 8, 9.2-9.3) Preetika Chandna, Subharti Dental College Meerut, India Vivek Kumar Adlakha, Dental Surgeon and Preventive Dentistry, Meerut Units (2.3, 3) Sherry Khanna, Head, Laboratory Operations, Dr. Khanna's Pathcare Pvt. Limited Vijay Kumar Jha, Senior Manager Quality Assurance, SRL Limited, Gurugram Units (4.4-4.5, 5.2-5.10.3) Dr R.C. Khanna, Institute of Public Health and Hygiene Delhi N.S. Rathore, Institute of Public Health and Hygiene Delhi Units (10.2, 10.3, 12.2, 14.2, 14.3) Vikas® Publishing House: Units (1.0-1.1, 1.3-1.9, 2.0-2.1, 2.5-2.9, 4.0-4.1, 4.6-4.11, 5.0-5.1, 5.10.4-5.15, 6.0-6.1, 6.2-6.11, 7.0-7.1, 7.3.1-7.10, 9.0-9.1, 9.4-9.10, 10.0-10.1, 10.3.1-10.9, 11, 12.0-12.1, 12.3-12.8, 13, 14.0-14.1, 14.3.1-14.9) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Human Physiology Syllabi Mapping in Book BLOCK - I: CELL, CELL ORGANELLES, TISSUES AND MUSCLES Unit I Cell - Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell and Unit 1: Structure of Cells nuclear membrane, cell wall and cell envelope. Physiology of cytoplasm. (Pages 1-16); Unit II Cell organelles - Structural organization and functions of intracellular Unit 2: Introduction to organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria, Cell Organelles chloroplast, lysosomes, peroxisomes and vacuoles. (Pages 17-54); Unit III Tissues - Classification, structure and functions of epithelial, muscular, Unit 3: Tissue Systems connective and nervous tissues. (Pages 55-71); Unit IV Musculo skeletal system - structure and functions of bone, cartilage, muscle, Unit 4: Skeletal System joints, ligaments and tendons. (Pages 72-90) BLOCK - II: BLOOD, CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Unit V Blood - Introduction to hematology, functions of blood, plasma proteins, Unit 5: Introduction to erythrocytes, Hb, important indices of RBC & WBC, Functions of blood groups, Hematology ESR, blood viscosity, blood coagulation, Erythroblastosis foetalis and blood (Pages 91-127); transfusion. Unit 6: The Cardiovascular Unit VI Cardiovascular system - Basic properties of the heart, cardiac output, System blood pressure and factors affecting it and hypertension. Nutrition and metabolism (Pages 128-150); of heart. Exercise and heart Function. Techniques to identify cardiovascular Unit 7: Respiratory System disorders -angioplasty and angiogram. (Pages 151-171); Unit VII Respiratory system - Anatomy and physiology of respiratory organs, Unit 8: Digestive System mechanism of respiration, gaseous exchange in lungs and tissues. Resuscitation (Pages 172-218) and its methods. Respiratory disorders: dyspnoea, asphyxia, hyperpnoea, orthopnoea, Unit VIII Digestive system - Anatomy, composition & functions of salivary, gastric, intestinal & pancreatic secretions. Functions of bile salts, Mechanism of secretion of digestive juices and its regulation, movements of stomach, small intestine, villi, defecation. Important of liver in digestive system, anatomy and physiology. BLOCK - III: EXCRETORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, SENSE ORGANS Unit IX Excretory system - Mechanism of urine formation and the role of the kidneys Unit 9: Excretory System in water and electrolyte balance. Renal function tests. Artificial kidney, dialysis and (Pages 219-235); renal transplantation. Unit 10: Reproductive Unit X Reproductive system - Male and female reproductive organs: structure and System functions. Menstruation, menstrual cycle, puberty, menarche, menopause, (Pages 236-260); fertilization, conception, implantation. Male and female contraception's- Etiology Unit 11: Sense Organs of male and female infertility. (Pages 261-265) Unit XI Sense organs - Physiology of vision, hearing, taste, smell and cutaneous sensations. BLOCK - IV: ENDOCRINE, EXOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM Unit XII Endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Mechanism of action of hormones. Hormonal Unit 12: Endocrine Systems imbalance syndromes, hypo or hyperactivity. (Pages 266-289); Unit XIII Exocrine glands - Structure and functions of sweat, salivary, mammary, Unit 13: Exocrine Systems ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous glands. Gland secretion syndromes. (Pages 290-295); Unit XIV Nervous system - General anatomy of nervous system, functions of the Unit 14: Nervous System different parts, reflexes, autonomic nervous system. Common test in neurological (Pages 296-319) disorders- EEG, EMG, MRI, NCV. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: CELL, CELL ORGANELLES, TISSUES AND MUSCLES UNIT 1 STRUCTURE OF CELLS 1-16 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Cell Structure 1.2.1 Structure of a Bacterial Cell 1.3 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 1.3.1 Ultrastructure of Prokaryotic Cell 1.4 Physiology of Cytoplasm 1.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Words 1.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Readings UNIT 2 INTRODUCTION TO CELL ORGANELLES 17-54 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Cell Organelles 2.2.1 Organelles in Eukaryotic Cell 2.2.2 Replication of DNA 2.3 Structural Organization and Functions of Intracellular Organelles 2.4 Peroxisomes 2.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Words 2.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.9 Further Readings UNIT 3 TISSUE SYSTEMS 55-71 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Classification, Structure and Functions of Animal Tissues 3.2.1 Structure and Functions of Epithelial Tissues 3.2.2 Structure and Functions of Connective Tissues 3.2.3 Structure and Functions of Muscular Tissue 3.2.4 Structure and Functions of Nervous Tissue 3.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.4 Summary 3.5 Key Words 3.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.7 Further Readings UNIT 4 SKELETAL SYSTEM 72-90 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Structure and Functions of Bone 4.3 Structure and Functions of Cartilage 4.4 Structure and Functions of Joints 4.5 Structure and Functions of Muscles 4.6 Structure and Functions of Ligaments and Tendons 4.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.8 Summary 4.9 Key Words 4.10 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Readings BLOCK II: BLOOD, CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM UNIT 5 INTRODUCTION TO HEMATOLOGY 91-127 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Composition and Functions of Blood 5.3 Blood Cells 5.4 Composition and Functions of Plasma 5.5 Blood Clotting 5.5.1 Activation of Platelets and the von Willebrand Factor (vWF) 5.5.2 The Kallikrein-Kinin System in Coagulation 5.5.3 Prothrombin to Thrombin Activation 5.5.4 Controlling the Thrombin Levels 5.5.5 Fibrinogen to Fibrin Activation 5.5.6 Tests and Interpretations Related to Blood Coagulation 5.6 Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Morphology, Functions and Development 5.6.1 Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell) Differentiation 5.7 Haemoglobin and Anaemia 5.8 White Blood Cells (WBCs): Classification, Development and Functions 5.9 Platelets: Morphology and Functions 5.10 Blood Groups, Blood Transfusion and Transfusion Reactions 5.10.1 Blood Groups 5.10.2 Blood Transfusions 5.10.3 Blood Transfusion Reaction 5.10.4 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 5.10.5 Erythroblastosis Foetalis 5.11 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.12 Summary 5.13 Key Words 5.14 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.15 Further Readings UNIT 6 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 128-150 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Basic Properties of the Heart 6.2.1 Cardiac Output 6.3 Blood Pressure: Definition and Factors Affecting it 6.3.1 Hypertension 6.4 Nutrition and Metabolism of the Heart 6.5 Exercise and Heart Function 6.6 Techniques to Identify Cardiovascular Disorders: Angioplasty and Angiogram 6.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 6.8 Summary 6.9 Key
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