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Relative Trace Mineral Bioavailability Ciência Animal Brasileira 1(2): 73-93, jul./dez. 2000 73 PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL RELATIVE TRACE MINERAL BIOAVAILABILITY RICHARD D. MILES AND PETER R. HENRY Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0920 RESUMO BIODISPONIBILIDADE RELATIVA DOS MINERAIS-TRAÇO Para determinar a eficiência de utilização de ele- no, o que pode dificultar ou facilitar a absorção pela mucosa, mentos minerais dietéticos, deve-se conhecer a o transporte ou o metabolismo do mineral no organismo. É biodisponibilidade relativa de cada elemento de um determi- bem conhecido que certos minerais em sua forma inorgânica nado ingrediente ou de uma ração completa. Análises quí- competem com outros minerais por sítios de ligação e por micas da dieta ou de um determinado ingrediente não indi- absorção no intestino. O conhecimento sobre a cam a efetividade biológica de um nutriente. Existem muitos biodisponibilidade dos minerais-traço nos ingredientes e fatores que influenciam a biodisponibilidade dos minerais, fontes suplementares é importante para a formulação eco- especialmente dos minerais-traço, tais como: nível de con- nômica de uma ração para garantir ótimo desempenho ani- sumo do mineral, forma química, digestibilidade da dieta, mal. A biodisponibilidade deve ser entendida como um va- tamanho da partícula, interações com outros minerais e nu- lor “estimado” que reflete a absorção e a utilização do mine- trientes, agentes quelantes, inibidores, estado fisiológico ral sobre condições de um experimento específico e não de do animal, qualidade da água, condições de processamento uma propriedade inerente e específica de um ingrediente ou ao qual ingredientes individuais ou uma dieta completa fo- suplemento de ração. Com a tecnologia disponível, a deter- ram expostos e, é óbvio, a idade e a espécie animal. Quando minação da biodisponibilidade dentro de uma definição es- um mineral-traço é ingerido, sua biodisponibilidade é influ- trita é impossibilitada para alguns elementos, pois alguns enciada por propriedades específicas do mineral da maneira ajustes devem ser feitos. Em outras palavras, não existe um como está incluído na dieta. Por exemplo, sua valência e valor percentual de biodisponibilidade que reflita todas as forma molecular (orgânica versus inorgânica) são importan- condições a que essa ração ou elemento mineral estão sujei- tes. Por causa dessas propriedades específicas, o mineral tos. pode formar complexos com outros componentes no intesti- PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Biodisponibilidade, minerais, animais SUMMARY In order to determine how efficiently an animal utili- the individual ingredients or complete diet have been zes dietary mineral elements, one must know the relative exposed and, of course, the age and species of the animal. bioavailability of that element from a feed ingredient or com- When a trace mineral is ingested its bioavailability is plete diet. Chemical analysis of the diet or an individual feed influenced by the specific properties of the mineral as it is in ingredient(s) does not indicate the biological effectiveness the diet. For example, the valence state of the mineral and its of a nutrient. There are many factors that influence the molecular form (inorganic versus organic) are important. bioavailability of minerals, especially the trace elements. A Because of these specific properties the mineral may be few include level of mineral intake, chemical form, overall inclined to form complexes with other components in the diet digestibility, particle size, interactions with other minerals gut which may either hinder or facilitate the mucosal and nutrients, chelators, inhibitors, physiological state of absorption, transport or metabolism of the mineral in the the animal, water quality, processing conditions to which body. It is well known that certain minerals in the inorganic 74 MILES, R. D. and HENRY, P. R. – Relative trace mineral bioavailability form will compete with other minerals for the necessary of a mineral under of a feedstuff or supplemental compound. binding and absorption sites in the gut. With current technology, determination of bioavailability Knowledge of the bioavailability of trace minerals in within its strictest definition is often difficult to impossible feedstuffs and supplemental sources is important for for some elements, so acceptable compromises must be made. economic feed formulation to support optimal animal In other words, there is no one percentage bioavailability performance. Bioavailability should be thought of as an under all conditions. “estimated” value which reflects absorption and utilization KEY WORDS: Bioavailabity, minerals, livestock. INTRODUCTION misleading. The definition of mineral products that are able Natural feedstuffs such as corn, wheat, soybean to be sold in the United States as organically-bound meal, etc. contain essential trace elements which are mineral compounds is defined by the Association of required by animals. However, these trace elements American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO, 1997). are often in a form which renders them unavailable to 1) A Metal Amino Acid Chelate (57.142) is the the animal. Also, even if the elements were totally product resulting from the reaction of a soluble metal available, in many cases, they would not be in adequate salt with amino acids with a mole ratio of one mole of concentrations to meet the animal’s requirement. metal to one to three (preferably two) moles of amino Therefore, when deficiencies of one or more acids to form coordinate covalent bonds. The average of the trace mineral elements exist in a diet, they are weight of the hydrolyzed amino acids must be usually provided to the animal in an inorganic or approximately 150 and the resulting molecular weight organic supplemental form. It is advantageous for of the chelate must not exceed 800. 2) A Metal nutritionists to know the bioavailability of any element Amino Acid Complex (57.150) is the product in the natural feed ingredient or mineral source used resulting from complexing of a soluble metal salt with as a dietary supplement. With this knowledge the an amino acid(s). 3) A Metal (Specific amino acid) proper amount of the trace element can be supplied Complex (57.151) is the product resulting from to the animal. complexing of a soluble metal salt with a specific amino At the present time, more information exists on acid. 4) A Metal Proteinate (57.23) is the product the utilization of minerals commonly used as resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino supplements than on those in practical dietary acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein. 5) A Metal ingredients. The term “bioavailability” has been defined Polysaccharide Complex (57.29) is the product as the degree to which an ingested nutrient in a parti- resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with a cular source is absorbed in a form that the nutrient is polysaccharide solution declared as an ingredient as “available” at the tissue level rather than just at the the specific metal complex. Simple, easily used dietary level. Other terms which have been used to methodology for verification of the speciation and express this degree of utilization include “biological degree of binding strength of organic mineral availability”, “bioactivity”, “biopotency” and compounds has not been available and this has “bioefficacy” (Ammerman et al., 1995). hindered progress in research with these products Bioavailability should not be considered as an (Ammerman et al., 1997, 1998a, b). inherent property or characteristic of the material being assayed, but, rather, an experimentally determined METHODOLOGY estimate which reflects the absorption and utilization under conditions of the test (Fairweather-Tait, 1987). Bioavailability values can be influenced greatly Attempting to determine a simple, unique bioavailability by method of mathematical calculation used to derive value of a source applicable under all conditions can the estimate. Data must meet certain criteria for valid be considered somewhere between frustrating and tests. As examples, data must be linear or Ciência Animal Brasileira 1(2): 73-93, jul./dez. 2000 75 transformable to linear for a multiple linear regression be delayed until 3 to 5 days of age to avoid severe to yield valid results; whereas, for a parallel line assay, growth depression. Metabolically essential data must conform to parallelism as well as linearity. compounds or enzymes have been used as criteria in A control group displaying either no response or a several mineral bioavailability studies. Perhaps one limited response should also be included in an of the earliest uses of such a compound is that of experiment to determine whether some measurable hemoglobin and its response to iron. More recently, response to a test source has, indeed, occurred. An measurement of glutathione peroxidase activity has exception to this would be when a control diet is so been used to assay selenium sources. deficient in an element that very high mortality would Accumulation of a mineral element in various result and, consequently, no useful data would be target organs has been used as a response criterion derived. In a situation where feed intake differs among for bioavailability. Early observations, including those treatments, either because the control diet was by Nesbit and Elmslie (1960) with rats and Bunch et deficient in the element or some diets had elevated al. (1961) with swine, indicated that biological concentrations of the element, the total amount of availability of iron and copper from
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