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Organic Minerals in Poultry Advances in Research 12(3): 1-10, 2017; Article no.AIR.37878 ISSN: 2348-0394, NLM ID: 101666096 Organic Minerals in Poultry Vinus, Nancy Sheoran1* 1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India. Author’s contribution The sole author designed, analyzed and interpreted and prepared the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2017/37878 Editor(s): (1) Csilla Tothova, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Slovakia. (2) Jinyong Peng, Professor, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. Reviewers: (1) Matheus Ramalho de Lima, Federal University of South Bahia, Brazil. (2) Claudia Yolanda Reyes, University of the Amazon, Colombia. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/21902 Received 31st October 2017 th Review Article Accepted 13 November 2017 Published 14th November 2017 ABSTRACT Poultry is one of the most important source of animal protein for humans and now a days poultry production system is highly advanced and in context of nutritional advances a number of feed additives are now used to improve the efficiency of birds e.g. prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids etc. But in addition to these, chelated minerals/organic minerals has gained very much popularity. The word chelate derives from the Greek “chele”, which means tweezers or claw. They are the result of electron sharing between a metal and a ligand. A ligand is usually an anion or a molecule, which has an atom or a pair of electrons with available valences. Common ligands contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, or a combination of these due to their electronic structure. Chelated minerals have non-metallic ligands, and are therefore organic. Proteins and carbohydrates are the most frequent candidates in organic mineral combinations. After absorption, organic minerals may present physiological effects, which improve specific metabolic responses, such as the immune response. Keywords: Organic minerals; bioavailability; preparation; poultry. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Vinus; AIR, 12(3): 1-10, 2017; Article no.AIR.37878 1. INTRODUCTION immune response. Chelation is very important in the biological systems. Most enzymes require a In commercial poultry diets, mostly trace chelated metal in their structures to become minerals are supplemented as inorganic forms effective. Vitamins, such as vitamin B12 (sulphate or oxide salts). But, inorganic trace (cyanocobalamin), have a metal (Co) complexed minerals can suffer from high rates of loss due to to a tetradent porphyrin group, nitrogen, and a presence of interfering substances in the diet. pseudonucleotide. Porphyrin is also important for Usually inorganic trace minerals are the chelation of iron on hemoglobin. supplemented upto two to ten times more than the amounts recommended by National The presence of trace minerals (TM) in feed is Research Council (NRC) [1] for poultry diets [2], vital for the birds’s metabolic processes [7,8]. because of the wide safety margins of ITM TM, such as zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and (inorganic trace minerals) and their low retention copper (Cu) are essential to maintain health and rates [3], excess of which sometimes leads to productivity in chickens. They are part of waste and environmental contamination from hundreds of proteins and organic molecules excessive excretion [4]. So use of organically involved in intermediary metabolism, hormone complexed/ chelated trace minerals can help to secretion pathways, and immune defense prevent these losses, due to increased stability in systems [9]; they act as catalysts in many the upper gastrointestinal tract of the animal and enzyme and hormone systems as a result, they have greater bioavailability of organically influence growth, bone development, feathering, complexed trace minerals, which in turn would egg production, enzyme structure and function, allow for lower inclusion rates and reduced and appetite of chickens [10]. excretion [5,6]. Variable availability and presence of Organic minerals include any mineral bound to contaminants, are important considerations when organic compounds, regardless of the type of we supplement trace minerals in poultry diet. For existing bond between mineral and organic instance, zinc oxide and copper sulfate are molecules. Proteins and carbohydrates are the sources commonly utilized in poultry feeding, but most frequent candidates in organic mineral as they are often derived from residues of the combinations. Atoms, which are able to donate steel industry, they can potentially carry high their electrons, are called donor atoms. Ligands levels of contaminants, such as cadmium, with only one donor atom are called fluorine, and lead to the feed. Also mineral monodented, whereas those with two or more absorption can suffer many interferences, such are called polydents. Organic fraction size and as mutual antagonisms, which potentially reduce bond type are not limitations in organic mineral absorption and metabolism rates of some definition; however, essential metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, minerals. But in case of metal amino acid and Mn) can form coordinated bonds, which are chelates, these are chemically inert due to the stable in intestinal lumen. Metals bound to covalent and ionic bonds between the mineral organic ligands by coordinated bonds can and the ligand, and therefore are not affected by dissociate within animal during metabolism factors that lead to precipitation, as it happens to whereas real covalent bonds cannot. Chelated minerals ionized after salt solubilization [11]. Due minerals are molecules that have a metal bound to their stability and small size, most chelated to an organic ligand through coordinated bonds; minerals are not altered during their passage but many organic minerals are not chelates or through the digestive tract, and are completely are not even bound through coordinated bonds. absorbed with no break down of their amino acids. Utilization of organic minerals is largely dependent on the ligand; therefore, amino acids Poultry feeds contain a range of different and other small molecules with facilitated access compounds that possess anti-oxidant activities, to the enterocyte are supposed to be better many of them being minerals or mineral– utilized by animals. Organic minerals with ligands dependent. The most important step in balancing presenting long chains may require digestion oxidative damage and anti-oxidant defence in the prior to absorption. Mineral utilization by animals poultry is enhancing anti-oxidant capacity by primarily depends of their absorption from the optimizing the dietary intake of anti-oxidant ingested feed. After absorption, organic minerals compounds. The key minerals in anti-oxidation may present physiological effects, which improve [10,12] are: Selenium - essential part of specific metabolic responses, such as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), thioredoxin 2 Vinus; AIR, 12(3): 1-10, 2017; Article no.AIR.37878 reductase (TrxR), iodothironine deiodinase (ID), stimulated, causing enterocyte damages and physiological requirement is low, but if not met, decreased absorption of nutrients [14,15]. If iron anti-oxidant system is compromised with is included in the premix in inorganic form, it can detrimental consequences for bird’s health. stimulate vitamin oxidation during storage. There are two major sources of Se: a natural Therefore organic iron is a solution to avoid source in the form of various selenoamino acids these problems and improve the iron status of including selenomethionine and selenocysteine animals. or inorganic selenium in the form of selenite or selenate. Organic selenium supplementation has NRC [1] specifies Zn:Cu:Mn requirements for physiological and biochemical benefits for broilers as 40:8:60 mg/kg. Many commercial poultry. nutritionists supply the trace minerals at twice this level in the diet for Zn and Mn. Although the Zinc is the second most abundant trace element physiological requirements of the bird are met by in birds and is a component of over 300 enzymes absorption of a fraction of this amount and in participating in their structure or in their catalytic practice the majority of the trace mineral supply and regulatory actions in most species. It takes is excreted into the environment via the faeces part in anti-oxidant defence as an integral part of and urine. Broiler and layer litter in England and SOD, hormone secretion and function Wales have been calculated to contain 217 (somatomedin-c, osteocalcin, testosterone, mg/kg and 583 mg/kg Zn respectively. Zinc input thyroid hormones, insulin, growth hormone), rates into agricultural soils in England and Wales keratin generation and epithelial tissue integrity, (2004) from layer litter was calculated as 2.5 bone metabolism being an essential component g/ha/yr which was about 60% of the input rate of the calcified matrix, nucleic acid synthesis and from sewage sludge. cell division, protein synthesis, catalytic, structural and regulatory ion for enzymes, Organic minerals can be classified into two proteins and transcription factors and participates categories: natural and synthetic. Natural mineral in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and complexes are formed during normal digestion, proteins, immune function. Organic Zn has absorption, and
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