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Studies on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (Am) Fungi Associated with Different Varieties of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grown in Khazan Lands of Goa

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Studies on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (Am) Fungi Associated with Different Varieties of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grown in Khazan Lands of Goa STUDIES ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) GROWN IN KHAZAN LANDS OF GOA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT BY WENDY FRANCISCA XAVIER MARTINS Research Guide PROF. B. F. RODRIGUES UGC-SAP DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOA UNIVERSITY TALEIGAO GOA INDIA January 2020 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the matter embodied in this thesis entitled “Studies on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi associated with different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Khazan lands of Goa” is the result of investigations carried out by me, under the supervision of Prof. B.F. Rodrigues and it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other such similar title. Goa University Ms. Wendy Francisca Xavier Martins January 2020 (Candidate) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work incorporated in this thesis entitled “Studies on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi associated with different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Khazan lands of Goa” submitted by Ms. Wendy Francisca Xavier Martins, constitutes her independent work and the same has not been previously submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, associate-ship, fellowship or any other such similar title. Goa University Prof. B.F. Rodrigues January 2020 (Research Guide) Department of Botany Goa University Acknowledgement A reverberating sigh of relief chimes as I come to an end of this journey. At the onset I am grateful to the Almighty for keeping me in good health and blessing me abundantly in all my endeavors. Without His innumerable blessings I would accomplish very little, as He is the one who gave me strength in times of trials and difficulties. A sincere thank you to my guide, Dr. B.F. Rodrigues Professor, department of Botany, Goa University for suggesting the research subject and formulating the research proposal for my Ph.D. I thank him for his deep insight, experience, guidance, endurance, constructive criticism and time. He has unraveled the world of research, a terrain not much known to me as a beginner. A special thanks to the members of the Faculty Research Committee Prof. P.K. Sharma Dean Faculty of Life Science, Goa University and Prof. Irene Furtado, Department of Microbiology, Goa University my Vice Chancellor’s nominee for her guidance and constant encouragement throughout my study period. I am grateful to the H.O.D. of the Department of Botany, Prof. V. U. Kerkar for all the assistance, support and co-operation. My sincere thanks, to the teaching faculty at the Department of Botany, Goa University for all their help and assistance. My appreciation extends to the non-teaching staff of the Botany Department, Goa University. I owe my gratitude to the invaluable support of my college (St. Xavier’s College), its management, Principal, teachers for all their support, understanding and complete co-operation. I am indebted to Dr. Gopal R. Mahajan, Scientist, Natural Resource Management Section ICAR-CCARI Ela, Old Goa for soil and nutrient analysis of rice. Special thanks to Mr. Swapnil Sukhthankar Assistant Chemist, Soil testing Laboratory, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, (South) Margao for soil analysis. I am grateful to Dr. B. Das, Scientist, Natural Resource Management Section ICAR- CCARI Ela, Old Goa for providing the meteorological data during my study period. A big thank you to Dr. Shilpa Bhonsle for having introducing me to the farming community. I am thankful and greatly indebted to all the farmers who have helped me generously. Thanks to Mr. Tari (Farmer) for providing me with the land at Sikeri and all the assistance required to conduct the field experiment. Special thanks to Dr. Suraksha M. Pednekar for her assistance. I thank all the research students at the Department of Botany, Goa University for their support rendered to me. Thanks to all my friends who always supported me, and always have a word of encouragement for me. A big thank you to all my colleagues from the Mycorrhiza laboratory, who have been a delight to work with, for all the inputs, healthy discussions, help and friendship. Special thanks to Late Dr. Andy Willis for all his advice, insight, suggestion and help. Last but definitely not the least, I wish to extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents, husband and children for their care, love, tremendous encouragement and support. Wendy F. Xavier Martins INDEX Sr. No. CONTENTS Page No. 1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 - 7 2. CHAPTER 2: Review of Literature 8 - 20 3. CHAPTER 3: Isolation and identification of AM fungal spores from rhizosphere soils of different varieties of Oryza sativa L. from Khazans of Goa. 3.1. Introduction 21 -22 3.2. Materials and Methods 22 - 26 3.3. Results 26 - 34 3.4. Discussion 35 - 36 3.5. Conclusion 36 4. CHAPTER 4: Study of the physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere soils of rice grown Khazan lands of Goa. 4.1. Introduction 37 - 38 4.2. Materials and Methods 38 - 39 4.3. Results 40 - 57 4.4. Discussion 58 - 59 4.5. Conclusion 59 5 CHAPTER 5: Spatio-temporal variation of AM fungi in Oryza sativa L var. Jyoti grown in the Khazan lands of Goa. 5.1. Introduction 60 5.2. Materials and Methods 61 - 63 5.3. Results 63 - 81 5.4. Discussion 81 - 83 5.5. Conclusion 83 6. CHAPTER 6: Assessment of AM fungal root colonization in different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the Khazan, Ker and Morod lands of Goa. 6.1. Introduction 84 6.2. Materials and Methods 85 - 87 6.3. Results 87 - 104 6.4. Discussion 105 - 107 6.5. Conclusion 107 - 108 7. CHAPTER 7: Preparation of pure cultures of dominant AM fungal species and their mass multiplication. 7.1. Introduction 109 7:2. Materials and Methods 110 - 111 7.3. Results 111 - 112 7.4. Discussion 112 7.5. Conclusion 112 - 113 8. CHAPTER 8: Effect of dominant AM fungal species on growth, yield and grain quality characteristics of selected rice variety grown in Khazan lands of Goa. 8.1. Introduction 114 - 115 8.2. Materials and Methods 115 - 123 8.3. Results 123 - 150 8.4. Discussion 151 - 155 8.5. Conclusion 155 9. CHAPTER 9: Summary 156 - 159 10. CHAPTER 10: References 160 - 196 11. Synopsis 197 - 211 12. Appendix 212-214 LIST OF TABLES Sr. TITLE Page No. No. 1. Consensus classification of the Glomeromycota by Redecker et al. (2013) 10 2. Geographical location and rice varieties cultivated at the study sites. 23 3. AM root colonization of different rice varieties cultivated in Khazan 27 lands. 4. AM fungal species and spore density in the study sites. 28 5. Diversity Index of AM fungal community at different study sites. 31 6. Spore Abundance of AM fungal species in the study sites. 33 7. Chemical analysis of Khazan soils at six study sites. 40 8. Factor co-ordinates of variables based on correlation at different Khazan 41 sites. 9. Factor co-ordinates of six Khazan sites based on correlation. 42 10. Geographical location of soil sample collection for spatio-temporal 42 variation. 11. Physico-chemical properties of the soil from Tuem site. 45 12. Physico-chemical properties of the soil from Sikeri site. 46 13. Average Physico-chemical properties of soil at two Khazan sites. 47 14. Factor co-ordinates of variables based on correlation of soil at Tuem and 47 Sikeri at different growth stages. 15. Factor co-ordinates of Tuem and Sikeri at different growth stages. 48 16. Geographical location of soil collection from different ecologies. 50 17. Physico-chemical properties of the soil from lowlands. 51 18. Physico-chemical properties of the soil from midlands. 52 19. Physico-chemical properties of the soil from uplands. 53 20. Average physico-chemical properties of soil at different ecosystems. 54 21. Factor co-ordinates of variables based on correlation at different 55 ecologies. 22. Factor co-ordinates of sites based on correlation at different ecologies. 56 23. Influence of phenology on root colonization. 65 24. Pearson Correlation coefficient (r value) between spore density (SD) and 67 root colonization (RC) and between root colonization and pH, EC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. 25. Influence of phenology on AM fungal spore density. 69 26. Pearson Correlation coefficient (r value) between spore density (SD ) and 69 pH, EC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. 27. Diversity Measurement of AM fungal communities at the study sites. 71 28. RA and frequency of occurrence of AM fungi at different growth stages 74 of O. sativa var. Jyoti in Tuem. 29. CCA variable scores at Tuem. 75 30. Biplot scores for soil variables at Tuem. 75 31. RA and frequency of occurrence of AM fungi at different growth stages 77 of O. sativa var. Jyoti in Sikeri. 32. CCA variable scores at Sikeri. 78 33. Biplot scores of soil variables at Sikeri. 78 34. Analysis of variance for AM colonization at Tuem and Sikeri for the 80 years of study and phenology of rice plant. 35. Analysis of variance of AM spore density at Tuem and Sikeri for the 80 years of study and phenology of rice plant. 36. Influence of plant phenology on root colonization at different ecological 91 sites in 2015. 37. Influence of plant phenology on root colonization at different ecological 91 sites in 2016. 38. Pearson Correlation coefficient (r value) between Root colonization (RC) 92 and Spore density (SD) and between root colonization and pH, EC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn at different ecologies.
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