Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance & Police Analysis Page 1
Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Guidance Shri. Madan Mohan Upadhyay, Principal Advisor
Project Coordinator Mrs. Beena Shrivastava, Advisor
Research Associate Ms.Sudeepa Das
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019 Table of contents
1. Background of the Study ...... (page no 4 to11) 1.1 Status of Menstrual Health Management in India...... 1.2 Overview of Menstrual Health Education and Awareness Interventions in India 1.3 Studies in India presenting Menstrual Health management practices…………..
1.4 Status of Menstrual Health Management in MadhyaPradesh…………………….. 1.5 Various studies related to Menstrual Health Management practices in Madhya Pradesh 1.6 Promoting menstrual health and hygiene in Madhya Pradesh. 1.7 Enabling policy environment at a National level and State level related to MHM 1.8 Enabling policy environment in Madhya Pradesh
2. Introduction……………………………………………………………(page no 12 to 13) 2.1 Strategies adopted under Udita Scheme…………………………………………..... 2.2 Rationale of the Study………………………………………………………………. 2.3 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………….... 2.4 Design of the Study and Sampling…………………………………………………...
3. Data analysis and findings...... (page no 14 to 29) 3.1 Responses from Beneficiary and Non Beneficiaries of Udita Scheme……………….... 3.2 Responses from Beneficiaries…………………………………………………………… 3.3 Responses from Aganwadi Worker about Udita Scheme……………………………...... 3.4 Correlating responses of Beneficiaries of Udita Scheme and Aganwadi Worker……......
4. Major Findings……………………………………………………. . (page no 30 to 32) 5. Recommendations……………………………………………………..(page no 33 to 36) 6. Annexure…………………………………………… ………………….(page no 37 to 63) 7. References…………………………………………...... (page no 64) 8. Appendix-A…………………………………………...... (page no 65 to 68)
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Chapter - 1. Background of the Study
1.1 Status of Menstrual Health Management in India
Girls do not have consistent access to India is a country with wealth related preferred, high-quality MHM products. disparities, gender related disparities, Almost 88% of women and girls in India owing to which there exists a significant use homemade alternatives, such as an variation in social indicators among girls old cloth, rags, hay, sand, or ash. between various regions of the country. Qualitative studies and an analysis of the There are over 355 million menstruating product market indicate that premium women and girls in India, yet millions of commercial products are unaffordable or women across the country still face not consistently accessible for women and significant barriers to comfortable and girls in low-income communities.Women dignified experience with menstrual and girls lack access to appropriate health. sanitation facilities.There are 63 million adolescent girls living in homes without Girls do not consistently have access to toilets.Despite national efforts to education on puberty and menstrual health. improve sanitation, women and girls In India, 71% of girls report having no lack appropriate facilities and knowledge of menstruation before their community support to manage their first period.Girls often turn to their menstruation privately and in a safe mothers for information and support, but manner. 70% of mothers consider menstruation “dirty,” further perpetuating taboos.
Source: Menstrual Health Hygiene in India, Country landscape analysis 2016 .
Table 1: Menstrual Health management status in India
Indicator Total Rural Urban Awareness and Gender Equitable Norms Awareness of menstruation prior to menarche 48% 45% 50% Consider menstruation as normal 55% 53% 63% Girls stating that mother as main source of information 54% 53% 58% about menstruation Mothers consider menstruation as dirty, polluting 70% Girls experience/observe some sort of restriction during 87% 90% 83% menstruation (religious, food, social interactions)
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Access Women age 15-24 years who use hygienic methods of 57.6% 48.2% 77.5% protection during their menstrual period (ALL INDIA) Women age 15-24 years who use hygienic methods of 37.6% 26.4% 65.4% protection during their menstrual period(MADHYA PRADESH.
Access to WASH facilities Girls’ toilet available and usable in schools 56.5% Education and health outcomes Proportion of school girls reporting missing school days 24% 28% 23% during menstruation Use of reusable absorbents and reproductive tract Women using reusable pads more infections likely to have symptoms of urogenital infection or to be diagnosed with at least one urogenital infection than women using disposable pads. Menstrual Waste Management Used absorbents thrown with routine waste 28% Used absorbents thrown in open 28% Used absorbents buried 33% Used absorbents burned in the open 15%
Source: Roadmap to Strengthen Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management in Madhya Pradesh. Government of MadhyaPradesh 2019.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
1.2 Overview of Menstrual Health Education and Awareness Interventions in India Primary Goal Key Players Increasing presence by WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) 1: Programs focused organizations (e.g., WASH United in schools across India, primarily on WaterAid in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, improving Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil menstruation and Nadu, and Delhi) are developing curriculum and partnering with schools to deliver awareness programs. Innovative examples include MHM awareness WASH United’s play-based learning curriculum. Many local NGOs have high-touch programs that vary in scale (e.g., Khel in UP using play-based teaching reached 12,000 people directly;Pasand, an NGO emphasizing trainer capacity, reached 6,000 students in 55 schools). Private sector is a new entrant—Menstrupedia has developed a comic book customized to the local context available in English, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, and Gujarati; over 1000 books are sold; over 30 schools across India are using it; the website has 20,000 users. 2: Programs where All national level government programs (RKSK, SABLA, SSA— MHM is a component described more in the Policy section) consider MHM awareness as a of a larger program component of improving other outcomes such as adolescent health, targeted at life-skill, or education. Although these programs have scale, the girls current emphasis on MHM is small. Few local NGOs working on girls’ livelihoods include MHM as a means to engage girls in programs.Sexual and reproductive health programs include MHM as a means to educate girls about family planning. In a few promising cases, NGOs see MHM education as a means for empowering girls; these programs are often localized. 3: Programs where Two of the top 3 large corporations (P&G, J&J) conduct awareness programs in schools as part of their core marketing strategy to menstrual health increase adoption or as part of their philanthropic efforts.Between awareness is a means 2012 and 2013,Whisper reached 4 million girls in schools and to product adoption Stayfree has committed to reach 100 million girls by 2018. Large corporations also develop mass media campaigns to address taboos largely among families with access to media (e.g.Whisper’s #touchthepickle campaign) which has over 2 million views in 1.5 years.Smaller social enterprises(e.g.,Aakar Innovation making sanitary pads in 13 locations across India or EcoFemme making cloth pads in Tamil Nadu) conduct awareness programs with their target users because they perceive lack of awareness as a barrier for growth.However, they struggle with limited resources and are smaller in scale; e.g, EcoFemme reached 1,740 girls in 2014. Source: Menstrual Health in India Landscape Analysis prepared for the bill and Melinda Gates foundation 2016.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
1.3 Studies in India presenting Menstrual Health management practices
Numerous studies have been conducted sanitation facilities in school,for instance, across the country, examining the gender-segregated toilets, private washing prevalence of unsafe MHM practices, their and disposal facilitiesetc. causes and implications. -Nationally, in the year 2010 a study was -More than 45% of the respondents were conducted in Saoner, Nagpur District in not allowed to worship and cook in the Maharashtra,examining the knowledge and kitchen and one-fourth followed dietary menstrual hygiene management practices restrictions.More than 16% of the of adolescent school going girls in 8th and respondents thought of menstruation as a 9thstandard.The study reported that only sign of onset of a severe disease and about 37% of the girls in the study knew around 7% thought of it as a“curse”. about menstruation before menarche and the major source of this information was -Another similar study conducted in states reported to be their mothers.More than of northern India found that the awareness 75% of the girls had no clue about the of menstruation before menarche was cause and the source of bleeding. About reported by 60% of the respondents and 50% of the girls knew about and used that awareness was significantly associated commercially available sanitary napkins. with age. Satisfactory cleaning of the external genitalia was practiced only by 33% of the -Another similar study from Gujarat, participant adolescent girls. found that almost 50% of the girls had to -Another similar study conducted in sit separately during menstruation,89% Dehradun,Uttarakhand reports that 64% of were restricted in what they could touch, girls were about menstruation before including worship material and cooking menarche, however, awareness amongst materials, almost half of the respondents the rural population was found to be more experienced changes in the behavior of than that of the urban girls. In about 32% their family members and almost a third of of the cases, the primary informant was them were not allowed to go outside alone found to be a friend from school. Also, during their periods. majority of the girls did not know about the cause and source of bleeding during -A study by Sommer et. al. in 2013 found menstruation that girls attendance in schools is directly proportional to availability of adequate
1.4 Status of Menstrual Health Management in MadhyaPradesh
The Census 2011 identified 7,592000 The National Family Health Survey adolescent girls ages 10-19 years in (NFHS)4 provides some insights on MHM Madhya Pradesh, who comprise 47.4% of in the State, alluding to the poor status of the adolescent population and 10.5% of the girls and women. NFHS 4 reported that total population. only 37.6% of young women ages 15-24 years used a hygienic method of protection in general, while only 26.4% of young women living in rural areas used such materials.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
1.5 Various studies related to Menstrual Health Management practices in Madhya Pradesh
The state of MP doesn’t fare well when it In another prospective study conducted by comes to safe and hygienic MHM the National Institute of Public practices by adolescent girls and adult Cooperation and Child Development women in the state. In a study conducted (NIPCCD) in the year 2007 and repeated by Amity Business School, Gwalior, it was again 2012, it was concluded that found that most of the respondents respondents from Delhi had significantly answered that menstruation was a curse higher awareness and knowledge about from God, along with other things, such as menstruation before menarche than that of they were asked to restrict their activities the other districts in the study, viz. Dhar while on their periods every month, (Madhya Pradesh), Barbanki (Uttar ranging from simply not being allowed to Pradesh), Kamrup (Assam) and Mysore step out of the house alone to not touching (Karnataka). the males of the house. Finding of the Study titled “Assessing the Another study assessing the menstrual Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices hygiene management practices of women in Urban and Rural areas of Madhya in urban areas of Jabalpur district found Pradesh” conducted by Atal Bihari that out of the 200 adolescent girls Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance surveyed for the study, approximately 70% and Policy Analysis in the year of the respondents used sanitary pads and 2018.Educating adolescent girls about the remainder used old cloth as an menstruation during school years, and as a absorbent, and reused the same cloth for part of their school curriculum leads to consequent period without washing it adoption of safe menstrual hygiene properly. management practices,Adolescent girls with mothers with better educational status According to a study published in the knew that menstruation is not a “curse JMSCR, conducted in Jabalpur district of from God”, Adolescent girls living in Madhya Pradesh, the most common social urban areas were more likely to be aware changes that came along after the onset of that menstruation is a normal physiological menarche for the adolescent girl in the process and to maintain hygiene that their family was the increased strictness by the rural counterparts ,Education does play a mother imposed upon the daughter, key role in empowering women to make cessation of schooling and initiation of better choices pertaining to safe and marriage talks. hygienic MHM.Education combats socio- cultural and religious notions of “state of impurity” during menstruation thereby alleviating the feeling of embarrassment.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
1.6 Promoting menstrual health and hygiene in Madhya Pradesh
Promoting good menstrual health and hygiene against this backdrop requires attention to all aspects of the menstrual hygiene value chain (Figure 1)
Figure 1: Menstrual Health Management (MHM) Value Chain
Good MHM requires that girls and women components can serve to facilitate or have access to information and resources hinder a girl’s ability to manage menses to address harmful social norms and well, having implications for her health taboos, safe menstrual hygiene and wellbeing. Drawing upon the products,water, sanitation and hygiene framework for action proposed by the (WASH)services (including disposal National MHM Guidelines, MHM facilities), influenced by policies and programs in the State must address all of institutional structures. Each of the the components identified.
Effective menstrual hygiene management
Access to Access to a basket of Access to adequate Access to safe, information/knowl safe, hygiene water, sanitation appropriate disposal menstrual hygiene edge and social and hygiene mechanisms supports products/materials infrastructure
Health and wellbeing among adolescent girls and women of reproductive age
Improved educational outcomes (school attendance and retention)
Supportive policies Front line workers, teachers, Widespread Availability of safe and programs peers in sufficient number favourable social menstrual hygiene across government trained to deliver MHM norms at the products and waste departments interventions in communities community and management and institutions societal level solutions at scale
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Figure 2: Framework for Action (adapted from the National MHM Guidelines)
1. Enabling environment
2. Demand side factors
3. Supply side factors
4. Quality factors
1.7 Enabling policy environment at a National level and State level related to MHM Support for MHM programs in India comprehensively address MHM, comes from the highest level, with several followed by the inclusion of the MHM Central Ministries and schemes focused on component in the Nirmal Bharat or including menstrual hygiene as a Abhiyan in December 2013. component.Four Ministries in the The Swachh Bharat Mission has played a Government of India address MHM pivotal role in catalyzing action on MHM through select programs and schemes: by issuing National Guidelines for MHM Ministry of Health and Family Welfare programs to be implemented in schools, (MoHFW), Ministry of Women and Child emphasizing inter-departmental Development (MWCD), Ministry of convergence. In 2017 the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Drinking Water and Sanitation issued and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Guidelines on Gender Issues in Sanitation, Sanitation (MDWS). Other Ministries such highlighting the need for MHM facilities, as Rural Development and Tribal Affairs incinerators, awareness, engagement of also have initiatives (e.g., National Rural men, and MHM education in schools, Livelihoods Mission and ashramshala anganwadis, health facilities and schools respectively) that have communities. At the sub-National level, implications for MHM along the value several States have initiated programs chain. either across the State or in select districts The Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS) (e.g., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, launched by MoHFW is possibly the Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh). first attempt to directly and
1.8 Enabling policy environment in Madhya Pradesh
The Government of Madhya Pradesh has with differences in approach and coverage. made critical investments in MHM. Table 3 below presents a comprehensive Several Government Departments in the overview of key programs under nodal State are implementing MHM programs, Government Departments.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Table 2: Overview of MHM programs in Madhya Pradesh
Govt Department Health and Women Education Tribal Family and Child Development Welfare Developm ent MHM Program Rashtriya Udita Rajya Rashtriya Swachh Kasturba Ashramshalas Kishor Shiksha Madhyamik Vidyalaya Gandhi Swasthya Kendra Shiksha Balika Karyakram (RSK) Abhiyan Vidyalaya (RKSK) (RMSA) Target groups Adolescent Adolescen School School School Girls in School girls girls 10-19 t girls 11- going girls going girls going residential years 18 years 6-14 years 14-18 years girls schools (Grades 6- 8) Urban/rural Rural Rural Rural + Rural + Mostly Rural Rural urban urban rural Coverage – district 11, with 10 All more proposed in 2019-20 Implemented in Health Anganwa Primary, Secondary All Residential Residential facilities dis Upper schools schools schools for schools Primary girls schools Budgetary 30 lacs to allocation set up a production unit Program details Peer Udita Swachh volunteers, corners Bharat counsellors establishe Swachh and d in Vidyalaya mentors anganwad Guideline form the is that s core of this provide implement strategy, informatio ed in forming n and schools peer groups sanitary and pads offering support
Note-Sabla and Kishori Shakti Scheme have been ended in the year 2017-2018 hence there has been no organizing of any awareness programme in the following years.Prior to end year of Sabla Scheme it was implemented only in 15 districts of Madhya Pradesh.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Chapter -2.Introduction
UDITA program was launched by the availability of sanitary pad in villages and Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) increase the accessibility of it for in 2015, to assuage the culture of silence adolescent girls, proper disposal of used and social taboos around the subject of sanitary napkins so that it doesn’t affect menstruation in the society, to raise the environment, create awareness among awareness about this matter which directly adolescents among aneamia,create correlates with the individual dignity of awareness among adolescents among adolescent girls and women of the state, Nutrition. and to provide access to affordable sanitary napkins. The first phase of the scheme was implemented in Gwalior, Indore and The objective of Udita Program is to create Badwani and later it spread in other districts of Madhya Pradesh. Currently it is awareness and sensitivity towards operational in 97,135 aganwadis and mini menstrual hygiene and overall menstrual aganwadis which is meant for around 60 management, increase the knowledge level lakhs adolescent girls in the age group of about Menstruation among adolescents, 11 to 18 years and other women. Currently clarifying the doubts and myths related to 35.40 lakh adolescent girls have been the this topic encouraging adolescents to use beneficiary of Udita Scheme. quality sanitary pads, increasing the
2.1 Strategies adopted under Udita Scheme
Availability of Sanitary pad/vending machine supplying sanitary pad near aganwadis,training centers, girls hostel, govt/private hospitals, workplaces of women, local shops,Self Help Groups and other public spaces. To ensure the availability of Sanitary Napkins in aganwadis and schools. To ensure the availability of Sanitary Napkins ensure the participation of local sanitary pad companies, business establishments and ngo’s. Establishing Incinerators and other systems for proper disposal of Sanitary napkins. To link Self Help groups and other groups in the production of Sanitary Napkins. Create awareness about Menstruation related hygiene under Sabla and Kishori Shakti Yojana. Coordination established with Health (NHN),School,Tribal,Urban bodies and other Voluntary organization. Referral of adolescent girls in ARSH Clinic based on special health needs. Sessions conducted in schools and aganwadi kendras through ARSH counsellors ,Women doctor, Resource persons having knowledge on this issue. Linking with NIPI programme to create awareness on Anemia. Organizing programme related to Nutrition.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
2.2 Rationale of the Study
NFHS 4 reported that 37.6% of young women ages 15-24 years used a hygienic method of protection in general, while only 26.4% of young women living in rural areas used such materials. Hence a major percentage.(73.6%) of the Rural Women are using unhygienic methods of Menstruation Hygiene.29% women used unclean cloth and 42% women used a cloth several times(Source: Bhagidari Foundation).This unhygienic health condition during menstruation leads to infection among girls and women in the reproductive age group. Girls are not able to complete their education due to lack of information on this matter and lack of services. Women are not able to go outside work leading to decrease in work efficiency and quality of life for women and Girl Child.
2.3 Objectives of Study
1. To understand the awareness level of adolescent girls about the Udita Scheme. 2. To understand the availability of Sanitary Napkin at Aganwadis. 3. To understand the disposal system of Sanitary napkins. 4. To assess the barriers in availability of sanitary pads for adolescent girls and women.
2.4 Design of the Study and Sampling 10 districts were selected based on Stratified Sampling.The districts were Bhopal,Indore,Ujjain,Jhabua,Badwani,Dindori,Jabalpur,Sagar,Alirajpur,Mandla. Out of these 10 districts 20 blocks were covered. Out of each district 2 blocks to be covered. Out of these 10 districts 5 districts were Municipal Corporation (Bhopal, Sagar, Jabalpur, Ujjain and Indore) and other 5 districts are Schedule Caste dominated district(Jhabua,Alirajpur,Badwani,Mandla,Dindori). Out of these blocks one block is district headquarter of the block and second block where rural population is high. In each block 5 villages to be covered covering 4 beneficiary and 8 no beneficiary. Out of each district 2 blocks to be covered.Total 100 Villages (rural/urban). 120 beneficiaries per district.1200 women and girls were interviewed who were beneficiary and non beneficiary of Udita Scheme.800 non beneficiary respondents and 400 Udita beneficiaries were interviewed registered under aganwadi.Per block 20 Udita beneficiary 40 non beneficiaries.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
Chapter - 3. Data Analysis and Findings
3.1 Responses from Beneficiary and Non Beneficiaries of Udita Scheme
Total 800 non beneficiary respondents and 400 Udita beneficiaries were interviewed.Out of 1200 respondents 52% were urban and 48% were rural.(refer to table no 3.1.a)
Out of these 800 non beneficiary 614 respondents do not go to aganwadi and 186 respondents who go to aganwadi but are not beneficiary of the Udita scheme.( refer to table no 3.1.b and 3.1.c)
Registration of Respondents under Aganwadi and Udita Scheme
49% of the respondents are registered in aganwadi and 51% are not registered Schemes registered under aganwadi by under aganwadi.Out of the 49% respondents. registered beneficiaries under 80% 68% aganwadi 68% of interviewed 60% beneficiary were registered under 32% Udita Scheme and 32% under other 40% schemes of aganwadi. The others 20% schemes are meant for pregnant, 0% lactating other schemes meant for Udita other Schemes adolescent girls and ladlilaxmi yojana.
Note:This percentage has been calculated based on 586 respondents out of 1200 respondents who avail the services of aganwadi..( refer to table no 3.1.C)
3.1.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents-(Age,Education,Caste and Religion,Marital status,Economic status and Current engagements)
3.1.2 Age: The Highest percentage(48%) of Age of Respondents beneficiary were in the age group of 60% 48% 10 to 20 years followed by (38%) of 50% 38% the beneficiary is the age group of 21 40% 30% to 30 years and 14% of beneficiary 20% 14% where in the age group of 31 years 10% 0% and above. 10-20 year 21-30 year 31years and above.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
3.1.3 Marital Status and no of children: 52% of the respondents were Marital Status unmarried adolescent girl followed by 60% 52% 44% married women and 4% were 44% unmarried women. Out of 44% 40% married women 46% of the respondents 20% have two children,22% of children have 4% one children and 18% respondents have 0% two or more children and 5% respondents Unmarried Unmarried women Married Women have no children.(refer to table no 3.1.3 a adolescent girl and b).
3.1.4 Educational Status: Educational Status 72% of the respondents were educated 40% 36% 36% (5th to 10th standard) and only 12% of 30% the respondents were graduate.In Jhabua 48% respondents were uneducated 20% 17% followed by 31% in Alirajpur.Among the 12% tribal districts Dindori has a separate 10% scenario as 44% respondents are 0% graduate and there are no respondents Uneducated 5th to 8th 10th pass Graduation who are uneducated. standard
3.1.5 Caste and Religion: Caste of Respondents 38% of the respondents belonged to OBC 50% 38% followed by 28% scheduled Tribe and 40% 28% 22% scheduled caste whereas in terms of 30% 22% religion demography 93% of the 20% 11% 10% 1% respondents are Hindu followed by 7% 0% Muslim.(refer to table no 3.1.5 a and b). Scheduled Scheduled Other General Minority Tribe Caste backward caste(OBC)
3.1.6 Economic Status: Respondents from Below Poverty 65% of the respondents belong to Below Line Poverty Line(BPL).If we look in terms of source of income of these respondents 80% 65% 60% 37% of the household’s source of 35% income is through labour followed by 40% 25% through agriculture,21% through 20% job government or private and 11% 0% through business. In terms of monthly Yes No income of the family 45% of the respondent’s households have an income of 1000 to 5000 rupees per month only.30% of respondents household income is from 6000 to 10,000 per month.Only 11% respondent’s family income is more than 15,000 per month. Hence majority of the respondents were from poor economic background. (refer to table 3.1.6 a,b,c)
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
3.1.7 Current Engagements of respondents: 38 % of the total respondents were pursuing education.17% of the Current engagements of respondents (girls) were not going to respondent school.Out of this percentage of girls not going to school 58% were 50% 38% 40% 40% beneficiary of Udita Scheme and 43% 30% 17% 20% who were non beneficiary of Udita 6% Scheme. Hence not being educated or 10% 0% drop out donot have a much negative Pursuing Girls not Housewives Women impact on assessing the Udita Scheme Education going to doing job they are availing services through school aganwadi if not through schools.Drop out girls are contacted by aganwadi worker upto an extend and they need to work on it more to increase this percentage both in rural and urban areas as they are currently reaching only half of them approximately.Out of 17% girls not going to school in district Dindori (100%)followed by Badwani(92%) respondents are beneficiary of Udita scheme.It proves that they are able to devote time for accessing the services of Udita scheme through aganwadi.Whereas in the districts of Sagar (29%)and Jhabua (30%) respondents shared the aganwadi workers should do more outreach activities with girls who donot go to school(drop out girls)due household chores, child labour or child marriage.
3.1.8 Information on Udita scheme: Information on Udita scheme 61% of the total respondents have 80% information of Udita scheme and 39% 61% respondents donot have information 60% about Udita scheme. Out of the 39% respondents who donot have 40% information 13% are Udita 20% beneficiaries and 87% are non beneficiaries. 0% Yes No
3.1.9 Source of Information: 91% of respondents both beneficiary Source of Information on Udita and non beneficiary of the Udita scheme scheme have information of the scheme through aganwadi worker as Television(Doordrashan) 0% it’s the major source of information. Newspaper 0% Family/Relatives 1% Friends are the second source of Friends 6% information which is 6%.Only 1% of Hostel 0% information is received through school. school 1% Aganwadi Worker No information is received through 91% Hostels, Newspaper, Television 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (Doordarshan) and Newspaper.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
3.1.10 Publicity of Udita Scheme and source of information at Village level: 60% respondents stated that there is publicity of the scheme Publicity of the Scheme at Village level at village level. Publicity is 80% majorly done by aganwadi 60% workers(87%) followed by 60% Ngo’s (11%) and department 40% camps only(2%).No efforts are 40% being done in wallwritting, 20% distribution of pamphlet and Nukkadnataks. (refer to table 0% 3.1.10 a and b). Yes No
Source of information at village level
Wall writing 0%
Distribution of Pamphlet 0%
Nukkad Natak 0% Departmental Camp 2% Aganwadi Worker 87% NGO's 11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
3.1.11 Information level of the Udita scheme: Cumulative 84% of the respondents had information about Udita scheme.16% of the respondents both beneficiary and non beneficiary didn’t had Information level on the scheme any information about any of 30% 27% 23% the aspect of Udita Yojana.Out 25% of the respondents who had 18% 20% 15% 16% information about Udita scheme 15% 27% had information that 10% sanitary pad is available,23% on 5% information related to 0% menstruation and 18% on Sanitary Pad Information Sanitary pad Aneamia and No sanitary pad and its disposal and is available related to usage and its Nutrition information 15% on anemia and Menstruation disposal related to nutrition.16% of the Information respondents have heard about Udita scheme but they donot have any information on it.Out of these respondents who donot have any information on Udita scheme 13% are Udita beneficiaries and 87% are non beneficiary.Analyzing the 16% respondents who didn’t had any information in district Ujjain 71% and in Indore 65% respondents were in this category that too being an Urban area.If we compare this with tribal areas Jhabua and Dindori all respondents had information related to usage of sanitary pad.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
3.1.12 Usage of sanitary pad: 84% of the respondents use sanitary pad during menstruation whereas 16% donot Usage of sanitary pad during use sanitary pad.Out of this 16% only menstruation 33% of the respondents are beneficiary of Udita Scheme and that too receiving 16% services through aganwadi only. Hence 50% of the respondents are buying Yes sanitary pad from other places.All of the 84% No respondents use cloth if they are not using sanitary pad.(refer to table no 3.1.12 a and b).
3.1.13 Monthly expenses on sanitary pad: As per the above mentioned graph of 84% Monthly expenses on one packet of the beneficiary who use sanitary pad sanitary pad. 64% of the respondents spend Rs.20 to 30 on sanitary pad in a month followed by 80% 64% Rs.30 to 40 by 32% respondents. Only 4% 60% 32% respondents spend more than Rs.40 per 40% month. Jhabua (97%), Badwani (82%), 20% 3% 1% Dindori (77%), Mandla (76%) and 0% Alirajpur(67%) are the districts were they Rs.20-30 Rs.30-40 Rs.40-50 More than spend only 20 to 30 rupees on sanitary 50 rupees pad.Hence these tribal districts paying capacity is less and they are majorly dependent on Udita scheme to get sanitary pad.
3.1.14 Place of purchase of sanitary pad: 50% of the respondents both beneficiary and non beneficiary of Udita scheme buy Sanitary pad is bought from which sanitary pad from the market followed by place 31% from Udita Corner. Jhabua(41%),Sagar(38%),Indore(32%) Sanitary pad not used 12% Hospital 4% are the districts were respondents buy Wending machine 1% sanitary pad from Udita Corner.Dindori is Hostel 0% the district where (87%) of the School 3% From market 50% respondents buy sanitary pad from market Udita Corner of aganwadi. 31% followed by Sagar(58%),(47%) from Alirajpur.Hence inspite of Dindori and 0% 20% 40% 60% Alirajpur district paying only Rs.20 to 30 rupees monthly on sanitary pad are dependent majorly on market for buying of sanitary pad. Specifically in the districts of Dindori,Alirajpur and Sagar the functioning of Udita Corner needs to be seen.Only 3% of the sanitary pad is bought from the school.It’s bought highest from school in Bhopal (10%) and (7%) in Jabalpur and (3%) in Mandla and Ujjain.Among the tribal districts only in Alirajpur and Mandla sanitary pad is bought from schools.1% respondents buy sanitary pad from wending machine.It is available in Bhopal and Alirajpur only.-4% available in hospital and highest percentage available in Badwani (17%).
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3.1.15 Understanding on Menstruation: Only 30% of the respondents have Understanding of Menstruation correct and scientific information 45% related to menstruation (15% 50% 40% necessary for birth of child,6% 30% 15% 12% 14% necessary for creating of family and 20% 6% 9% 9% it’s a pure process). 57% of the 10% 0% respondents have some information related to menstruation but it’s not correct and scientific(45% its impure blood and 12% its god wish) and among 14% of the respondents there is total ignorance. Hence there is a strong need of imparting information related to menstruation and work specifically related to its myths and taboos.97% respondents of Dindori stated that it is impure blood,(50%) in Badwani and 44% respondents stated this in Jabalpur district.23% of the respondents in Jabalpur stated its pure process followed by 18% in Bhopal and 13% in Mandla. Among the respondents who didn’t had any information on menstruation were from Ujjain(58%),followed by 41% in Indore
3.1.16 Information on Best Medium of Information on best medium of usage usage during menstruation: 100% 90% during menstruation 90% of the respondents accepted that sanitary pad should be used during menstruation and 10% stated that 50% cloth should be used. 10% 0% 0% 0% Sanitary pad Cloth Dried Ohers leaves/Mud 3.1.17 Information on menstrual hygiene: 35% of the respondents had information that sanitary pad needs Information on menstrual hygiene. to be changed 4 to 5 times a 40% 35% 34% 35% day.34% stated that bathing 30% properly is necessary and only 20% 25% 20% 20% respondents had information 15% about proper disposal of used 10% 6% 5% sanitary pad or cloth after usage. 5% 0% As above chart no 3.1.12 which sanitary pad Cloth changed Cloth washed Bathing Proper disposal change 3 to 4 3 to 4 times by hot water properly of pad after mentions 16% who do not use times . usage sanitary pad,they use cloth have very less information on proper usage of cloth as only 5 % had information about how it should be washed and properly dried in sun and it should also be changed 3 to 4 times a day. Indore is the district where there is highest percentage in two categories of information on menstrual hygiene followed by Dindori, Bhopal and Sagar.In Indore itself fairing well in two menstrual hygiene practices information it is performing poor in another menstrual hygiene practice.Jhabua has the lowest percentage in two categories of menstrual hygiene information related to usage of cloth. Districts of Dindori and Sagar also have lowest information in one category each.
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3.1.18 Information on infections due to unhygienic menstrual management: 42% of the respondents stated that they had information of infections Information on Infections due to due to unhygienic menstrual unhygienic menstrual management management such as white 50% 42% discharge, itchiness and burning 40% 30% sensation in vagina followed by 30% 30% respondents stated information 18% 20% 10% on inflammation in uterus.18% 10% respondents stated information of 0% repeated urge of urination.10% of Inflammation Repeated urge White No information the respondents had no in uterus of urination discharge and information.In Indore district the itchiness. highest percentage of respondents (61%) had no information on infections due to unhygienic menstrual management. Indore(61%),Alirajpur(23%) and Mandla(16%) district respondents had the highest percentage of not having any information on infections due to unhygienic menstrual management.Among the respondents(10%)who donot have information 23% of respondents from Udita and 77% are non beneficiaries.
3.1.19 Information related to Balanced diet and aneamia available in Udita Corner : 94% of the respondents have information on the importance of balanced diet from aganwadi with regards to menstrual management. The respondents of Information on Balanced diet recieved from Udita Corner Jhabua,Mandla, Dindori and Badwani have 100% information on 6% the importance of balanced diet and in Indore only 23% of respondents stated that they did not receive any Yes information on balanced diet from No Udita Corner scheme. 94% 40% of the respondents had information on the importance of intake of pulses and milk which is the source of protein and calcium.Only 11% respondents had information on the importance of fat and Information provided related to oil for energy.Highest percentage of Nutrition in Udita Corner respondents (36%) had information that lack of imbalance diet would lead to repeated illness. Only 23% of Iron and Minerals through … 19% respondents stated that heavy blood Fat and Oil intake 11% discharge during menstruation is a Intake of Sour food and … 29% reason of aneamia,21 % had Intake of Pulses and Milk for … 40% information of lack of iron and protein in food,19% information of less 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% hemoglobin level,16% information on early age of marriage and child birth and only 8% had information on the importance of Vitamin C for absorbing Iron.13% of the beneficiaries had no information about the reasons of aneamia.(refer to table 3.1.19 a,b,c,d).
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3.1.20 Information on various food sources for increasing the nutrition level: Highest respondents (37%) had information related to Information on nutritious food to intake of green vegetables prevent aneamia. followed by 31% on 37% importance of fruits and 40% 31% 30% vegetables for Vitamin C 17% and 17% information on the 20% 15% intake of sprouts. 15% of the 10% respondents had information 0% on the intake of nonveg for Green Vegetables Vitamin C rich Sprouts intake Intake of non veg fruits and food. increasing nutrition level. vegetables. District Ujjain respondents had highest percentage in terms of the importance of green vegetables and lowest information in Jhabua(30%) on the importance of green leafy vegetable.31% of the respondents in Badwani had the highest information on the benefits of intake of nonveg to prevent anemia.
3.1.21 Availability of sanitary pad in village/city:
42% of the respondents stated Sanitary pad available in your that sanitary pad is available in village/city. local store and medical store followed by second highest in others 0% Hostel 0% aganwadi (28%) and in govt wending machine 2% and private hospitals(20%).In school 5% school its only 5% and hostel its Aganwadi kendra 28% Govt /Private Hospital 20% 0%.Vending machine is Local store/medical store. 42% available in 2% places SHG. 4% only.Availability of sanitary pad is highest in Indore as responded 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% by 44% respondents followed by 34% respondents of Mandla and 32% in Bhopal and lowest availability in Dindori 1% and 18% in Jhabua.In sagar highest respondents(56%) stated that there is availability of sanitary pad at local store and medical shops followed by Dindori (51%).Availability of sanitary pad through vending machine is highest in Bhopal(6%) followed by (3%) in Ujjain and 2% each Indore and Mandla.
3.1.22 Availability status of sanitary pad in respondents locality: In 86% places there is easy availability of sanitary pad and in Availability of sanitary pad in above 14% places there is difficulty in mentioned places availability of sanitary pad.100% of the respondents of Indore and Ujjain stated that there is easy availability of 14% sanitary pad followed by Sagar (99%), Yes Dindori (98%)and Jhabua No (93%).Highest percentage of 86% difficulty in getting sanitary pad Badwani district is (62%) followed by 27% in Mandla district.
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3.1.23 Problems faced in getting sanitary pad: Out of the above mentioned 14% respondents who face problem in Problems faced in getting sanitary availability of sanitary pad.Highest pad percentage of respondents 26% stated 10% that sanitary pad is costly.25% of the Aganwadi is far away from … 7% respondents faced problem as they 1% Less stalk in aganwadi and … 4% feel shy in purchasing sanitary 26% pad.22% stated that money is not Bad experience of using … 4% 22% given by family. shame in purchasing from … 25% Respondents of Mandla (35%), 0% 10% 20% 30% Badwani (31%) and Jabalpur (26%) of respondents are the districts where they feel that sanitary pad is costly. Highest percentage of respondents who stated that they feel shy in purchasing sanitary pad from shop were from Dindori,29% from Alirajur,28% respondents from Bhopal and 27% respondents from Mandla.31% of the respondents Mandla stated that money is not given by family followed by Badwani(25%) and Dindori(20%).12% of the respondents from Jhabua stated that aganwadi stays closed.58% of respondents from Jabalpur stated that shop is far away from home.
3.1.24 Availability of vending machine : Only 12% respondents stated the availability of vending machine and Availability of vending machine 88% non availability of vending machine.In districts of Dindori,Jhabua and Sagar all the respondents stated the 12% nonavailability of Vending Yes machine.Among these 10 districts No highest Indore,Mandla and Bhopal 88% comparatively fares good in availability of vending machine.
3.1.25 Place where vending machine is installed: Most of the vending machine is installed in Hospital (35%) and (34%) Place where vending machine in aganwadis followed by school 25% installed and only 6% in railway station.7 40% 35% 34% districts out of these 10 districts 30% 25% responded stated that vending machine is 20% installed in school Jabalpur, Indore, 6% Bhopal.Jabalpur and Bhopal has the 10% 0% 0% highest no of respondents who stated that 0% School Hospital Aganwadi Hostel Railway Other vending machine is installed in school. Station places Only respondents of 3 districts stated installation of vending machine in railway station viz Ujjain, Indore and Bhopal.Highest percentage of respondent of Ujjain stated of having vending machine in railway station.Only 3% respondents stated installation of vending machine in other places besides their village/city.(refer to table no 3.1.25 a and b).
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3.1.26 Type of Denominator of Coin used in vending machine: Highest percentage (65%) of beneficiary stated the Denominator of coin used in wending usage of five rupees coin in machine vending machine, followed 80% by 30% usage of one rupee 65% coin and 5% stated the use 60% of ten rupee coin. 40% 30%
20% 5% 0% 1 rupee coin 5 rupee coin 10 rupee coin
3.1.27 Information on disposal of sanitary pad: 91% beneficiaries had information on disposal of Information on disposal of sanitary pad sanitary pad and only 9% didnot have any information on the process of disposal of 9% sanitary pad.Out 9% of the beneficiaries who donot have Yes information on the disposal No 19% are Udita beneficiaries and 81% are 91% nonbeneficiaries.
3.1.28 Methods of disposal of used sanitary pad:
Above graph no 3.1.27 states Methods of disposal of used sanitary pad 91% of the beneficiary having 46% information on the disposal 50% system out which highest 40% 33% percentage of beneficiaries (46%) of Udita Scheme stated 30% 20% that burning of sanitary pad is 20% being done, followed by 33% disposal in garbage,20% by 10% 1% 0% dugging it under the surface 0% and 1% by throwing it in Disposed in Burning Dugging Thrown in Insenitor water.This indicates that there garbage river is lack of good disposal system specifically when garbages at village level as not timely unfilled and taken away for proper disposal.There is no proper garbage collection and disposal system.Lack of disposal system also promotes usage of cloth as its disposal frequency is less as it is reused by washing it as there is a local taboo/belief that used sanitary pads attracts evil.
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3.1.29 Availability of Incinerator at Village level:
Only 2% of the beneficiaries stated that there is availability of incinerator at village level and 98% stated that it is not available at village level.Its available in Ujjain, Alirajpur, Badwani, Mandla, Indore, Jhabua and Sagar.
Availability of Incinerator at village
2%
Yes No
98%
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3.2 Findings from beneficiary of Udita Corner –Barriers in usage of sanitary pad.
3.2.1 Year wise beneficiary of Udita Scheme: 43% each of respondents were beneficiary of Udita in the year 16-17 and 17-18.14% of the beneficiary were its respondents since 2015-2016. Yearwise beneficiary of udita Beneficiary of Bhopal (15%), Indore (15%),Mandla (13%), 50% 43% 43% Alirajpur (5%) and 40% Badwani(3%) were its beneficiary since 2015-2016. 30% 20% 14% Out of these 10 districts 10% Badwani and Indore were the districts were Udita was 0% implemented in the first phase. Since 15-16 Since 16-17 Since 17-18 Bhopal,Mandla and Alirajpur districts having percentage of respondents registered since 2015-2016 shows good outreach work by aganwadi workers and presence of other facilitating factors for information dissemination on Udita scheme.If we compare the registration of beneficiary of Indore and Badwani,Indore had registered more number of beneficiary in the first year(15%) and second year(75%) and only 10% in the third year.Badwani districts performance is lacking behind as only 3% each were registered in the first year and second year and 95% respondents in the third year.In the previous year 2017-2018 Badwani has registered the highest no of respondents followed by 58% respondents in mandla,58% in alirajpur and 43% in Bhopal.
3.2.2 Availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi:
88% beneficiaries stated that there is availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi and 12% stated that there is no sanitary pad in aganwadi.8 districts out of 10 Easy Availability of sanitary pad in selected districts stated donot have easy availability of sanitary aganwadi kendra pad in aganwadi Kendra, highest being in Badwani (55%) followed by Jhabua (18%), 12% Mandla(15%), Yes Alirajpur(13%).Sagar and No Ujjain are the only two districts 88% where 100% of the beneficiary stated that there is a supply of sanitary pad.Badwani being the district where Udita scheme was launched since 2015-2016 inspite of this the non availability of sanitary pad is a serious issue as 55% responded stated this whereas Indore only 5% which is also one of the district where Udita corner was started in the first phase.
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3.2.3 Monthly usage pattern of sanitary pad from Udita Corner:
Dindori, Jhabua, sagar and Ujjain are the districts where 100% of Sanitary pad being used every the beneficiary use sanitary pad month from udita corner. from Udita corner every month.Highest percentage of 6% sanitary pad not being used every month from aganwadi is from Yes Indore(20%) whereas 95% of the No beneficiary had stated that there is 94% availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi.Hence quality of sanitary pad and purchasing capacity of beneficiary is a major factor in non use of sanitary pad every month from aganwadi.15% of the respondents of district Alirajpur donot use sanitary pad on monthly basis as availability of sanitary pad is a major issue as 13% responded stated that there is no availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi.There is a strong connection between supply of sanitary pad at aganwadi and monthly usage by Udita respondent as in Sagar and Ujjain district 100% availability and 100% usage by beneficiary.
3.2.4 Quality of sanitary pad available at Udita Corner:
82% of the beneficiary of Udita corner appreciated the Quality of sanitary pad in udita corner quality of sanitary pad in 29% various parameters such as 30% 26% easy to use, comfortable, long- 25% lasting and feels comfortable 20% 20% 18% day long.18% of the respondents stated that it 15% gets wet easily hence it needs 10% 7% to be changed in short duration of time as the 5% sanitary pad is 0% thin.Beneficiaries of Bhopal Easy to use Comfortable Long lasting Feels Pad gets (32%-Easy to use), Ujjain comfortable wet in short day long duration (48%-comfortable), Dindori (29% long lasting),Indore (27% feels comfortable) had the highest percentage of beneficiaries who responded positive response in each category respectively related to the benefits of sanitary pad. Beneficiaries of Jhabua(22%),Alirajpur(20%) and Badwani(21%) stated that sanitary pad gets wet easily.
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3.2.5 Cost of sanitary pad in Udita Corner: 39% of the beneficiary stated that sanitary pad is more than twenty Cost of sanitary pad under udita rupees followed by 36% of 11 to scheme of aganwadi 20 rupees,19% of 1 to 10 rupees 50% and only 2% of the beneficiary 39% stated that its available 40% 36% free.Sagar,Jabalpur and 30% 19% Badwani had high percentage of 20% beneficiary who responded that 10% 2% 5% sanitary pad is available more 0% than twenty rupees.In some Free 1-10 rupees 11-20 More than Not aganwadis of Jabalpur 15% rupees 20 rupees purchased beneficiary responded that its available free.5% of the beneficiaries of Udita scheme are not purchasing sanitary pad from Udita Corner 20% in Indore,15% in Alirajpur,5% in Mandla and 3% each in Dindori and Jabalpur.
3.2.6 Benefits of usage of sanitary pad: Highest percentage of beneficiaries (28%) stated that it Benefits of use of sanitary pad from udita provides safety from reproductive corner of aganwadi tract infection, followed by 22% 28% 30% 22% 22% beneficiaries shared that it 25% 17% 20% provides safety in going to public 15% 11% 10% places as there is safety from stains 5% and chances of sanitary pad 0% moving from its place during Safety from safety in Individual No need of No need of infection going to hygiene is washing being usage as in the case of cloth is public maintained. ashamed less.22% beneficiaries shared an places. due to important benefit that there is no blood stains use of washing it as shortage of water in certain places is a serious issue.17% of beneficiaries indicated the importance of individual hygiene.
3.2.7 Continuation of use of sanitary Continuation of use of sanitary pad in pad and recommending its usage future. to others: 98% beneficiaries want to 2% continue the usage of sanitary pad as they have experienced the benefits of sanitary pad over other Yes mediums of sanitary pad specially No cloth.99% of beneficiaries would 98% recommend others for usage of sanitary pad only 1% would not recommend its usage.(refer to table no 3.2.7 a and b).
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3.2.8 Distance of aganwadi from beneficiaries home: Aganwadi distance from home 100% 92% 92% respondents shared that aganwadi is within 2 kms and 8% 80% shared that its between 2 to 4 kms 60% and there are no beneficiaries whose 40% need to go to aganwadi which is more than 4 kms. In Mandla and 20% 8% 0% Alirajpur districts 18% and 12% 0% beneficiaries of Udita scheme shared 0-2km 2-4km More than 4 km that the distance of aganwadi is from 2 to 4 kms.
3.2.9 Timely availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi:
84% beneficiaries stated that there Timely availability of sanitary pad in is timely availability of sanitary aganwadi pad and 16% respondent shared that there is untimely/irregular availability of sanitary pad.In 16% Badwani district highest Yes percentage of beneficiaries of No Udita scheme 53% responded 84% on the irregular availability of Udita scheme,followed by Jhabua and Mandla(30%) ,10% in Sagar and 3% each in Dindori and Jabalpur.
3.2.10 Frequency of visits at aganwadi to get Sanitary Pad: No of visists at aganwadi to get sanitary pad 85% beneficiaries shared that 100% 85% visit of aganwadi needs to be done 1 to 2 times to get sanitary 80% pad,13% stated visit needs to be 60% made 2 to 3 times and 2% more 40% than three times.In Badwani district 19% beneficiaries stated 20% 13% 2% that visit needs to be made two to 0% three times and in Mandla 3% 1 to 2 times 2 to 3 times More than 3 times stated that visits need to be made more than three times.
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3.2.11 Day of week most visited by beneficiary for availing services of Udita Scheme: 89% beneficiaries stated Tuesday is a day of week where visits are mostly done by beneficiaries and 2% stated Monday.9% of the Which day of week beneficiaries go for beneficiaries never visit the availing udita scheme. aganwadi inspite of their name being enrolled in Udita Corner. 100% 89% Out of this 9% beneficiaries 80% who donot go to aganwadi 60% 57% are schoolgoing girls and 40% are not going to school 40% and 3% are doing job.Hence 20% 9% the girls who go to school are 2% generally not in a condition to 0% avail the services of aganwadi Monday Tuesday Never affecting Udita related schemes as well.
Matrix of Difficulty in Implementation of the Scheme in various districts as stated by Anganwadi workers in these selected districts.
Districts Non availability of Demanding Free Poor quality of Sanitary Pad or irregular supply or pad(Thin,Get wets easily,No of supply. discounted price. pads less in a packet) Jabalpur Jhabua Alirajpur Bhopal Mandla Indore Ujjain Badwani Indore Sagar
Comparison of issues stated of difficulties by aganwadi workers and beneficiaries.
1. 88% beneficiaries stated that there is availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi and 12% stated that there is no sanitary pad in aganwadi.Hence the aganwadi workers are managing its supply at their individual level by purchasing it with their own money. Availability is ensured but such system affects its regular supply 85% beneficiaries shared that visit of aganwadi needs to be done 1 to 2 times to get sanitary pad,13% stated visit needs to be made 2 to 3 times and 2% more than three times.
2. 83% of the beneficiary of Udita corner appreciated the quality of sanitary pad in various parameters such as easy to use, comfortable, longlasting and feels comfortable day long as mostly beneficiaries of Udita belonged to lower economic condition as 65% respondents belonged to Below Poverty line as well .18% of the respondents stated that it gets wet easily hence it needs to be changed in shortduration. Beneficiaries of Jhabua(22%),Alirajpur (20%) and Badwani (21%) stated that sanitary pad gets wet easily.
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Chapter - 4.Major Findings 1. To understand the awareness level of adolescent girls and women about the Udita Scheme.
-61% of the total respondents have information of Udita scheme and 39% respondents do not have information about Udita scheme.Out of the respondents who do not have information 13% are Udita beneficiaries and 87% are non beneficiaries.(refer to table no 3.1.8).
-Information level of Udita scheme :27% had information that sanitary pad is available.23% had information related to menstruation and 18% on sanitary pad and its disposal and 15% on aneamia and nutrition.16% of the respondents have heard about Udita scheme but they donot have any information on it. Out of this 16% respondents who donot have any information on Udita scheme 13% are Udita beneficiaries and 87% are non beneficiary.(refer to table no 3.1.11)
-Source of Information:91% of respondents both beneficiary and non beneficiary of the Udita scheme have information of the scheme through aganwadi worker as it’s the major source of information. Friends are the second source of information which is 6%.Only 1% of information is received through school.No information is received through Hostels, Newspaper, Television (Doordarshan) and Newspaper.(refer to table no 3.1.9). 60% respondents stated that there is publicity of the scheme at village level.Publicity is majorly done by aganwadi worker(87%) followed by Ngo’s (11%) and department camps only(2%).No efforts are being done in wall writting, distribution of pamphlet and Nukkadnataks. (refer to table 3.1.10 and b). 60% respondents stated that there is publicity of the scheme at village level. Publicity is majorly done by aganwadi worker(87%) followed by Ngo’s (11%) and department camps only(2%).No efforts are being done in wallwritting, distribution of pamphlet and Nukkadnataks.(refer to graph no 3.1.10)
2. To understand the availability of Sanitary Napkin at aganwadis and other places.
88% beneficiaries stated that there is availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi and 12% stated that there is no sanitary pad in aganwadi.8 districts out of 10 selected districts stated non availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi Kendra.Highest being in badwani(55%) followed by Jhabua(18%),Mandla(15%),Alirajpur(13%).Sagar and Ujjain are the only two districts where 100% of the beneficiary stated that there is a supply of sanitary pad.Badwani being the district where Udita scheme was launched since 2015-2016 inspite of this the non availability of sanitary pad is a serious issue as 55% responded stated this whereas Indore only 5% which is also one of the district where Udita corner was started in the first phase.(refer to graph 3.2.2).
At the village level and city level 42% of the respondents both beneficiary and non beneficiary of Udita scheme stated that there is availability of sanitary pad at local store and medical store) and 50% of the total respondents in rural and urban areas buy it from market. With regards to availability of sanitary pad at aganwadis 28% respondents stated that it is available in aganwadi and 31% stated that it is purchased from Udita Corner.Hence there is dependence on market for its availability and purchase .
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At the village level only 5% is available in schools and 3% of the respondents stated that it is purchased from schools.In hostels there is no availability and purchase of sanitary pad. 2% of the respondents stated that there is availability of sanitary pad through vending machine and 1% is purchased through it and only 4% is available through Self Help groups. Most of the vending machines are installed in hospitals (35%),aganwadis (34%) and schools(25%).Availability of sanitary pad in aganwadis is highest in Indore as stated by 44% respondents followed by 34% respondents of Mandla and 32% in Bhopal and lowest availability in Dindori 1% and 18% in Jhabua.
88% of the respondents stated the non availability of vending machine at their village level. In districts Dindori,Jhabua and Sagar there was no availability of Vending machine. Availability of vending machine in railway stations is only 6% as stated by respondents. Sanitary pad made available through vending machines installed at aganwadis is highest in Indore as stated by 61% respondents followed by 52% respondents in Alirajpur and 42% in Bhopal.( refer to graph no 3.1.14, 3.1.21 and 3.1.25(a).
Note :The untimely/irregular availability of Sanitary pad is further analyzed in the point no 4(To assess the barriers in availability of sanitary pads for adolescent girls and women.)
3. To understand the disposal system of Sanitary napkins.
91% beneficiaries had information on disposal of sanitary pad and only 9% donot have any information on the process of disposal of sanitary pad. Out of the beneficiaries who donot have information on the disposal 19% are Udita beneficiaries and 81% are nonbeneficiaries.(refer to graph no 3.1.27).Highest percentage(46%) of beneficiaries of Udita Scheme stated that burning of sanitary pad is being done, followed by 33% disposal in garbage,20% by dugging it under the surface and 1% by throwing it in water.(refer to graph no 3.1.28)
Only 2% of the beneficiaries stated that there is availability of incinerator at village level.Its available in Ujjain,Alirajpur,Badwani,Mandla,Indore,Jhabua and Sagar.
4. To assess the barriers in availability of sanitary pads for adolescent girls and women.
86% respondents stated that there is easy availability of sanitary pad at their local level and in 14% places there is difficulty in availability of sanitary pad.84% beneficiaries of Udita scheme stated that there is timely availability of sanitary pad and 16% shared that there is untimely/irregular availability of sanitary pad. In Badwani district highest percentage of beneficiaries of Udita scheme 53% responded on the irregular availability of Udita scheme, followed by Jhabua and Mandla (30%) ,10% in Sagar and 3% each in Dindori and Jabalpur.(refer to graph no 3.1.22 and 3.2.9).
85% beneficiaries shared that visit of aganwadi needs to be done 1 to 2 times to get sanitary pad,13% stated visit needs to be made 2 to 3 times and 2% more than three times. In Badwani district 19% beneficiaries stated that visit needs to be made two to three times and in Mandla 3% stated that visits need to be made more than three times.
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92% respondents shared that aganwadi is within 2 kms and 8% shared that its between 2 to 4 kms and there are no beneficiaries whose need to go to aganwadi which is more than 4 kms. In Mandla and Alirajpur districts 18% and 12% beneficiaries of Udita scheme shared that the distance of aganwadi is from 2 to 4 kms.Therefore in Mandla district in some aganwadis the distance of aganwadi from home and frequency of visits is more.Hence inspite of less percentage of untimely and irregular availability of sanitary pad by doing a deeper analysis we find that frequency of visists of aganwadi are higher in some districts and distance of aganwadi is also high.Cost of sanitary pad is a major issue as 26% of all respondents stated that it is a major problem faced in using sanitary pad,25% stated that they feel shame in purchasing sanitary pad from shop and 22% stated that money is not given by family members to purchase sanitary pad.So there is a problem of reach and access.98% beneficiaries of Udita scheme want to continue its usage hence there is a need of solving these barriers.( refer to graph no 3.2.8 and 3.2.10 and 3.1.23).
In Udita scheme one of the major component is creating awareness about Menstruation related hygiene but in the study finding state that only 23% of the respondents have some information related to menstruation,18% on its usage and disposal and 15% on aneamia and nutrition related information. If we analyze it only 30% respondents have correct and scientific information on menstruation.57% of the respondents have some information related to menstruation but it’s not correct and scientific(45% its impure blood and 12% its god wish) and among 14% of the respondents there is total ignorance.97% respondents of Dindori stated that it is impure blood,50% in Badwani and 44% respondents stated this in Jabalpur district. Hence there is a strong need of imparting information related to menstruation and work specifically related to its myths and taboos. (refer to graph 3.1.11 and 3.1.15).
The aganwadi workers stated that there is no supply of sanitary pad by government they have to purchase the sanitary pad with their own expenses and later sell it.The beneficiaries expect that it needs to be sold free or in a discounted rate as they have not in a condition due to low economic condition or expectation that it’s a government scheme hence it needs to be supplied free.The quality of sanitary pad needs to be made better as it gets wet easily.This has been also stated by 18% of the beneficiaries of Udita scheme.
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Chapter-5. Recommendations:
1.There is a need of enhancing and revisiting of sanitary pad quality and its distribution system:
Regular supply of sanitary pad needs to be done by the department rather than instructing aganwadi workers to ensure the availability of sanitary pads at their own level.Supply of sanitary pad needs to be done free is some districts where the beneficiaries are economically weak such as tribal and scheduled caste dominated districts or making it available free in all districts as availability of free sanitary pad would ensure behavior change in menstrual management and hygiene by changing from usage of cloth to sanitary pads and changing of pads is a timely manner as per prescribed norm of hygiene.Quality and Price of sanitary pad should be looked into so that repeated usage can be promoted.
In some districts it is available free and in some it’s available more than twenty rupees at aganwadis.Inspite of good economic condition decision makers of family (majorly male earning members) donot allow expenses to be made on sanitary pad considering it as a non issue and wastage of money.22% respondents stated that money is not given by family members to purchase sanitary pad.Aganwadi Kendras,Government schools and hostels have predominant beneficiaries of lower or middle economic class.
2.Vending machines should be installed in priority in public places or such places where there is lack of privacy: Girls and women feel shy to demand/purchase sanitary pad. Adolescent girls specifically feel shy to purchase sanitary pad from market or in cases of travel and in coeducation schools as well.
3.In districts where beneficiaries are still using cloth there is need of giving them proper information on the usage of cloth as well till they shift to use of sanitary pad as it would lead of infection.Out of 17% who do not use sanitary pad use cloth have very less information on proper usage of cloth as only 5 % had information about how it should be washed and properly dried in sun and it should also be changed 3 to 4 times a day.
4. There is a need of studying the purchase of sanitary pad of those districts where there is major dependence of purchase from market (local stores and medical shops) inspite of being socially and economically deprived and disadvantaged to ensure continuity of usage of sanitary pad as 50% of the respondents both beneficiary and no beneficiary of Udita scheme buy sanitary pad from the market followed by 31% from Udita Corner. Dindori (87%) Sagar (58%),Alirajpur(47%) are these districts out of these selected 10 districts where purchase is being highly made from market.
5. All components of Udita scheme should be available and other services for adolescents to increase the no of beneficiaries in aganwadi such as information sharing on menstruation, importance of nutrition, interconnection between nutrition aneamia and menstruation, reproductive tract infection, disposal of sanitary napkin, demystifying myths and taboos, gender ,availability of sanitary pad of good quality on a regular basis and even getting feedback from beneficiaries who are using it to make behavioural change of those beneficiaries specifically who are shifting from cloth to sanitary pad.
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6.Other Suggestions given by Aganwadi Workers
To improve the quality of the Sanitary pad so that it lasts for a longer time. The sanitary pad length should be increased and should be more thick with use of more cotton. More sanitary pad should be available in a packet a minimum of 8 sanitary pads. Availability of good quality of pad in cheap cost or free of cost. There is a need of time to time trainings related to Nutrition, Menstrual Hygiene and Reproductive Tract Infection. Installation of Vending Machine. Timely monthly availability of Sanitary Pad of good quality would increase the access of services under Udita Scheme. Aganwadi workers need training on behavior change communication specifically with adolescent girls mother as they themselves use cloth. The fourth Mangal Diwas celebrated for adolescent girls doesn’t ensure participation of these girls as they are busy in school.
Suggestions related to Interdepartmental Coordination facilitated by Women and Child Welfare department
1.Capacity building of aganwadi worker and development of IEC material:
Aganwadi workers are the pivotal of the scheme hence there capacity building in various aspects of Menstrual hygiene and Menstrual management is necessary.16% of the respondents have heard about the scheme but donot have information on various aspects of the scheme.This indicates that aganwadi workers have not properly communicated on this matter specially information on the menstruation process and demystifying myths and taboos around menstruation.Aganwadi workers themselves are part of the community and they themselves have lack of information on this thematic area and taboos.Various series of capacity building programmes would make them confident to communicate on this thematic area to adolescents girls and their parents/guardians even men as well.
There is a need of providing simplified information to adolescents girls and their family members on menstrual health and hygiene is necessary.As per study majority of the respondents were educated till 10th standard only.Hence aganwadi or schools are the only places from where they can get proper information on menstrual health and hygience.After passing 10th standard the opportunity of getting higher education gets lesser and chances of drop out from education and resultant child marriage gets higher. Educating adolescent girls about menstruation leads to adoption of safe menstrual hygiene management practices.
There is a need of IEC material with details of the scheme as there is no pamphlet with regards to publicity of the scheme and it’s majorly dependent on efforts made by aganwadi worker.This process would help in increasing the value of Udita Corner rather than being seen only as a point of availability of sanitary pad.Proper communication with adolescent girls, their parents would decrease the hesitation of adolescent girls and the parents would also realize the importance of menstrual hygiene and would also allow them to spend on sanitary pads and create a taboo free environment at home and society at large as well.Handholding support can be provided by RKSK-Rashtriya kishor Swasthya Karyakram team members at village level to aganwadi workers being implemented in 13 districts of MadhyaPradesh.
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2. Schools and Hostels should make more efforts in orientation of adolescent girls on menstrual health and the implementation of Udita scheme with proper availability of sanitary pad and other resources of toilet, water, disposal etc:
Only 1% information is being shared through schools and 0% through hostels.Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities that are responsive to the needs of girls and women during menstruation are critical to menstrual hygiene. Girls and women generally use toilets more frequently and for a longer period of time than boys and men, especially while managing their menses, when pregnant, or during other periods of extended vaginal bleeding. Female friendly toilet has been coined to refer to - a safe and conveniently located toilet, separated by gender (if communal or public), which provides privacy (doors, locks), a culturally appropriate menstrual waste disposal option (dustbins, chutes, pits), water and soap is available for washing blood off one’s hands (water tap or bucket), suitable drainage and accessibility.In aganwadi and schools such services should be available as there is lack of water supply, functional toilets and disposal facilities of used sanitary pad in aganwadi and schools as this would facilitate using of sanitary pad and its timely change with cleaning of genital organs.Coordination can be done with RKSK programme of Health department regarding its implementation in school and Hostel level.
3.Inclusion of school going girls in Udita scheme by expanding services at school and hostel level to increase its reach and access: As per the study 17% of the respondents (girls) were not going to school.Out of this percentage of girls not going to school 58% were beneficiary of Udita Scheme and 43% who were non beneficiary of Udita Scheme.Hence when girls go to school they donot have time to avail the services of Udita Corner at aganwadi.There is a need of ensure that no adolescent girl are left behind, reaching those enrolled in school as well as those who may not be in school (never attended school or discontinued their education.A government order should be issued to aganwadi workers and ASHA workers to go to nearby schools and hostels for availability of services of Udita Scheme specifically educating on menstrual hygience and creation of Udita Corners at school and hostel level. Incentive can be given to ASHA worker as well for increasing the beneficiaries of Udita Corner from schools and hostels.In various government hostels meant girls there should be regular and free availability of sanitary pad, there should be separate budget regarding it.
4. Availability of sanitary pad at local level through Self Help groups:There is a need of availability of sanitary pad at local level specially through creation of units at the village level and engaging of Self help groups in its production and distribution. It would reduce the distribution cost of government and would provide livelihood to women as well. Various successful models operation at MadhyaPradesh or other states need detailed study so that they could be replicated or upgraded.Such models are available in district Chhatarpur as it is being implemented by a ngo named Dharti in 150 villages. Engaging of NRLM –Aajeevika mission groups for production and distribution of sanitary pad as its being done in some districts of MadhyaPradesh.
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5.Working on a workable model of disposable system and increasing the interdepartmental coordination regarding it: As per as the study major respondents dispose or burn it in open spaces which has a negative impact on environment. Incinerators are also not a viable options as its fume due to burning of biowaste is not allowed by pollution control board.In this context dugging of sanitary pad or available of proper disposable system through local bodies municipality and panchayats needs to be made.The Panchayat needs to utilize its funds for available of human power to collect waste door to door as its available in urban areas.In Urban areas the seggregation of waste is done in dry and wet category only the third category of Domestic hazardous waste should be implemented,so that used sanitary pads could be disposed separatedly.Till then such systems are established proper spaces should be marked where dugging of such waste can be made which are available at public space and which is in the school and hostel campus as well.Disposal is an important component of promoting usage of sanitary pad as there is a myth specifically in tribal districts that used sanitary pad and cloth attracts negative energy and there would be some ill omen on the girl/women using it.Hence girl/women prefer using cloth as it can be washed for repeated usage and thrown after washing it.
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Chapter- 6.Annexure
3.1 .a Respondents from Urban and Rural areas
District Urban Rural Total Alirajpur 50% 50% 100% Badwani 51% 49% 100% Bhopal 50% 50% 100% Dindori 51% 49% 100% Indore 50% 50% 100% Jabalpur 50% 50% 100% Jhabua 53% 48% 100% Mandla 68% 33% 100% Sagar 50% 50% 100% Ujjain 48% 53% 100% State 52% 48% 100%
3.1.b Respondents Registered in Aganwadi
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 33% 67% 100% Badwani 33% 67% 100% Bhopal 72% 28% 100% Dindori 33% 67% 100% Indore 33% 67% 100% Jabalpur 76% 24% 100% Jhabua 65% 35% 100% Mandla 34% 66% 100% Sagar 69% 31% 100% Ujjain 39% 61% 100% State 49% 51% 100%
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3.1. c If yes registered in which scheme/project.
District Udita other Schemes Total Alirajpur 100% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 100% Bhopal 47% 53% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 100% 0% 100% Jabalpur 44% 56% 100% Jhabua 51% 49% 100% Mandla 98% 2% 100% Sagar 48% 52% 100% Ujjain 85% 15% 100% State 68% 32% 100%
3.1.2 Age of Respondents
District 10-20 21-30 year 31years and Total year above. Alirajpur 66% 31% 3% 100% Badwani 44% 43% 13% 100% Bhopal 54% 38% 8% 100% Dindori 34% 48% 18% 100% Indore 43% 36% 21% 100% Jabalpur 54% 33% 13% 100% Jhabua 39% 43% 18% 100% Mandla 50% 36% 14% 100% Sagar 43% 44% 13% 100% Ujjain 55% 29% 16% 100% State 48% 38% 14% 100%
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3.1.3(a) Marital Status of respondents
District Unmarried Unmarried Married Women Total adolescent girl women Alirajpur 66% 8% 26% 100% Badwani 42% 3% 56% 100% Bhopal 55% 3% 42% 100% Dindori 33% 8% 58% 100% Indore 45% 0% 55% 100% Jabalpur 56% 0% 44% 100% Jhabua 51% 0% 49% 100% Mandla 59% 3% 38% 100% Sagar 48% 16% 36% 100% Ujjain 67% 2% 32% 100% State 52% 4% 44% 100%
3.1.3 (b) If married, then no of children
District One Two Two to Three No Pregnant Total Children Alirajpur 39% 45% 6% 0% 10% 100% Badwani 13% 49% 31% 4% 1% 100% Bhopal 24% 54% 16% 0% 6% 100% Dindori 43% 46% 7% 4% 0% 100% Indore 17% 48% 26% 5% 5% 100% Jabalpur 17% 42% 19% 8% 15% 100% Jhabua 15% 41% 20% 3% 20% 100% Mandla 26% 39% 11% 9% 15% 100% Sagar 14% 28% 28% 12% 19% 100% Ujjain 16% 68% 11% 5% 0% 100% State 22% 46% 18% 5% 9% 100%
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3.1.4 Educational Status
District Uneducated 5th to 8th 10th pass Graduation Total standard Alirajpur 31% 39% 19% 11% 100% Badwani 15% 42% 35% 8% 100% Bhopal 13% 48% 38% 1% 100% Dindori 0% 21% 35% 44% 100% Indore 7% 38% 46% 10% 100% Jabalpur 12% 42% 43% 4% 100% Jhabua 48% 27% 21% 4% 100% Mandla 12% 28% 46% 14% 100% Sagar 13% 34% 41% 12% 100% Ujjain 18% 38% 32% 13% 100% States 17% 36% 36% 12% 100%
3.1.5 (a) Caste of Respondents
District Scheduled Scheduled Other General Minority Total Tribe Caste backward caste(OBC) Alirajpur 65% 16% 9% 9% 1% 100% Badwani 48% 23% 23% 8% 0% 100% Bhopal 10% 24% 53% 13% 0% 100% Dindori 7% 46% 39% 8% 0% 100% Indore 8% 21% 60% 12% 0% 100% Jabalpur 10% 17% 52% 22% 0% 100% Jhabua 62% 17% 11% 11% 0% 100% Mandla 41% 17% 41% 2% 0% 100% Sagar 19% 16% 56% 9% 0% 100% Ujjain 14% 20% 40% 22% 4% 100% State 28% 22% 38% 11% 1% 100%
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3.1.5 (b) Religion of respondent
District Hindu Muslim Sikh Christian Others Total Alirajpur 94% 6% 0% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 98% 2% 0% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 95% 5% 0% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Indore 88% 12% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 88% 12% 1% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 91% 8% 0% 2% 0% 100% Mandla 98% 2% 0% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 84% 16% 0% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 88% 12% 0% 0% 0% 100% State 93% 7% 0% 0% 0% 100%
3.1.6 (a)Economic status-Respondents from Below Poverty Line District Yes No Total Alirajpur 79% 21% 100% Badwani 83% 18% 100% Bhopal 62% 38% 100% Dindori 35% 65% 100% Indore 43% 58% 100% Jabalpur 69% 31% 100% Jhabua 61% 39% 100% Mandla 69% 31% 100% Sagar 90% 10% 100% Ujjain 57% 43% 100% State 65% 35% 100%
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3.1.6 (b) Source of income of Family
District Agriculture Labour Business Job others Total Govt/Private
Alirajpur 43% 38% 10% 9% 1% 100% Badwani 29% 59% 2% 10% 0% 100% Bhopal 28% 44% 14% 13% 1% 100% Dindori 26% 4% 5% 64% 1% 100% Indore 0% 33% 15% 29% 23% 100% Jabalpur 8% 40% 26% 26% 0% 100% Jhabua 44% 19% 12% 2% 23% 100% Mandla 17% 64% 3% 12% 5% 100% Sagar 48% 27% 6% 20% 0% 100% Ujjain 11% 42% 21% 22% 5% 100% State 25% 37% 11% 21% 6% 100%
3.1.6 (c) Monthly Income of the family from various sources of Income
District Daily Income 1000-5000 6000-10000 11000-15000 More than Total 100 to 300 15000 rupees
Alirajpur 7% 35% 40% 13% 6% 100% Badwani 3% 73% 16% 7% 2% 100% Bhopal 1% 45% 44% 7% 3% 100% Dindori 2% 23% 13% 22% 41% 100% Indore 0% 24% 58% 11% 7% 100% Jabalpur 0% 63% 29% 5% 3% 100% Jhabua 0% 45% 13% 19% 23% 100% Mandla 9% 59% 20% 4% 8% 100% Sagar 8% 46% 26% 11% 9% 100% Ujjain 8% 33% 41% 12% 7% 100% State 4% 45% 30% 11% 11% 100%
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3.1.7 Current engagements of respondents
State Pursuing Girls not Housewives Women Total Education going to doing job school Alirajpur 39% 36% 25% 0% 100% Badwani 19% 21% 52% 8% 100% Bhopal 42% 17% 41% 1% 100% Dindori 29% 5% 47% 19% 100% Indore 41% 3% 49% 7% 100% Jabalpur 38% 18% 38% 6% 100% Jhabua 32% 19% 49% 0% 100% Mandla 49% 13% 38% 1% 100% Sagar 50% 12% 30% 8% 100% Ujjain 44% 24% 27% 5% 100% State 38% 17% 40% 6% 100%
3.1.8 Information on Udita Scheme
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 51% 49% 100% Badwani 43% 57% 100% Bhopal 73% 28% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 21% 79% 100% Jabalpur 72% 28% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 55% 45% 100% Sagar 84% 16% 100% Ujjain 14% 86% 100% State 61% 39% 100%
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3.1.9 Source of information on Udita Scheme
District Aganwadi school Hostel Friends Family/Re News Television Total Worker latives paper (Doordrashan)
Alirajpur 93% 3% 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 89% 3% 0% 3% 3% 1% 0% 100% Dindori 68% 2% 0% 28% 2% 0% 0% 100% Indore 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 97% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 98% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 91% 0% 1% 7% 0% 1% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% State 91% 1% 0% 6% 1% 0% 0% 100%
3.1.10(a) Publicity of the Scheme at Village level
District Yes No Yes Alirajpur 51% 49% 100% Badwani 34% 66% 100% Bhopal 74% 26% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 24% 76% 100% Jabalpur 78% 23% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 60% 40% 100% Sagar 63% 37% 100% Ujjain 13% 88% 100% State 60% 40% 100%
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3.1.10 (b) If yes source of information at village level
District NGO's Aganwadi Departmental Nukkad Distribution Wall Total Worker Camp Natak of Pamphlet writing
Alirajpur 10% 87% 3% 0% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 2% 98% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 13% 87% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 32% 67% 1% 1% 0% 0% 100% Indore 17% 69% 14% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 12% 87% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 1% 99% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 3% 94% 3% 0% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 7% 93% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 7% 87% 7% 0% 0% 0% 100% State 11% 87% 2% 0% 0% 0% 100%
3.1.11 Information level of the Udita scheme
District Sanitary Pad Information Sanitary Aneamia No Total is available related to pad usage and inform Menstruation and its Nutrition ation disposal related to Information Alirajpur 24% 23% 16% 13% 23% 100% Badwani 22% 21% 17% 15% 24% 100% Bhopal 33% 25% 16% 15% 12% 100% Dindori 33% 25% 24% 18% 0% 100% Indore 7% 19% 5% 4% 65% 100% Jabalpur 28% 26% 17% 20% 9% 100% Jhabua 30% 32% 22% 16% 0% 100% Mandla 27% 24% 16% 13% 21% 100% Sagar 36% 17% 23% 21% 2% 100% Ujjain 16% 9% 2% 2% 71% 100% State 27% 23% 18% 15% 16% 100%
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3.1.12(a) Usage of Sanitary pad during Menstruation
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 74% 26% 100% Badwani 73% 28% 100% Bhopal 78% 22% 100% Dindori 98% 2% 100% Indore 73% 27% 100% Jabalpur 73% 28% 100% Jhabua 98% 2% 100% Mandla 77% 23% 100% Sagar 97% 3% 100% Ujjain 94% 6% 100% State 84% 16% 100%
3.1.12 (b) If not sanitary pad other source of usage
District Cloth Ash/Dried Others Total leaf/Mud Alirajpur 100% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 100% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 0% 100% Indore 100% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 100% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 100% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 100% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 0% 100% State 100% 0% 0% 100%
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3.1.13 If yes monthly expenses on one packet of sanitary pad.
District Rs.20-30 Rs.30-40 Rs.40-50 More than 50 Total rupees Alirajpur 67% 27% 6% 0% 100% Badwani 82% 17% 1% 0% 100% Bhopal 47% 50% 2% 1% 100% Dindori 77% 15% 7% 1% 100% Indore 60% 31% 7% 2% 100% Jabalpur 29% 64% 5% 2% 100% Jhabua 97% 3% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 76% 23% 1% 0% 100% Sagar 39% 60% 1% 0% 100% Ujjain 58% 39% 4% 0% 100% District 64% 32% 3% 1% 100%
3.1.14 Place of purchase of sanitary pad District Udita From School Hostel Wending Hospital Sanitary Total Corner of market machine pad not aganwadi. used Alirajpur 27% 47% 2% 0% 1% 4% 19% 100% Badwani 30% 43% 0% 0% 0% 0% 27% 100% Bhopal 24% 46% 10% 1% 3% 3% 13% 100% Dindori 11% 87% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 100% Indore 32% 47% 3% 0% 0% 0% 18% 100% Jabalpur 29% 44% 7% 0% 0% 2% 18% 100% Jhabua 41% 40% 0% 0% 0% 17% 1% 100% Mandla 29% 46% 3% 0% 1% 5% 17% 100% Sagar 38% 58% 1% 0% 0% 0% 3% 100% Ujjain 41% 51% 3% 0% 0% 1% 5% 100% State 31% 50% 3% 0% 1% 4% 12% 100%
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3.1.15 Understanding on Menstruation
District Impure Necessary Its god Family It’s a Not Total blood for birth wish. creation pure Known of child. process. Alirajpur 36% 18% 13% 6% 13% 14% 100% Badwani 50% 20% 21% 8% 1% 1% 100% Bhopal 43% 18% 2% 8% 18% 13% 100% Dindori 97% 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 100% Indore 29% 9% 11% 6% 4% 41% 100% Jabalpur 44% 18% 1% 11% 23% 3% 100% Jhabua 39% 17% 43% 1% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 39% 16% 18% 4% 13% 10% 100% Sagar 37% 30% 10% 14% 9% 0% 100% Ujjain 32% 3% 1% 3% 3% 58% 100% State 45% 15% 12% 6% 9% 14% 100%
3.1.16Information on Best Medium of usage during menstruation
District Sanitary pad Cloth Dried Ohers Total leaves/Mud Alirajpur 83% 17% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 78% 23% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 89% 11% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 95% 5% 0% 0% 100% Indore 86% 14% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 93% 8% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 98% 2% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 86% 14% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 97% 3% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 94% 6% 0% 0% 100% State 90% 10% 0% 0% 100%
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3.1.17Information on menstrual hygiene
District Sanitary Cloth Cloth Bathing Proper Total pad change changed washed properly disposal of 3 to 4 times 3 to 4 by hot pad/cloth a day. times a water after usage day and dried in sunlight Alirajpur 28% 10% 7% 31% 23% 100% Badwani 37% 9% 4% 22% 28% 100% Bhopal 37% 13% 4% 31% 16% 100% Dindori 50% 1% 3% 44% 2% 100% Indore 13% 2% 10% 62% 13% 100% Jabalpur 32% 9% 7% 37% 15% 100% Jhabua 33% 1% 1% 33% 32% 100% Mandla 32% 9% 7% 29% 23% 100% Sagar 38% 5% 4% 19% 34% 100% Ujjain 43% 3% 2% 42% 10% 100% State 35% 6% 5% 34% 20% 100%
3.1.18Information on infections due to unhygienic menstrual management
District Inflammation Repeated urge White discharge No Total in uterus of urination and itchiness. information Alirajpur 25% 18% 34% 23% 100% Badwani 25% 27% 41% 8% 100% Bhopal 36% 13% 42% 9% 100% Dindori 44% 11% 45% 0% 100% Indore 1% 1% 38% 61% 100% Jabalpur 37% 18% 42% 2% 100% Jhabua 35% 32% 31% 2% 100% Mandla 28% 13% 42% 16% 100% Sagar 35% 24% 41% 1% 100% Ujjain 11% 2% 79% 8% 100% State 30% 18% 42% 10% 100%
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3.1.19(a)Information related to Balanced diet available in Udita Corner
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 85% 15% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 100% Bhopal 98% 3% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 78% 23% 100% Jabalpur 98% 3% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 100% 0% 100% Sagar 98% 3% 100% Ujjain 85% 15% 100% State 94% 6% 100%
3.1.19 (b) Type of information on Balanced diet received
District Intake of Intake of Sour Fat and Iron and Total Pulses and food and Green Oil intake Minerals Milk for Vegetables for through Green Protein and Vitamins and leafy calcium. Minerals. vegetables Alirajpur 38% 25% 17% 20% 100% Badwani 33% 23% 21% 23% 100% Bhopal 47% 35% 7% 11% 100% Dindori 38% 38% 20% 5% 100% Indore 68% 30% 2% 0% 100% Jabalpur 45% 37% 9% 9% 100% Jhabua 35% 34% 2% 29% 100% Mandla 42% 23% 16% 19% 100% Sagar 33% 26% 11% 30% 100% Ujjain 41% 24% 0% 35% 100% State 40% 29% 11% 19% 100%
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3.1.19(c) Awareness on negative impacts on lack of balanced diet
District Weakness, Bones Repeated Less Less Total Irritation and become illness weight hemoglobin giddiness. weaker Alirajpur 9% 18% 45% 9% 18% 100% Badwani 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Bhopal 33% 33% 0% 33% 0% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 0% 8% 69% 8% 15% 100% Jabalpur 33% 33% 0% 0% 33% 100% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Sagar 33% 33% 33% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 42% 8% 8% 17% 25% 100% State 20% 16% 36% 11% 18% 100%
3.1.19(d) Information on reasons of aneamia
District Heavy Deficienc Less Lack of Marriage No Total blood y of Iron hemoglobin Vitamin and information discharge and as per C childbirth Protein standards. in young in food. age. Alirajpur 23% 16% 16% 9% 19% 16% 100% Badwani 30% 11% 19% 7% 31% 3% 100% Bhopal 26% 11% 12% 12% 6% 34% 100% Dindori 14% 27% 22% 15% 23% 0% 100% Indore 17% 16% 2% 4% 1% 60% 100% Jabalpur 33% 17% 13% 4% 2% 31% 100% Jhabua 30% 17% 22% 0% 30% 1% 100% Mandla 26% 18% 16% 6% 18% 17% 100% Sagar 11% 37% 37% 12% 2% 1% 100% Ujjain 20% 48% 2% 2% 0% 27% 100% State 23% 21% 19% 8% 16% 13% 100%
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3.1.20Information on various food sources for increasing the nutrition level
District Green Vitamin C Sprouts Intake of non Total Vegetables rich fruits intake veg food. and vegetables. Alirajpur 38% 30% 14% 18% 100% Badwani 40% 14% 14% 31% 100% Bhopal 43% 32% 8% 17% 100% Dindori 32% 28% 23% 17% 100% Indore 34% 56% 1% 9% 100% Jabalpur 39% 35% 8% 18% 100% Jhabua 30% 29% 27% 14% 100% Mandla 38% 31% 12% 20% 100% Sagar 38% 27% 34% 1% 100% Ujjain 46% 37% 15% 3% 100% State 37% 31% 17% 15% 100%
3.1.21Availability of sanitary pad in village/city
District SHG. Local Govt Aganwadi school wending Hostel other Total store/medi /Private kendra machine s cal store. Hospital
Alirajpur 5% 42% 15% 32% 4% 2% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 14% 27% 30% 29% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 5% 35% 11% 32% 10% 6% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 1% 51% 46% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% Indore 0% 46% 2% 44% 7% 2% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 3% 45% 11% 31% 9% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 1% 41% 41% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 4% 37% 19% 34% 3% 2% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 5% 56% 11% 26% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 0% 44% 13% 33% 7% 3% 0% 0% 100% State 4% 42% 20% 28% 5% 2% 0% 0% 100%
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3.1.22Availability status of sanitary pad in respondents locality.
District Yes No Total 100% Alirajpur 80% 20%
Badwani 38% 62% 100% Bhopal 90% 10% 100% Dindori 98% 2% 100% Indore 100% 0% 100% Jabalpur 89% 11% 100% Jhabua 93% 8% 100% Mandla 73% 27% 100% Sagar 99% 1% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 86% 14% 100%
3.1.23Problems faced in getting sanitary pad
District shame in Mone Bad Costly Less Aganwa Aganwadi Shop Total purchasing y not experienc sanitar stalk in di stays is far is far from shop given e of using y pad aganwa closed away away by sanitary di and from from family pad. shop home. home.
Alirajpur 29% 19% 3% 24% 0% 0% 13% 11% 100% Badwani 27% 25% 7% 31% 3% 1% 3% 3% 100% Bhopal 28% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 32% 36% 100% Dindori 40% 20% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 20% 100% Indore 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Jabalpur 0% 11% 0% 26% 0% 0% 5% 58% 100% Jhabua 18% 18% 3% 9% 27% 12% 9% 3% 100% Mandla 27% 31% 4% 35% 0% 0% 0% 4% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% State 25% 22% 4% 26% 4% 1% 7% 10% 100%
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3.1.24 Availability of vending machine District Yes No Total Alirajpur 18% 83% 100% Badwani 19% 81% 100% Bhopal 20% 80% 100% Dindori 0% 100% 100% Indore 23% 77% 100% Jabalpur 4% 96% 100% Jhabua 0% 100% 100% Mandla 23% 77% 100% Sagar 0% 100% 100% Ujjain 10% 90% 100% State 12% 88% 100%
3.1.25 (a) Place where vending machine is installed
District School Hospital Aganwadi Hostel Railway Other Total Station places
Alirajpur 14% 33% 52% 0% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 4% 96% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 50% 0% 42% 0% 8% 0% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 29% 7% 61% 0% 4% 0% 100% Jabalpur 60% 40% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 14% 54% 32% 0% 0% 0% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Ujjain 33% 8% 8% 0% 50% 0% 100% State 25% 35% 34% 0% 6% 0% 100%
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3.1.25(b) Vending machine used in any other place besides your village/city.
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 5% 95% 100% Badwani 3% 98% 100% Bhopal 5% 95% 100% Dindori 0% 100% 100% Indore 9% 91% 100% Jabalpur 0% 100% 100% Jhabua 0% 100% 100% Mandla 5% 95% 100% Sagar 0% 100% 100% Ujjain 4% 96% 100% State 3% 97% 100%
3.1.26Type of Denominator of Coin used in vending machine
Districts 1 rupee coin 5 rupee coin 10 rupee coin Total Alirajpur 33% 67% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 17% 67% 17% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 0% 100% 0% 100% Jabalpur 0% 0% 0% 0% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 67% 17% 17% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% Ujjain 20% 80% 0% 100% State 30% 65% 5% 100%
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3.1.27 Information on disposal of sanitary pad
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 90% 10% 100% Badwani 98% 3% 100% Bhopal 80% 20% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 100% 0% 100% Jabalpur 83% 18% 100% Jhabua 99% 1% 100% Mandla 89% 11% 100% Sagar 93% 7% 100% Ujjain 78% 23% 100% State 91% 9% 100%
3.1.28 Methods of disposal of used sanitary pad
District Disposed Burning Dugging Thrown in Insenitor Total in river garbage Alirajpur 34% 45% 20% 2% 0% 100% Badwani 13% 67% 19% 1% 0% 100% Bhopal 38% 57% 4% 2% 0% 100% Dindori 47% 44% 9% 0% 0% 100% Indore 58% 42% 0% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 29% 63% 5% 3% 0% 100% Jhabua 22% 41% 36% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 28% 54% 17% 1% 0% 100% Sagar 16% 3% 82% 0% 0% 100% Ujjain 38% 54% 6% 0% 1% 100% State 33% 46% 20% 1% 0% 100%
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3.1.29 Availability of Incinerator at Village level
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 4% 96% 100% Badwani 3% 97% 100% Bhopal 0% 100% 100% Dindori 0% 100% 100% Indore 1% 99% 100% Jabalpur 0% 100% 100% Jhabua 1% 99% 100% Mandla 3% 97% 100% Sagar 1% 99% 100% Ujjain 4% 96% 100% State 2% 98% 100%
3.2 Findings from beneficiary of Udita Corner established at aganwadi
3.2.1Since when beneficiary of Udita Scheme
District Since 15-16 Since 16-17 Since 17-18 Total Alirajpur 5% 38% 58% 100% Badwani 3% 3% 95% 100% Bhopal 15% 43% 43% 100% Dindori 15% 68% 18% 100% Indore 15% 75% 10% 100% Jabalpur 3% 35% 63% 100% Jhabua 33% 50% 18% 100% Mandla 13% 30% 58% 100% Sagar 5% 60% 35% 100% Ujjain 30% 33% 38% 100% State 14% 43% 43% 100%
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3.2.2Easy Availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi District Yes No Total Alirajpur 88% 13% 100% Badwani 45% 55% 100% Bhopal 90% 10% 100% Dindori 98% 3% 100% Indore 95% 5% 100% Jabalpur 95% 5% 100% Jhabua 83% 18% 100% Mandla 85% 15% 100% Sagar 100% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 88% 12% 100%
3.2.3 Monthly usage pattern of sanitary pad from Udita Corner
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 85% 15% 100% Badwani 95% 5% 100% Bhopal 98% 3% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 80% 20% 100% Jabalpur 95% 5% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 93% 8% 100% Sagar 100% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 94% 6% 100%
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3.2.4Quality of sanitary pad available at Udita Corner
District Easy to Comfortable Long lasting Feels Pad gets Total use comfortable wet in day long short duration Alirajpur 27% 22% 24% 8% 20% 100% Badwani 21% 21% 21% 16% 21% 100% Bhopal 32% 27% 17% 6% 17% 100% Dindori 31% 28% 29% 0% 12% 100% Indore 29% 22% 16% 27% 7% 100% Jabalpur 29% 28% 15% 8% 20% 100% Jhabua 25% 30% 22% 1% 22% 100% Mandla 27% 20% 24% 10% 19% 100% Sagar 29% 26% 18% 4% 23% 100% Ujjain 48% 48% 1% 0% 3% 100% State 29% 26% 20% 7% 18% 100%
3.2.5Cost of sanitary pad in Udita Corner
District Free 1-10 11-20 rupees More than Not Total rupees 20 rupees purchased
Alirajpur 0% 30% 20% 35% 15% 100% Badwani 0% 3% 23% 75% 0% 100% Bhopal 0% 0% 93% 8% 0% 100% Dindori 0% 63% 33% 3% 3% 100% Indore 0% 8% 25% 48% 20% 100% Jabalpur 15% 0% 10% 73% 3% 100% Jhabua 0% 50% 50% 0% 0% 100% Mandla 0% 33% 18% 45% 5% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% Ujjain 0% 5% 90% 5% 0% 100% State 2% 19% 36% 39% 5% 100%
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3.2.6Benefits of usage of sanitary pad District Safety safety in Individual No need No need of Total from going to hygiene is of being infection public maintained. washing ashamed places. due to blood stains Alirajpur 24% 21% 17% 21% 16% 100% Badwani 21% 20% 20% 19% 19% 100% Bhopal 30% 24% 16% 23% 7% 100% Dindori 31% 26% 7% 30% 6% 100% Indore 35% 12% 18% 35% 0% 100% Jabalpur 35% 27% 19% 17% 3% 100% Jhabua 22% 22% 11% 24% 20% 100% Mandla 26% 23% 15% 20% 17% 100% Sagar 27% 28% 25% 17% 4% 100% Ujjain 39% 10% 23% 22% 5% 100% State 28% 22% 17% 22% 11% 100%
3.2.7. (a)Continuation of use of sanitary pad District Yes No Total Alirajpur 100% 0% 100% Badwani 98% 3% 100% Bhopal 100% 0% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 93% 8% 100% Jabalpur 100% 0% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 95% 5% 100% Sagar 100% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 98% 2% 100%
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3.2.7(b) Recommending others for Usage of Sanitary Pad
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 100% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 100% Bhopal 100% 0% 100% Dindori 100% 0% 100% Indore 95% 5% 100% Jabalpur 100% 0% 100% Jhabua 100% 0% 100% Mandla 100% 0% 100% Sagar 100% 0% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 100% 1% 100%
3.2.8 Distance of aganwadi from beneficiaries home
District 0-2km 2-4km More than 4 km Total Alirajpur 88% 13% 0% 100% Badwani 100% 0% 0% 100% Bhopal 100% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 100% 0% 0% 100% Jabalpur 0% 0% 0% 0% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 83% 18% 0% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% Ujjain 100% 0% 0% 100% State 92% 8% 0% 100%
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3.2.9 Timely availability of sanitary pad in aganwadi
District Yes No Total Alirajpur 78% 23% 100% Badwani 48% 53% 100% Bhopal 95% 5% 100% Dindori 98% 3% 100% Indore 100% 0% 100% Jabalpur 98% 3% 100% Jhabua 70% 30% 100% Mandla 70% 30% 100% Sagar 90% 10% 100% Ujjain 100% 0% 100% State 84% 16% 100%
3.2.10 Frequency of visits at aganwadi to get Sanitary Pad
District 1 to 2 times 2 to 3 times More than 3 times Total
Alirajpur 100% 0% 0% 100% Badwani 81% 19% 0% 100% Bhopal 100% 0% 0% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 0% 0% 0% 0% Jabalpur 0% 0% 0% 0% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 92% 0% 8% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% Ujjain 0% 0% 0% 0% State 85% 13% 2% 100%
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3.2.11 Day of week most visited by beneficiary for availing services of Udita Scheme
District Monday Tuesday Never Total
Alirajpur 5% 90% 5% 100% Badwani 3% 98% 0% 100% Bhopal 0% 98% 3% 100% Dindori 0% 0% 0% 0% Indore 0% 0% 0% 0% Jabalpur 0% 0% 0% 0% Jhabua 0% 0% 0% 0% Mandla 8% 90% 3% 100% Sagar 0% 0% 0% 0% Ujjain 0% 0% 0% 0% State 2% 89% 9% 100%
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Chapter-7. References
1.Assessing the Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices in Urban and Rural areas of Madhya Pradesh Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis 2018.
2.Roadmap to Strengthen Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management in Madhya Pradesh.Government of MadhyaPradesh 2019.
3. Menstrual Health in India |Country Landscape Analysis Prepared for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019 Appendix-A
Photographs of discussion took place between investigators and beneficiaries.
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
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Situational Analysis of “Udita Yojna” in Madhya Pradesh 2019
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