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Matthew Edward Loughton Republican amphorae in the Auvergne central France: an archaeological and petrological study. (Volume 1) MATTHEW EDWARD LOUGHTON Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the University of Bournemouth, School of Conservation Sciences June 2000 Bournemouth University Republican amphoraein the Auvergne central France: an archaeologicaland petrological study. Matthew Edward Loughton Abstract This thesis studies Republican amphorae from late Iron age (c.200-1 BC) sites from the Auvergne (central France). The morphology, dating and contents of Greco-Italic, Dressel 1 and Lamboglia 2 amphorae, and the morphology of Republican amphorae from Mediterranean shipwrecks are reviewed. The morphology of 28 Republican amphorae assemblagesfrom the Auvergne are described in detail and compared with 44 assemblages from Western Europe. A detailed programme of fabric analysis, using thin- sectioning, of 408 rim sherds,has created 96 fabric groups, many of which have been assigned to specific kilns. The distribution of Republican amphorae in the Auvergne and for the whole of France is studied and discussed. The role of amphorae in socio-economic change, the access to amphorae, the deposition of amphorae and the importation of other Mediterranean imports (Campanian wares, mortaria and pate claires) in the Auvergne is addressed. Assemblagesof Republican amphoraestamps from the Auvergne and the rest of France are compared by analysing the types of stamps,their placement, stamping rates and their place of origin. The Republican wine trade to the Auvergne started during the second century BC when small numbers of Greco-Italic amphorae were imported and the large-scale importation of Dressel I amphorae occurred after c. 150/140 BC. A high proportion of the amphorae came from the Etrurian kilns of Albinia and Cosa. Republican amphoraewere widely distributed in the Auvergne during the second century BC with 203 findspots and are found in large numbers at several sites. List of contents Volume 1 Chapter 1 Introduction pages 1-5 Chapter 2 Background to the study region and the Iron age of the Auvergne pages 6-17 2.1 Location pages 6-7 2.2 The Arverni: history and classical accounts pages 7-10 2.3 Chronological nomenclature pages10-11 2.4 The Iron agesettlement history of the region page 11 2.4.1 Hallstatt and early La Tene pages11-12 2.4.2 Middle La Tene to early late La Tene (LTD1a) pages 12-13 2.4.3 Late La Tene (LTD1b-LTD12b) pages 13-14 2.4.4 Augustan period page 14 2.5 Conclusions pages 14-17 Chapter 3 Greco-Italic amphorae pages 18-24 3.1 Introduction page 18 3.2 End of Greco-Italic production page 18 3.3 Morphology pages 19-20 3.4 Contents page 20 3.5 Production areas pages 20-22 3.6 Kilns pages 22-23 3.7 Chemical analysis of Greco-Italic fabrics pages 23-24 3.8 Conclusions page 24 Chapter 4 Dressel1A, 1B and 1C amphorae pages25-45 4.1 Introduction page 25 4.2 Dressel1A morphology page 25 4.2.1 Chronology pages 25-27 4.3 Dressel 1B morphology page 27 4.3.1 Chronology pages 27-29 4.4 Dressel 1C morphology pages 29-30 4.4.1 Chronology page 30 4.5 Dressel1 contents pages30-31 4.6 Validity of the Dressel 1A, Dressel 1B and Dressel 1C pages 32-33 4.6.1 Classification of Republican amphorae rims pages33-35 4.7 Production areas for the Dressel 1 pages 35-38 4.7.1 Production of the Dressel 1 outside Italy page 39 4.7.2 Dressel 1C production areas page 40 4.8 Studies of Dressel 1 fabrics in France and Switzerland pages 40-42 4.8.1 Basel Gasfabrik (Switzerland) pages 42-43 4.8.1.1 Augst, Avenches and Vidy page 43 4.8.2 Chemical , studies of Republican amphorae pages 43-44 m 4.9 Conclusions pages 44-45 Chapter 5 Lamboglia 2 amphorae pages 46-48 5.1 Morphology page 46 5.2 Chronology page 46 5.3 Provenance page 47 5.4 Distribution pages 47-48 5.5 Fabrics page 48 5.6 Contents page 48 Chapter 6 The morphology of Republican amphorae from Mediterranean shipwrecks pages 49-66 6.1 Introduction pages 49-51 6.2 Greco-Italic pages 51-52 6.2.1 Analysis pages 52-54 6.3 Dressel1A pages 54-57 6.3.1 Analysis pages 57-61 6.4 Dressel 1B pages 61-63 6.4.1 Analysis page 63 6.5 Dressel 1C page 63 6.5.1 Analysis page 64 6.6 The Miladou wreck pages 64-65 6.7 Conclusions pages 65-66 Chapter 7 Details on the Republican amphorae assemblages from the Auvergne pages 67-96 7.1 Aigueperse `Clos Clidor' pages 68-69 7.1.1 Distribution page 69 7.2 A710 excavations page 69 7.2.1 Ditch 2628, Chalonnet pages 69-70 7.2.2 Ditch 3950, Pätural Redons, Ormeau de Bontemps page 70 7.2.3 Pit 4191, Chaniat Pre Guillot, Le Mas 1 pages 70-71 7.2.4 Pit 4596, Malintrat Villevaud page 71 7.2.5 Ditch 5516, Lussat, Chaniat page 71 7.2.6 Malintrat'Chaniat' pages 71-72 7.2.7 Cremations 2828,5902 and 5903, Lussat Chaniat pages 72-73 7.2.7.1 Taphonomy, page 73 7.2.7.2 Comparison with other rich late La Tene burials pages 73-76 7.3 Clermont-Ferrand `La Grande Borne Aulnat' page 76 7.3.1 La Grande Borne Aulnat/Chantiers 1-3 pages 76-77 7.3.1.1 Distribution pages 77-78 7.3.2 La Grande Borne Aulnat/Chantier 4 pages 78-79 7.3.3 Clermont-Ferrand Aulnat `rue Elisee Reclus' page 80 7.3.4 Clermont-Ferrand 'Le Brezet Iveco' pages 80-82 7.3.5 Clermont-Ferrand 'Le Brezet 51 rue Jules Verne", pages82-83 7.3.6 Clermont-Ferrand 'Le Patural' pages 83-84 7.3.6.1 Distribution pages 84-85 7.3.6.2Deposits page 85 N 7.3.7 Clermont-Ferrand `Pontcharaud III' pages 85-86 7.4 La Roche Blanche 'plateau de Gergovie Chemin de la Croix' pages 87-88 7.5 Le Cendre `Gondole' pages 88-89 7.5.1 Le Cendre `condole south of the Rampart' pages 89-90 7.6.1 Les Martres-de-Veyre `Corent' pages 90-92 7.6.2 Distribution page 92 7.6.3 Les Martres-de-Veyre `Le Bay' and `Pont de Longues' pages 92-93 7.7 Le Puy-en-Velay, Cathedral Notre-Dame page 93 7.8 Lussat `Le Breauil'(Nord du Village) page 93 7.9.1 Pont du Chateau 'Le Courret 1' pages 93-94 7.9.2 Pont du Chateau `Le Courret 2' page 95 7.9.3 Romagnat'Marechal' page 95 7.9.4 Saint-Paulien, `Roche Ambert Marcilhac' pages 95-96 Chapter 8 Morphological analysis of Republican amphorae from the Auvergne and comparison with Republican amphorae assemblages from Western Europe pages 97-117 8.1 Rim height-width ratio (Hesnard and Gateau) pages 97-99 8.1.2 Rim height pages 99-100 8.1.3 Guichard's rim classes pages 100-102 8.1.4 Median rim height and inclination pages 102-103 8.1.5 Rim diameter page 104 8.2 Statistical analysis pages 104-105 8.2.1 Correlation: rim height and inclination, rim height and width page 105 8.3 Dressel 1C pages 105-106 8.3.1 Dressel lA/C and Dressel 1 `l'Esterel' rims page 106 8.4 Conclusions pages 106-107 8.5 Handles pages 107-108 8.6 Bases pages 108-109 8.6.1 Base heights and widths pages 109-110 8.6.2 Base types page 110 8.7 Comparison with other Republican amphorae assemblages from Western Europe and France page 111 8.7.1 Rim height-width ratio (Hesnard and Gateau) pages 111-112 8.7.2Rim height :., pages112-112 8.7.3 Rim classes(Guichard) pages 113-114 8.7.4 Median rim height and inclination pages 114-115 8.8 Comparing the Auvergne assemblages with those from Western Europe and France pages 115-117 8.9 Conclusions page 117 Chapter 9 Republican fabrics in Auvergne, amphorae the - pages 118-207 9.1 Introduction pages 118-119 9.2 Methodology pages 119-121 V 9.3 Thin-sectioning pages 121-122 9.4 Fabric descriptions pages 122-197 9.5 Analysis page 198 9.5.1 Fabric groups for the chronological samples pages 198-200 9.5.2 Number of fabric groups per assemblage pages 201-202 9.6 Amphorae fabrics represented in the different Republican amphorae types page 203 9.6.1 Greco-Italic page 203 9.6.2 Classic DressellB rims page 203 9.6.3 Dressel 1C page 204 9.6.4 Rim morphology for individual fabric groups pages 204-205 9.7 Fabrics of stamped amphorae sherds in the Auvergne pages 205-206 9.8 Fabrics of stamped amphorae from Roanne and Tournus pages 206-207 Chapter 10 Mediterranean goods in France during the Hallstatt and Western early La Tene periods, and the Republican amphorae trade to Europe pages 208-232 10.1 Earliest Mediterranean imports pages 208-210 10.1.2 Mediterranean imports in central France pages 210-221 10.1.3 Early imports in the Auvergne pages 211-212 10.1.4 Conclusions page 212 10.2 Republican amphorae trade to France: scale and distribution page 213 10.2.1 Current models for the exportation of Republican amphorae to Western Europe pages 213-215 10.2.2 Distribution of Republican amphorae in France pages 215-216 10.2.3 Distribution of Republican amphorae in the department of the Puy-de-Dome (Auvergne) pages 216-218 10.2.4 Distribution of Republican amphorae in the departments of the Allier, Cantal and Haute-Loire (Auvergne) pages 218-220 10.2.5 Summary page 220 10.3 Trade routes pages 221-224 10.4 Distribution of Republican amphorae in France page 224 10.4.1 Greco-Italic pages 224-227 10.4.2 Distribution of all Republican amphorae pages 227-229 10.4.3 Distribution of Dressel 1C amphorae in France ;,.
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