Rethinking global commitment on development issues Seeking honor and dignity in Pakistan Ethnic minorities in Vietnam Going back to Kurdistan

Global South Development Magazine is a quarterly magazine published by Silver Lining Creation Finland. The magazine covers a wide range of developmental issues primarily of the developing world and is an initiative of freelance writers and development activists from different parts of the world.

Editor-in-chief Promoters Manoj Kr Bhusal Som Chaulagai [email protected] ([email protected])

Assistant Editor Saila Ohranen Lawin Khalil Mustafa ([email protected]) ([email protected])

Regional Editors Marketing Manager Lingson Adam (East Africa) Dinesh Poudel ([email protected]) Khalid Hussain (South Asia) Ioulia Fenton (Latin America) Kristina Gubic (Southern Africa) Guest Contributors for this issue Catriona Knapman (The Middle East) Jennifer Harrison Siri Pitkänen Special Correspondents Seija Saarikoski-Silvla Mary Namusoke (Women’s issues in Africa)

Roxanne Irani (Global environmental issues) Published By Sandeep Srivastava (Climate change) Silver Lining Creation ry-Finland

Email: [email protected] Country Correspondents [email protected] Levi Tebo Mbah (Cameroon) http://www.silcreation.org Fady Salah (Egypt)

Hannah Martin (Ghana) ISSN 1799-0769 Dr.P.V.Ravichandiran (India)

Atik Ambarwati (Indonesia) Subscribe free to Global South Development Era Menchavez-dela Pena (The Philippines) Moses C Masami (Tanzania) Magazine at WWW.SILCREATION.ORG Kimbowa Richard (Uganda) Jasen Mphepo (Zimbabwe)

Cover Design by Anup Khanal

Land conflict & Mayan dignity in Guatemala

Contents

Global south in the frame 4 Global south in the news 5 Male circumcision: an answer to HIV prevention in Africa? 8

Thoughts and experiences of voluntary work in Africa 10

End poverty 2015: Where are we? 12 The Sri Lankan saga of unrequited justice and freedom 20 The Casino of Life: The odds of reducing inequality in a country like Bolivia 22

Floods in Pakistan: A special report 24 Sorrows of salt makers in India 32

Let’s talk about the MDGs 34 Global South in the frame Global South Development Magazine July-Sept 2010

Craving for knowledge Two boys in a flood affected area of Pakistan read their textbooks using a tiny space available to them. Deadly floods in Pakistan affected more than 20 million people this year. Photo: Khalid Hussain/World Vision 3

Development News Global South Development Magazine (Apr- Jun 2010)

Global South in News Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Vietnam meets hunger MDG ahead of 2015   %$1*.2.6HSWHPEHU$QHZ2[IDPUHSRUWKLJKOLJKWV  “The loss of the Himalayan ice 9LHWQDP VSHUIRUPDQFHLQPHHWLQJWKH810LOOHQQLXP +RZHYHUZLWK pack means China and India 'HYHORSPHQW*RDORIKDOYLQJKXQJHUDQGUHGXFLQJSRYHUW\ILYH QHLJKERXUVXQGHU \HDUVDKHDGRIWKHWDUJHW SUHVVXUHIURP are going ahead with plans to  SRSXODWLRQDQG dam, and decrease water 9LHWQDP V HFRQRPLFJURZWK supply to Bangladesh.” WUDFNUHFRUGLV ORRNLQJWRWKHLU RQHRIWKHEHVW RZQZDWHUDQG LQWKHZRUOG K\GURHQHUJ\ “Bangladesh already faces 7KH\DUH QHHGV%DQJODGHVK water shortages because of DEVROXWHO\DUROH LVVXIIHULQJ severe drought in the north.” PRGHOZLWKLQ   (DVW$VLDDQG $VFOLPDWHFKDQJH  PRUHEURDGO\LQ LQFUHDVHV WKHZRUOG +LPDOD\DQJODFLHUPHOWDQGVZHOOVULYHUVEHORZ&KLQDDQG,QGLD 6WHYH3ULFH DUHOLNHO\WRPRYHIRUZDUGZLWKPRUHGDPSURMHFWVVDLG6WHYH 7KRPDV /XE\RIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&HQWUHIRU'LDUUKRHDO'LVHDVH5HVHDUFK  2[IDP V %DQJODGHVK “Vietnam has cut hunger and 9LHWQDP  reduced poverty from about 58 FRXQWU\ ³7KHORVVRIWKH+LPDOD\DQLFHSDFNPHDQV&KLQDDQG,QGLDDUH percent of the population in 1993 to GLUHFWRUWROGRQ JRLQJDKHDGZLWKSODQVWRGDPDQGGHFUHDVHZDWHUVXSSO\WR just 18 percent today.” 6HSWHPEHU %DQJODGHVK´/XE\VDLG³7KDWSXWVDFRXQWU\WKDWLVDOUHDG\  IURP+DQRL YXOQHUDEOHLQDZRUVHSRVLWLRQ,Q%DQJODGHVKPRUHWKDQ $FFRUGLQJ SHUFHQWRIWKHZDWHUXVHGLVXVHd in agriculture.”   WR+DOYLQJ %DQJODGHVKILUVWIHOWWKHLPSDFWRIGLVUXSWHGIORZIURPWKH*DQJHV “This means that since 1993 roughly ZRUOG+XQJHU LQZKHQ,QGLDEXLOWWKH)DUDNNDEDUUDJHZKLFKOHGWRDQ 6WLOO3RVVLEOH 6,000 people per day have been DOPRVWSHUFHQWGURSLQGU\VHDVRQIORZ pulled out of hunger poverty.”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 Male circumcision- an answer to HIV prevention for Africa?

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Thoughts and Experiences numerous times there. Their on Voluntary Work in Africa attitude “Media gives us towards rather one-sided life can image of Africa; be an wars, famine and example poverty” for us all.

Volunteer work in Tanzania

We can help with lack of material but rather teach how to fish instead of giving one. That kind of support brings

them long lasting comfort. Machining is somewhat a keyword here.

Among people, many are still completely uneducated and many have received very poor education. Education Media gives us rather one-sided image of Africa; wars, opens entirely new possibilities when people learn to famine and poverty. All of that is true but surely there is acknowledge their strengths and rights. much more to it. That is something I have discovered during my several trips on the continent. We westerners can be for help by creating an opportunity for schooling and by bringing in Through our western eyes we often notice poverty first craftsmanship from different industries. and our eyes as though stop there which leads us to closing them from everything else around. But what is My interest towards Africa raised its head already poverty? during my teenage years through nature studies, which expanded to correspondence; and through safari To me, poverty has many faces. Local people are traveling into private godchild projects in Kenya; and materially living meagrer life than us in West. However, then further into voluntary work in Tanzania. internally they are much richer. They set humanity above material. They spend a leisurely and strongly I have visited the continent already eleven times since communal life. My sister is your sister and what is mine, the year 2002. My early retirement has granted me the is yours as well. I have lived to witness such mindset chance to stay in the destination for longer periods. At the moment I have altogether four one-month

1Ϭ

Development Diary Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

workcamps behind in Tanzania’s Morogoro Region in I believe my African friends have opened my eyes and the Uluguru Mountains. heart and I am very grateful for that. I also thank my

These camps are development cooperation projects financed by Finnish Foreign Ministry and led by Setlementtinuorten liitto ry. I found out about work camps through Vesaiset Organization where I am working at local level.

What are these work camps then all about? We voluntary Finns work together with local craftsmen in order to renovate elementary school buildings. The school buildings are badly damaged, partially even in the edge of collapsing, and our mission is to deconstruct the old and rebuild the new for lasting and safe seat Pupils participating during school-day learning for school children of the mountain villages. family for encouraging me in my projects. During the work camp we sleep in tents and live primitively depending on carried water for instance. During this year I have also participated in FELM’s Our tools consist of hammers, saws, paintbrushes, hoes (Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission) expedition in and shovels. We also have an opportunity to give Senegal. I am one of the Tasaus Ambassadors and my lessons in school. As a former kindergarten teacher, mission is raising awareness both personally and giving lessons and playing games with children in my through media about Tasaus projects; about the free time is what I enjoy perhaps most. achievements we have reached through Tasaus fundraising; and also informing about I returned recently from a our future plans. This year donations workcamp where I was working “My message to You: are invested in building wells and as the leader. The job description Go for aid work. Help is developing cultivation in Senegal and differed from my former. needed in the world Mauritania. Purchasing materials, planning and I can tell you, by and making arrangements with African continent has partially stolen both workcamp members and giving you get" my heart. When I will be finished with representatives of local my informing mission this fall, I will go partnership organization were emphasized in my role. I on a trip – a true holiday trip – and the destination is was also responsible for management of financing. I had where else but towards my beloved continent: Africa. whole new challenges in front of me. My wish is to see chimpanzees and gorillas in Uganda.

My message to You: Go for aid work. Help is needed in My Swahili skills are elementary based only on phrases the world and I can tell you, by giving you get. and vocabulary. English language skills of mountain

people are limited. Attendance of an interpreter who

was able to speak Swahili, some English and also

Finnish was of great help while communicating with

locals. Yet surprises always arise when people from two different cultures meet. Nevertheless, anything we Seija Saarikoski-Silvla could not overcome has not occurred. Masku 12.9.2010 I enjoy work camps enormously because modest living conditions suit me. I can even say returning back to Story and pictures by Seija Saarikoski-Silvola West makes me somewhat discontent. But surely it feels Translation by Seri Pitkänen good to come home to close ones and I can affect my choices here too.

ϭϭ

Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010) End poverty 2015 Where are we now?

Global South Development Magazine

We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject “ and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected. We are committed to making the right to development a reality for everyone and to freeing the entire human race from want.”

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1Ϯ

Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

XQGHUZHLJKWDQGPDOQRXULVKHGFKLOGUHQ6LPLODUO\&KLQD KDVGHPRQVWUDWHGVLJQLILFDQWSURJUHVVDVLWVSRYHUW\  SRSXODWLRQKDVGHFUHDVHGIURPPLOOLRQWRPLOOLRQ   5HSRUWVIURP%UD]LODUHDOVRHQFRXUDJLQJ,QIDQWPRUWDOLW\LQ  %UD]LOKDVGHFOLQHGIURPDURXQGSHUOLYHELUWKVLQ  WRSHUOLYHELUWKVLQ WKDW¶V 7KH FRXQWU\LVIDULQJZHOOLQFRPEDWLQJSRYHUW\ZKLFKLVGHHSO\  EDVHGRQUDFHJHQGHUDQGGLVDELOLW\   6RPH$IULFDQFRXQWULHVOLNH(WKLRSLDDQG*KDQDDOVRPDGH  UHPDUNDEOHSURJUHVV,Q(WKLRSLDWKHSURSRUWLRQRISHRSOH  OLYLQJRQOHVVWKDQDGD\IHOOIURPWRLQ \HDUVDQGDQGSULPDU\VFKRROHQUROPHQWLQ(WKLRSLDKDV  LQFUHDVHGE\PRUHWKDQ SHUFHQWVLQFH:KHUHDV  *KDQDLVVHWWREHFRPHWKH “A UN study of 30 countries ILUVWFRXQWU\LQ$IULFDWR found that just 11 of the 30 KDOYHSRYHUW\DQGKXQJHU countries are on track to meet EHIRUH8QGRXEWHGO\ MDG1 (Halving poverty and hunger).” EDFNHGE\LQWHUQDWLRQDO VXSSRUWWKHVHVXFFHVVHV “Though progress has been HPDQDWHIURPWKHVH made, it is uneven. And without FRXQWULHV¶VKHHU a major push forward, many of GHWHUPLQDWLRQDQGJHQXLQH the MDG targets are likely to be  SROLWLFDOFRPPLWPHQWWRILJKW missed in most regions.” SRYHUW\DQGKXQJHUDPLGVW  DOORGGV   ,QDQRYHUYLHZLQWKH0LOOHQQLXP'HYHORSPHQW Who is lagging behind? *RDOV5HSRUWWKH81VD\VWKDWPDQ\

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Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

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Progress on the MDG1 target: “Halving global poverty”

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Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) Targets (for 2015 )

1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Halve the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and those who suffer from hunger. Full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary school. 2 Achieve universal primary education

3 Promote gender equality and empower women Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

4 Reduce child mortality Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five

5 Improve maternal health Reduce by three-quarters the ratio of women dying in childbirth. Universal access to reproductive health.

6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Target for 2015: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of malaria and other major diseases. Universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment for all who need it by 2010.

7 Ensure environmental sustainability Ȉ –‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–‘ country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Ȉ›ʹͲͳͷǡ”‡†— ‡„›ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‘—– access to safe drinking water. Ȉ›ʹͲʹͲƒ Š‹‡˜‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ– least 100 million slum dwellers. Significantly reducing the rate of biodiversity loss, by 2010.

8 Develop a global partnership for development Ȉ‡˜‡Ž‘’ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ‘’‡–”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡–Šƒ– includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally Ȉ††”‡••–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡•ǯ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡‡†•ǡƒ† the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States Ȉ‡ƒŽ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•ǯ†‡„– problems Ȉ‡˜‡Ž‘’†‡ ‡–ƒ†’”‘†— –‹˜‡™‘”ˆ‘”›‘—–Š Ȉ  ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”ǡƒ‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Š‡ benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies.

4

Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Yet another “My delegation would Millennium like to propose to this Development highest forum in the world that we include Goal - Gross happiness as the ninth National MDG.”

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Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

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Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

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Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Cover Story Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 “World military spending has now risen to  over $1.2 trillion. This incredible sum  represents 2.5 per cent of GDP(global  gross domestic product). Even if 1 per cent of it were redirected towards  development, the world would be much  closer to achieving the Millennium  Development Goals.”  - UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon   "The MDGs remain feasible with adequate  commitment, resources, policies and effort. A human rights approach to MDG- Farmyard animals and ActionAid activists protest in New York on  based strategies has an important added the eve on the UN summit, calling for investment in local farms in  poor countries to fight hunger. ActionAid says that more than 1 value as it calls for more integral million children could die of hunger by 2015 and half of Africa will  strategies in addressing both immediate not have enough food in the next 10 years if governments do not and structural problems, putting the rights act now. Photo: Charles Eckert/ActionAid’ of people at the centre, and raising the  7KHRXWFRPHGRFXPHQWZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDGHTXDWHLQ level of accountability of States both at WHUPVRIWKHODQJXDJHDQGFRPPLWPHQWVE\YDULRXV national and international levels." GHOHJDWLRQVZKRZHUHSOHDVHGE\WKHSROLWLFDOFRPPLWPHQW OLQHGXSEHKLQG%DQ.L0RRQ¶VLQLWLDWLYHDURXQGPDWHUQDO -Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High DQGFKLOGKHDOWKZKLFKZDVODXQFKHGLQSUROLILFSUHVV Commissioner for Human Rights FRQIHUHQFHZLWKVSHDNHUVLQFOXGLQJ+LODU\&OLQWRQ0HOLQGD *DWHVDQGVHYHUDO$IULFDQSUHVLGHQWV  “We must recognize the need for inclusive +RZHYHUDVLGHIURPWKHVHYHU\ZHOFRPHVSRUDGLF economic growth … sustained growth that DQQRXQFHPHQWVWKHJHQHUDOFRQVHQVXVIURPWKRVH creates jobs especially for youth and that SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHVXPPLWDWYDULRXVOHYHOVZDVWKDWYHU\ OLWWOHZDVPRYLQJIRUZDUG±WKLVZDVFKDUDFWHULVHGE\ help the poor and in sectors that help MRXUQDOLVWVLQWKHSUHVVFHQWUHZKRDPXVHGWKHPVHOYHVE\ women.” GULQNLQJFRIIHHDQGILGGOLQJZLWKWKHLU%ODFNEHUULHVDQ[LRXV - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President, Liberia IRUVRPHWKLQJWRUHSRUW “Despite their good intentions, their ,QUHDOLW\WKHHQGUHVXOWZDV WKDWQRIXOO\IXQGHGSODQVRI perspective is often predicated on paternalism  DFWLRQIRUWDFNOLQJSRYHUW\ not on partnership, on charity not on self- ZHUHDQQRXQFHG±DGULYH reliance, and on promises unfulfilled rather ³,WFDQRQO\EHKRSHGWKDW ODXQFKHGRQWKHILQDOGD\RI than real change on the ground … We in the WKHVHJRYHUQPHQWVZLOO WKHVXPPLWWRVDYHWKHOLYHV developing world also could do more. We have ZDNHXSWRWKHUHDOLVDWLRQ RIPLOOLRQZRPHQDQG to reflect deeply on how we have driven this WKDWWLPHLVUXQQLQJRXWIRU FKLOGUHQZDVPHWE\ agenda so far and why we are lagging behind WKHZRUOG¶VSRRUDQG VFHSWLFLVPE\PDQ\DVWKH on these targets. … We must assume effective 86ELOOLRQFRVWRIWKH FRPPLWUHDOIXQGVDQG leadership.” SODQKDGQRW\HWEHHQ - Paul Kagame, President, Rwanda UHVRXUFHVLQWKHILJKWWR PDWFKHGLQGRQRU DFKLHYHWKHVHJRDOVWR FRPPLWPHQWV "While we strive to achieve reasonable standards FKDQJHOLYHVIRUWKH in living, we must not forget the need to avoid $ODFNRISROLWLFDOZLOOLV treading heavily on the natural environment. The EHWWHU´ UHVWUDLQLQJDVHWRIPRGHVW current spate of natural disasters around the JRDOVZKLFKDUHXQOLNHO\WR world and frequent flood situations in countries EHPHWE\WKHGHDGOLQHZKLFKZLOOIXUWKHULPSDFWWKH are a stark reminder of the effects of OLYHVRISHRSOHOLYLQJLQWKHSRRUHVWFRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG

environment degradation." DQGLQFUHDVHWKHHFRQRPLFFRVWWRERWKWKHULFKZRUOGDQG GHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\JRYHUQPHQWV -- Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa ,WFDQRQO\EHKRSHGWKDWWKHVHJRYHUQPHQWVZLOOZDNHXSWR WKHUHDOLVDWLRQWKDWWLPHLVUXQQLQJRXWIRUWKHZRUOG¶VSRRU "By tackling poverty comprehensively, using DQGFRPPLWUHDOIXQGVDQGUHVRXUFHVLQWKHILJKWWRDFKLHYH two types of instrument, in the same way as WKHVHJRDOVWRFKDQJHOLYHVIRUWKHEHWWHU the two blades of a pair of scissors cut through paper: instruments to attack its causes and instruments to mitigate its consequences." 2

-- Chilean President Sebastian Pinera Interview Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

The Sri Lankan saga of unrequited justice and freedom

hen it comes to socio-economic W development, Sri Lanka is taken as a remarkable example in south Asia. That development, however, is DEXVHVRISHRSOHZKRKDYHGLVVHQWLQJYLHZVDJDLQVWWKH not equitable and neglects the Tamil minorities, says the Sri JRYHUQPHQW Lankan human rights activist, K.M. Rukshan Fernando. %XWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKHZDULWVHOI ZDVDERXWWKUHHGHFDGHVWKLUW\\HDUVEXW Mr Fernando, head of Human Rights in Conflict  WKHHWKQLFFRQIOLFWLVPRUHWKDQILIW\\HDUV programme- Law and Society Trust, Sri Lanka, ROG7KHJULHYDQFHVRIWKH7DPLOSHRSOH has been working in the field of human rights, “What we would like to see ZKRDUHPLQRULW\LQ6UL/DQNDDUH\HWWREH peace and reconciliation in Sri Lanka for more DGGUHVVHG$QGVL[WHHQPRQWKVDIWHUWKH than 13 years. more is countries in Asia, Africa, ZDUWKHUHDUHQRVLJQVWKDWWKHJULHYDQFH Latin America supporting RIWKH7DPLOFRPPXQLW\LVJRLQJWREH Global South Development Magazine’s Editor- DGGUHVVHG7KHUHLVQRSROLWLFDOVROXWLRQLQ in-Chief Manoj Kr. Bhusal recently met and people’s struggle for justice and WHUPVRIUHVWUXFWXULQJRIWKHVWDWHVRWKDW interviewed him in Helsinki where he was peace in Sri Lanka.” 7DPLOVFDQVKDUHSRZHU7KHUHLVQRVLJQV invited as a guest speaker to a seminar on WKDWFUXFLDOLVVXHVRIWKH7DPLOFRPPXQLW\ human rights, development and democracy. “I think an essential feature of ZLOOEHDGGUHVVHGWKRXVDQGVRISHRSOHZKR Some excerpts from the interview: KDYHEHHQGHWDLQHGZLWKRXWDQ\FKDUJHV democracy is tolerance and VRPHIRUPRUHWKDQWHQ\HDUVDQGDOVR Could you tell us a bit about yourself and the appreciation of dissenting views SHRSOHZKRKDYHJRQHPLVVLQJIRURYHU work you do in Sri Lanka? QXPEHURI\HDUVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHODVW and opinions and also how you IRXU\HDUVVLQFHRUHYHQ 0\QDPHLV5XNL,KDYHEHHQZRUNLQJLQWKH treat your minority DFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRIWKHSHRSOHZKRKDYH ILHOGRIKXPDQULJKWVSHDFHDQGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ communities not only the EHHQNLOOHGGHDWKFHUWLILFDWHLVVXHV IRUDERXW\HDUVSULPDULO\LQ6UL/DQNDEXW, FRPSHQVDWLRQIRUWKRVHNLOOHGDQGVRRQ KDYHGRQHVRPHZRUNDWUHJLRQDOOHYHOLQ$VLD majority.” $QGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ,ZRUNZLWKQRZLV/DZ Does it mean that incidents of human DQG6RFLHW\7UXVW,W¶VDKXPDQULJKWV rights violations are increasing rather RUJDQL]DWLRQEDVHGLQ&RORPEREXWZHGRDORW  than decreasing? RIZRUNRQDGYRFDF\UHVHDUFKGRFXPHQWDWLRQ WUDLQLQJDQGDOVRSURWHFWLRQ ,WKLQNLW¶VGLIILFXOWWRVD\ZKHWKHU LQFUHDVLQJRUGHFUHDVLQJ7KHUHDUHWLPHV How is the current situation of human rights in Sri Lanka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

Interview Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

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How do non-state agencies and the media respond to these As far as I know there has been some international engagement situations? in Sri Lanka in the past, for example Norway was negotiating peace talks, what do you think about that? Has international :HOOWKHPHGLDKDVXQGHUJRQHDORWRIWKUHDWVDQGUHSUHVVLYH engagement proved to be helpful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¶VRQO\DIHZ:HVWHUQFRXQWULHVWKDWYRLFHWKHLU PXFKIURPWKHPHGLDDWWKHPRPHQW&LYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQV FRQFHUQVDWWKHPDVVLYHDPRXQWRIKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQVWKDWLV LQFOXGLQJORFDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOJURXSVIDFHDORWRIUHVWULFWLRQV KDSSHQLQJ&RXQWULHVLQ$VLDLQFOXGLQJFRXQWULHVWKDWKDYH )RUH[DPSOHZHFDQ¶WJHWSHUPLVVLRQWRJRLQWRDORWRIDUHDVWKDW RYHUFRPHGLFWDWRUVKLSOLNHWKH3KLOLSSLQHV,QGRQHVLD1HSDO WKHJRYHUQPHQWVD\VOLEHUDWHGDOUHDG\6RLW¶VDP\VWHU\:K\ 7KDLODQGWKHVHDUHDOOFRXQWULHVWKDWKDYHVHHQSHRSOH¶V SHRSOHKDYHEHHQDOORZHGWRVHWWOHLQWKHVHDUHDV":K\ PRYHPHQWVRYHUWKURZLQJGLFWDWRUVKLS7KH\DUHYHU\VLOHQWRUWKH\ LQGHSHQGHQWPHGLDLQGHSHQGHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHQRWDOORZHGWR HYHQVXSSRUWWKH6UL/DQNDQ¶VUHSUHVVLYHPHDVXUHV,W¶VWKHVDPHLQ JR",W¶VYHU\GLIILFXOWWRDFFHVVWKHVHSHRSOH$QGDOVRWKH /DWLQ$PHULFD&RXQWULHVOLNH$UJHQWLQD&KLOH(O6DOYDGRUZKLFK JRYHUQPHQWLVWU\LQJWREULQJDORWRIODZVWRUHVWUDLQ1*2V7KH KDYHFRPHWKURXJKGLFWDWRUVKLSVDQGYHU\GLIILFXOWWLPHVZKLFK 0LQLVWU\RI'HIHQFHLVWU\LQJWRUHJLVWHUDQGUHJXODWHWKH1*2V KDYHVHHQDORWRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHKDSSHQLQJNHSWYHU\ SDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHQRUWKHUQHDVW TXLWH,W¶VUDWKHUXQIRUWXQDWHDQGGLVDSSRLQWLQJWKDWWKHVHFRXQWULHV DUHQRWVSRNHQRXW 6RPHIRUHLJQQDWLRQDOVKDYHEHHQYHU\KHOSIXOLQWHUPVRI KXPDQLWDULDQDQGKXPDQULJKWVSURWHFWLRQZRUNDQGLQODVWWZR :KDWZHZRXOGOLNHWRVHHPRUHLVFRXQWULHVLQ$VLD$IULFD/DWLQ PRQWKVWKUHHRIWKHPKDYHEHHQGHSRUWHGWKRXJKWKH\KDGYDOLG $PHULFDVXSSRUWLQJSHRSOH¶VVWUXJJOHIRUMXVWLFHDQGSHDFHLQ6UL YLVDVDQGSHUPLWV6RLW¶VGLIILFXOWIRUFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQV /DQND DQGPHGLDWRRSHUDWHULJKWQRZLQ6UL/DQND When we think of conflicts in south Asia, in many countries, it Sri Lanka is taken quite as an example in south Asia in terms is deeply rooted in rampant poverty or poor socio-economic of development parameters. What do you think about that? conditions. But in Sri Lanka it’s quite different, isn’t it?

,WLVGLIILFXOWWRKDYHDQ\IRUPRIVXVWDLQDEOHDQGJHQXLQH GHYHORSPHQWLI\RXGRQ¶WKDYHEDVLFIUHHGRPWRH[SUHVV\RXUVHOI IUHHGRPRIDVVHPEO\DQGIUHHGRPRIDVVRFLDWLRQ,QDEVHQFHRI WKHVHIUHHGRPVZKDW\RXKDYHLVDGHYHORSPHQWLPSRVHGE\WKH FHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWZLWKLWVSRZHU,W¶VQRWDIRUPRIDSDUWLFLSDWRU\ GHYHORSPHQWDQGLWZLOOQRWUHVSRQGWRWKHQHHGVRIWKHSHRSOH ZKHQWKHSHRSOHZKRDUHH[SHFWHGWREHWKHEHQHILFLDULHVRI GHYHORSPHQWDQG WKHLURZQ  UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV DUHQRWDEOHWR “It is difficult to have any form SDUWLFLSDWHLQ GHILQLQJZKDW of sustainable and genuine NLQGRI

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Critical Debate Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

proportions of winnings back), yet the absolute difference The Casino of Life: The between pot sizes of the relatively chip rich and the relatively chip poor kept growing. The pot size of those odds of reducing making small bets did not change much, while the lucky ones with larger bets and pot sizes steamed ahead. Even inequality in a country when the relatively chip poor increased their bets and thus winnings on a hand, this made little difference to the like Bolivia overall gap despite them increasing their pot by a larger proportion than Ioulia Fenton the richer players. “Although attention has This got me s a visitor to La Paz in Bolivia I have been staying in thinking about been paid to non-income a friendly hostel downtown. One week I happened the aim of many dimensions of poverty, they to stumble onto a Casino aid agencies and have not yet been nightA organised by the owners. It governments to universally incorporated was all for fun and no real money reduce inequality was exchanged. Everyone and poverty into growth and inequality received 250 fake bolivianos through pro-poor measures.” (fbs) worth of chips. If you growth in managed to do well and double developing your pot to 500 fbs then you countries like Bolivia1. What would this really mean and is could exchange them for a free drink. it achievable? Or should we be focusing on different aims? Let me demonstrate what I mean with a simple thought I happened to be experiment. Let's use the most ambitious scenario: To be having dinner with ƔƔƔ pro-poor, growth needs to disproportionately benefit the some other “A person's income is not poorest segments of the population and reduce absolute travellers I had just poverty2. Let's assume a poor person earns around $600 met on a table purely monetary or wage (US) per year (or just above the national poverty line in which was destined driven. Nor can inequality Bolivia of $1.6 per day) and an average person earns for Black Jack. Now be easily measured purely around $5,000 per year (just above the Bolivian $4,454.99 this was not like a national per capita GDP adjusted for PPP)3. The income real casino which to from income statistics.” gap is $4,400 per annum. Let’s assume that we have me can seem rather ƔƔƔ growth of overall 5%, but that it is pro-poor in that the  boring and poorest wages are increasing at 6% while the wages of the somewhat lonely as players silently make bets and collect average person at 4%. After the first year it will look as their winnings or losses. Instead the 10 players around our follows: table had really gotten into the spirit of things and supported each other cheering and laughing through the Year Poor income Middle Income Gap whole game. Even the dealer was on our side. The positive 0 $ 600 $ 5,000 $ 4,400 atmosphere led to a bit of a winning streak for all of us. For 1 600*1.06 = $ 636 5000*1.04 = $ $ 4,564 a series of hands the dealer was beat. What was noticeable 5,200 (+ 164) to me, however, was that those players who by the beginning of the winning streak had amassed more chips So the absolute income gap has increased by $164 per kept betting close to the maximum allowed of 50 fbs, while annum. What if the next year new and highly successful those with smaller pots would bet closer to the minimum of 5 fbs (with some exceptions).  1 See, for example, Klasen S., Grosse M., Thiele R., Lay J., Spatz J. & Wiebelt M. (2004) “Operationalising Pro- Poor Growth: A Country As we progressed through the winning streak, everyone's Case Study on Bolivia”. individual pot grew. Proportionaly to our own pot sizes we 2 This is something that is recommended in a recent paper by Negre M. (2010) “Concepts and Operationalization of Pro-Poor Growth”, were all probably making roughly the same bets, lets say UNU-WIDER Working Paper No. 2010/47. 5% of the total pot (and therefore drawing similar 3 For the year 2009 – source http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/country/Bolivia/.   Critical Debate Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

pro-poor policies were implemented and the poorest’s used the rest to help get drinks for those who did not quite wages grew at 12% and the better-off only 3%: have enough. We then divided the left over chips equally between all of us and played out the rest of the game. Year Poor income Middle Income Gap 1 $ 636 $ 5,200 $ 4,564 The point here being that virtually everyone's pot did grow 2 636 * 1.12 = $ 5,200* 1.03 = $ $ 4,644 (+ (income), but it did not determine who was able to get a 712 5,356 80) free drink (consumption). In addition, having fun with the people around us and making new friends (our social So even in a really optimistic (and perhaps somewhat capital) and sharing our wealth (collectively deciding to unrealistic) scenario, the income gap increased by $80 per tax the rich to provide the same opportunities for the annum, thus actually making the growth anti-poor. poorer in our group) in the end were the things that made Imagine the figures if you compare the absolutely richest up the whole experience. A person's income is not purely with the monetary or wage driven. Nor can inequality be easily absolutely measured purely from income statistics. Progressive  poorest. This taxation, non-cash government transfers (benefits), access “This article is not an begs the to public services, opportunities in life (for a decent job, question education, health services and so on), and human and attempt to say that lowering social capital all play their part. absolute income inequality whether pro- poor growth is not an admirable goal. and income In fact, depending on the country, even the total monetary However, there needs to be inequality income someone receives can include a large number of recognition that it may be reduction are sources. For example wages, remittances and family support, government welfare payments, interest earnings difficult to achieve it in compatible and on savings and investments and so on, all of which are societies with relatively high complementar rarely captured in wage and income statistics. Inequality levels of income inequality y goals. Of and poverty depend on all these factors and are very to begin with” course with relative. both these  Lowering inequality through pro-poor growth has  case scenarios the standard of living of the poorest would have improved particularly been a focus of aid agencies in Bolivia. This (assuming zero inflation), thus having a poverty reducing article is not an attempt to say that lowering absolute effect, while inequality has increased. income inequality is not an admirable goal. However, there needs to be a recognition that it may be difficult to achieve Income inequality is thus clearly not telling the whole it in societies with relatively high levels of income story. In fact, consumption inequality for Bolivia is much inequality to begin with (as was demonstrated in the rather lower than income inequality (Gini 0.44 and 0.60 simplistic and stylised mathematical example above). respectively) due to the fact that consumption in Although attention has been paid to non-income developing countries is less reliant on a formal wage than dimensions of poverty, they have not yet been universally that in developed countries4. A Gini of 0.44 is closer to the incorporated into growth and inequality measures. Where income inequality recorded for USA and thus paints a very attempts have been made, Bolivia's progress looks much 5 different picture when being compared to Bolivia. This more positive . In the Casino of life, many other factors large difference in the Gini coefficient has been caused by determine how equal a society is and increasing simply changing the measure from income to opportunities for all is perhaps a more important aim that consumption. needs to be recognised in statistics. (Ioulia Fenton is Global South Development Magazine’s regional editor for Latin This brings me back to my casino night experience. America and can be reached at [email protected]) Towards the end of our Black Jack game roughly half of us had more than doubled our initial pot, thus qualifying for a  free drink. We had exchanged the required 500 fbs and we 5 For details of a study for Bolivia see Grosse M., Harttgen K. &  Klasen S. (2006) “Measuring Pro-Poor Progress towards the Non- 4 Andersen L. E. (2008) “How Unequal is Bolivia really?”, INESAD Income Millennium Development Goals”, UNU-WIDER Research Monday Morning Development Newsletter, Available online at Paper No. 2006/38. http://www.inesad.edu.bo/mmblog/mm_20080211.htm    Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 Another group tells of an industrial chemical leak in Germany. God is not interested saying, “The Germans will work it out”. Floods in There is also news of a devastating earthquake in Japan. God pays no attention saying, “They Japanese will innovate and continue.” Pakistan Then comes a junior angel carrying news of floods in Pakistan. God jumps up and orders all to follow him in aiding the disaster hit nation. The angels ask God what was so special about Pakistan that He was rushing to their aid!

“I have to. They will do nothing themselves for they have left everything at God’s will!”

And God is what most people had with them when the worst floods in history struck with a vengeance and lingered on for over two months with a cruel persistence!

The floods in Pakistan are far from over despite it being over two months since the disaster started with abnormal monsoon cloud bursts in Kashmir, Ladakh, north-western Pakistan and Afghanistan. Sadly, it is actually worsening for the most vulnerable among the 20 million people affected.

More than 10.5 million people are on the move on roads looking for refuge and shelter. A very small fraction of this population has so far found shelter in government facilities or temporary camps set-up by NGOs and international relief agencies. A majority of this displaced population has lived in open fields and without proper shelter, food, medicines or protection.

According to Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani, the inundations affected 20 million people, killing more than 1,800 and damaging 1.9 million homes. The losses helped © Siri Pitkänen push rice in Chicago to the highest level since May and boosted cotton to the most expensive in 15 years in New York. Khalid Hussain “Losses to rice, cotton and sugar crops come to US$3.27 There is a joke that many say aptly describes Pakistan for billion,” calculates Federal Agriculture Minister Nazar her development and humanitarian donor nations, Muhammad Gondal. Wheat and rice are the two staples for institutions and individuals. It goes: Pakistan’s people, and the government and international relief agencies have found it hard to provide food for One day an Angel brings the news of a frightening super affected areas. The United Nations said damage to cyclone in California to God. God sends the angel away infrastructure may hurt farmers for years. saying, “The Americans know what to do. They will do it.”   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)



© World Vision/Khalid Hussain

Most of the make-shift camps are without essential services All three have a direct bearing and impact on the disaster and poorly managed. Government schools are used to camp brought by the biggest floods this country has ever seen. displaced population and most of these buildings are The size and scope of the floods disaster is so large that it already in dilapidated conditions and cannot house victims affects everything in its wake. But as for the suffering of the for a long time. The government and humanitarian agencies flood-affected people of Pakistan, the three are inexorably have not been able to set-up tent facilities, thus increasing intertwined and create the reality in which the weaker suffer risks of shocks and vulnerabilities. more from floods with little hope of help but from God All Mighty! The food, medicines, water, non-food items and temporary shelters provided by government, NGOs, philanthropists and international groups are far less than the demand. It is predicted that the trauma is still not over as more monsoon is predicted and will add more volume of water in the river For the people it comes to join system. another three disasters they have Proving the local saying hardship seldom comes alone, the disaster of floods in Pakistan is not the only calamity that been trying to survive: Security, ails both state and society here. Floods are obviously the biggest natural disaster ever to hit this country. But for the Governance and Environment. people it comes to join another three disasters they have been trying to survive: Security, Governance and Environment.

  Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 Security is a big and continuous disaster in Pakistan. The Afghanistan. “The ongoing war against Taliban and Al-Qaida in Pakistan international The greater added to the miseries of flood affected people as the state community, to which remained challenged and unavailable to help its citizens. Pakistan belongs to, is tragedy had a losing the war against human hand! Monsoon floods started in Baluchistan on July 22 this year. the Taliban. This is Extreme Floods hit Kashmir, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan and above all because we Dir, Swat, Charsada, Nowshehra and Peshawar in the have lost the battle to win hearts and minds,” he said, in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) province, formerly known as published comments. the NWFP, on July 29. Ethnic violence erupted in Karachi on August 02 with 32 killed in a single day. The When Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, US Special Commandant of the paramilitary Frontier Constabulary Representative for Pakistan and Afghanistan, said on (FC) was killed along with his two gunmen and a civilian in September 17 in Islamabad that the Government in a suicide attack close to his office on August 04 in his Pakistan was not drowning in the floods though it was Peshawar office as 19 more were killed in Karachi. facing “unbelievably difficult circumstances,” he was showing the linkages between the first two and the third Media coverage is one yard stick to measure how much disaster blamed on human induced environmental changes. resource security occupied versus rescue and relief for the disaster stricken poor people of the country. As floods And so did the United States President Barack Obama ravaged the Kyber-Pakhtunkhawa and south Punjab, when he sent his condolences to the families of the victims President Asif Ali Zardari was on his Euro tour. More than of the devastating floods in Pakistan pledging support in floods, it was the war against terror that kept him occupied Pakistan’s challenging relief and rescue effort. “Our in Europe. He told the French newspaper Le Monde that relationship with Pakistan goes far beyond our shared coalition forces were “losing the war against the Taliban” in commitment to fight extremists.

© World Vision/Khalid Hussain

© World Vision/Khalid Hussain © World Vision/Khalid Hussain   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 “The United States government stands ready to continue to 62,000 square miles (160,000 square kilometers) of land or assist Pakistani authorities address the difficult challenges one-fifth of the country. The flooding also devastated parts posed by this natural disaster,” Michael Hammer, the of northwest Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, which has spokesman for the National Security Council, said. seen some of the fiercest fighting in Pakistan's war against Taliban insurgents. People in the Swat Valley - who had Little wonder, therefore, that United Kingdom, Germany, been trying to rebuild their lives following a massive Saudi Arabia and America were the first rich nations to military operation against the Taliban last year - have been commit themselves to large flood donations within days of particularly badly affected. the disaster's strike. The United States has donated the most, at least $70 million, and has sent military helicopters Once the floods recede, billions more dollars will be needed to rescue stranded people and drop of food and water. for reconstruction and getting people back to work in the Washington hopes the assistance will help improve its already-poor nation of 170 million people. The image in the country — however marginally — as it seeks International Monetary Fund has warned the floods could its support in the battle against the Taliban in neighboring dent economic growth and fuel inflation. The scale of the Afghanistan. disaster raises global concerns for the country pivotal to defeating al-Qaida and the Taliban.

The floods are already destabilizing Pakistan’s weak civilian government. Political chaos, affecting more than just Pakistan, is also likely to follow.

Governance compounded the natural disaster paralyzing institutions and systems. The disaster response not only manifested Pakistan’s administrative adequacy but also showed all that no system can function without organizational discipline and accountability.

There were two waves of floods in Pakistan. One was caused by extreme weather disturbances that brought the sudden flood calamity in NWFP. The worse was, however, the lingering mismanagement to save the crumbling infrastructure for water resources management on the Indus River. The greater tragedy had a human hand!

In the North-West, a massive cascade of waters, triggered by heavy monsoon rains starting on July 28, swept through the region, washing away homes, roads, bridges, crops and livestock. Yet the floods persist after two months despite the fact that the monsoon season in Pakistan has been over © World Vision/Khalid Hussain since the first week of September!

Britain, Pakistan's former colonial ruler, was the second The Flood debacle in Sindh has unmasked the fragility of largest donor, pledging over $32 million. Other major governance structure where individuals dominated the rules donations included $13 million from Germany, $10 million of business. An initial relief breach in Tori bund wreaked from Australia, $5 million from Kuwait, $3.5 million from havoc in the province. Millions of people living in the upper Japan and $3.3 million from Norway. half of Sindh from Kashmore to Dadu/Jamshoro had to pay the price through their misery. Pakistan's worst floods in recorded history spread throughout the country affecting 20 million people and   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 There are 1600 miles (nearly 2400 km) of embankments (or levees or dykes), mostly made of earth or a mix of stones and earth, along the rivers in Punjab alone. They Officials only came to hand out have been built to save cities and human settlements from the overflowing rivers. In Sindh, from Guddu barrage food when media were present. near the border of the Punjab up to Kotri, there is a wall of embankments along the Indus. But due to silt ȊȊȊ depositions and wear and tear of the levees, this protective wall has weakened. Massive corruption in the Wealthy landowners diverted provincial irrigation departments and the pilferage of money is another cause why dykes breach when floods water into unprotected villages come. during the floods to save their

As water rises in rivers, the embankment near the Kot own crops. Addu was breached by authorities to save the Taunsa Barrage because water level was rising above 1.1 million cusecs and the entire canal system from the Taunsa Barrage was at risk. The breach in the left marginal embankment created a parallel channel for the swollen from such large area could have been avoided. Deputy Indus River. The resulting flood devastated dozens of towns Chairman Senate Jan Jamali demanded from the Chief like Dera Din Pannah, Kot Addu, Sinawan, Mehmood Kot, Justice of Pakistan to take suo moto action on criminal Gurmani, Qasba Gujrat, Qasba Ghazi Ghat and Khar diversion of floodwater towards Balochistan. Former prime Gharbi. An estimated 300,000 people were forced to flee for minster Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali also protested loudly as their lives as flood water waves as high as 14 feet ravaged his hometown in Baluchistan was also flooded. through their, homes, villages and towns. The saddest thing about this was that people could have been told to leave but "We are seeing the equivalent of a new disaster every few the flood warning system failed abjectly. days in Pakistan", said Valerie Amos, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and With a breach in the Kandhkot-Toori embankment near Emergency Relief Coordinator. "Yesterday, new breaches of Hamid Malik village near Sukkur, floodwaters speedily the embankments of Manchhar Lake in Sindh flooded more ravaged Karampur, Ghauspur and other parts of the district, villages. Millions of people have lost everything. Our task is in addition to around 300 villages with a population of to give people the help they need", she added. 300,000 people. A breach was created in Tori Bandh (dyke) near Jacobabad in the west towards Balochistan to save Hundreds of victims blocked a major highway with stones Jacobabad where the Americans run a rented Airforce base and garbage near the hard-hit Sukkur area, complaining situated in Sindh for their war against terror. In district they were being treated like animals. Protester Kalu Jaffarabad, a surge in the floodwater level in Dera Allahyar, Mangiani said government officials only came to hand out Usta Muhammad, Suhbatpur, Rojhan Jamali, Gandakha, food when media were present. Kot Magsi of district Jhal Magsi and some parts of district Nasirabad was observed thanks to this breach. Floodwaters Pakistan’s UN Ambassador Abdullah Hussain Haroon has level in Balochistan districts would not descend until the called for an inquiry into allegations that wealthy gap in Toori embankment was plugged, officials said. landowners diverted water into unprotected villages during the floods to save their own crops. There was evidence that The Balochistan government issued strong press statements landowners had allowed embankments to burst and to lead protesting over the diversion of floodwater from Sindh. waters flowing away from their land, he said on BBC’s President Zardari and his ruling party in Sindh were “Hard Talk” programme telecast on Thursday. “Over the accused of creating a ‘man-made disaster’ for the Baloch years, one has seen with the lack of floods, those areas people. Chief Secretary Balochistan said if the water was normally set aside for floods have come under irrigation of allowed to pass through its natural channel; the evacuation the powerful and rich,” Ambassador Haroon said.   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 Popular disaffection with the state has been a theme well- played by the media circus of Pakistan. Iniquitous land relations in Sindh and other rural areas, heavily hit by the floods will become a major source of public disenchantment with the state agencies. This is what prompted President Asif Ali Zardari on September 08 to declare reports on the alleged breaching of embankments were merely a fiction and only political actors were talking about the breaking of dykes.

The federal cabinet that met earlier in Islamabad failed even to get the finance minister despite an articulated need for allocation of funds in view of the unprecedented calamity. Accepting their lack of credibility on August 12, Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani and leading oppossition party leader from Punjab Mian Nawaz Sharif declared join hands to establish a disaster management body to raise funds and to oversee relief and rehabilitation of the flood- affected people in a transparent manner. “A commission or board would be set up, which would open its own account for receipt of donations and contributions, oversee damage need assessment survey and ensure judicious distribution of assistance among the affected people,” said Gilani totally oblivious to the fact that he was telling his own government was not credible for donors.

The fight over handling the flood relief goods got complex as Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani's four-member Flood © World Vision/Khalid Hussain Relief Assessment Committee for the Punjab was stopped from functioning. If this was not enough, media revealed The UN agencies had already stepped up calls for donors to that Army stopped the special committee notified by the deliver on their pledges for Pakistan to prevent what UN Prime Minister and has impounded all their stores from chief Ban Ki-moon called on August 20 a “slow-motion Multan, Gilani's home town. On September 06, Prime tsunami” from wreaking further catastrophe. What the U.N. Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani conceded in the Council of secretary-general Ban Ki-moon called a "slow-motion Common Interests meeting in Islamabad that aid was not tsunami" is expected to leave a big scar on the national coming to his government. This confirmed a fact that was psyche, society, economy and geography. "The U.N. chief, already well known. who traveled to Pakistan to visit sites devastated by the disaster, said almost 20 million people need shelter, food and emergency care.”That is more than the entire population hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami, the Kashmir “This is a global disaster, a earthquake, Cyclone Nargis, and the earthquake in Haiti -- global challenge. It is one of combined," he said. Make no mistake," he said. "This is a global disaster, a global challenge. It is one of the greatest the greatest tests of global tests of global solidarity in our times." solidarity in our times.” When Hyderabad city was inundated on August 21, the

~ UN chief Ban Ki-moon world had to do something to get aid to the people without involving the viciously fighting politicians and breathing on the necks Army. This is why the United Nations got to   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 issue a second appeal to fund their Flood relief operations infrastructure development – played a villainous role for the in Pakistan. people of Pakistan.

Just under two months since the onset of flooding, the United Nations and its partners have launched a revised Pakistan Floods Emergency Response Plan, “Why the river could not carry which now appeals for US$2,006,525,183 to provide aid for up to 14 million people over a 12-month period. excess water is where human The appeal has 483 projects to be carried out by 15 intervention – in terms of water United Nations bodies, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and 156 national and resource planning and infrastructure international non-governmental organizations development – played a villainous (NGOs). The appeal includes the earlier amount of $459.7 million, requested on 11 August. The initial role for the people of Pakistan.” appeal of $459 million is now 80% funded, making the unmet requirements for this emergency $1.6 billion.

Environmental issues come to fore when we appreciate the Since the Green Revolution and after the Indus Waters fact that the total volume of water in the Indus river water Treaty with India in 1960, more and more waters of the system was not exceptionally high at 1.1 million cusecs at its Indus River have been diverted in for irrigated agriculture. maximum. The river system could easily absorb this volume Many farmowners are resourceful enough to secure state of water. Yet, the number of people suffering from the support for building built levees or embankments on the massive floods in Pakistan could exceed the combined total river protecting their farms from flood waters. Not only in in three recent mega-disasters - the 2004 Indian Ocean Pakistan, but indeed across South Asia, the local councils tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti and the water resource planning authorities have supported earthquake - the United Nations says. such ‘straight-jacketing’ of rivers.

Triggered by monsoon rains, the floods have torn through Pakistan’s disaster response system was found helpless in the country from its mountainous northwest, destroying the face of floods. “The National Disaster Management hundreds of thousands of homes and an estimated 1.7 Authority (NDMA) and its provincial and district million acres (nearly 700,000 hectares) of farmland. In extensions were sent into a tailspin by the disaster being southern Pakistan, the River Indus is now more than 15 totally ineffective,” noted Naseer Memon, Chief Executive miles (25 kilometers) wide at some points — 25 times of a major NGO Strengthening Participatory Organization wider than during normal monsoon seasons. (SPO). A resourceless Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) in Sindh could do nothing to help the The disaster happened because of a freak weather province manage the biggest flood disaster ever to hit the phenomenon resulting in unprecedented monsoon cloud lower Indus region. Punjab did not have any PDMA till bursts, massive deforestation in the catchment areas, recent days while those established in the other two unplanned settlements blocking rain torrents in the provinces were found to be totally resource less. Memon mountains and destruction of the riverine ecology. Mated calls them ‘Dead as Dodo’. to a weak water protection infrastructure, it was the underlying environmental causes that wreaked the flood Lack of appropriate early warning system had been a major havoc across the country. cause of otherwise preventable localized disasters. Timely warning is linchpin of any disaster response mechanism as it Rivers are drains of water from the body geography. Being can assuage the impact to a considerable degree. Little one of the largest rivers of the world, the Indus should have wonder our shoddy disaster management machinery was been able to carry out excess water into the Arabian Sea. soon on its knees as the disaster continued to meander Why the river could not carry excess water is where human through patchwork of dykes on both sides of mighty Indus. intervention – in terms of water resource planning and   Special Report Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

 Bereft of a flood management plan, confounded Punjab and admits in painstaking detail the many failures of the Bank’s Sindh governments had to follow the whim of meandering massive investments in Pakistan during the 1990s. waters resulting in clumsy decision making. Thus, one can safely say that the floods were partly ‘anthropogenic’ in that The World Bank has also seen it fit to link a US$6 billion they were caused by careless planning of water resources. It package with improved governance. The WB cited is the water infrastructure on the Indus River and its Corruption, limited oversight and weak accountability as tributaries that is to blame for the scale of human impact of major challenges and sought improvements in economic the floods in Pakistan. governance, human development, infrastructure and security. Pakistan’s governance challenges are critical to Although in numbers of dead the disaster that has hit the mitigation of damages from the epic disaster. Else the nation is smaller than the Asian Tsunami, the scale of overall social, natural and economic environment will also human suffering, particularly during the post-flood times, change. Limited oversight and weak accountability of public and the magnitude of the nearly impossible task of institutions are at the basis of a chaos calling itself a rebuilding innumerable livelihoods is far greater than the government. Pakistan’s development objectives depend on Tsunami. improved governance of the public sector.

No one could possibly predict and prevent the floods. It However, dramatically ramping up assistance to Pakistan was by all measures an unusual natural event exacerbated by has little chance of working. Pakistan has received large human folly in terms of Security, Governance and packages of loans including the last one in 2006 for as much Environmental management. as US$6.5 billion. Will the money make a difference? Only if Pakistan’s leadership puts their house in order. Given the political imperative to “do something,” the conventional wisdom has been to pour money on the problem. For over a decade, Pakistan has had almost Khalid Hussain is Global South Development bottomless credit from the World Bank and other donors to Magazine’s Regional Editor for South Asia and can be cure its poor record of economic development. Sadly, the reached at [email protected] country has little to show for it. And it appears now that the

Bank is once again prepared to pull out its checkbook-in

spite of the fact that a recent report (large file size) conducted by the Bank’s own independent evaluation unit

Flood Damages in Figures r20 million persons affected - of which over 75 percent are in Sindh and Punjab Millions in need of urgent humanitarian aid

rAt least 10 million people currently without shelter

rOver 2 million hectares of crops lost

rCotton, Rice and Sugar Cane crops lost US$3.27 billion to the economy

rAlmost 1.9 million homes destroyed or damaged

rAn area of at least 160,000 km2 ravaged by floods

rOnce the floods have gone, there will be an economic catastrophe in which millions of ordinary people lack the resources to feed their own families.   Southern Stories Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

Sorrows of Salt makers in India

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Southern Stories Global South Development Magazine (July- Sep 2010)

HGLEOHDQGLQGXVWULDOVDOWUHTXLUHPHQWSURGXFLQJDERXW Possible causes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¶VFRXQWU\FRUUHVSRQGHQWIURP,QGLDDQGFDQEH ZRUNLQJDQGOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQV,QPRVWFDVHVWKHLUEDVLF UHDFKHGDW[email protected] ) LGHQWLW\RIEHLQJDVDOWZRUNHULWVHOILVGHQLHG7KHSULPDU\ VWDNHKROGHUWKHVWDWHGRHVQRWKDYHDFRQVFLRXVDSSURDFKWR WKHVXIIHULQJLQIOLFWHGXSRQWKHVDOWZRUNHUV$QDVVHVVPHQW EAST AFRICA: Community radio PDGHE\WKH,QGLDQJRYHUQPHQW¶V6DOW&RPPLVVLRQRQWKH OLYHOLKRRGFRQGLWLRQVRI6DOWSDQZRUNHUVWKURXJKRXWWKH reaches refugees with HIV messages FRXQWU\VWDWHV³WKHVDOWZRUNHUVDUHWKHSRRUHVWRIWKHSRRULQ NGARA, 1 WKHFRXQWU\´,QVSLWHRIDOOWKHVHILQGLQJVQRVSHFLILFVWHS October 2010 KDVEHHQWDNHQRQWKHLUEHKDOIVRIDU+RZHYHUODERUHUV (PlusNews) - An HPSOR\HGE\WKHSULYDWHVHFWRUSXEOLF6HFWRUFRRSHUDWLYHVDUH FM radio station FRPSDUDWLYHO\LQDEHWWHUSRVLWLRQ broadcasting  from the 'XHWRYDULRXVUHDVRQVXQIRUWXQDWHO\WKHFRQGLWLRQRIVDOW western Tanzanian town ZRUNHUVLVVWLOOGLVPDOLQWKHFRXQWU\%HFDXVHRIDQLQWHQVLYH of Ngara is FLYLOVRFLHW\LQWHUYHQWLRQRQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKH+LJK&RXUW bringing vital *XMDUDW*RYHUQPHQWKDGIRUPHGDKLJKOHYHOHPSRZHUPHQW HIV prevention FRPPLWWHHIRUVDOWZRUNHUVDQGKDGXQGHUWDNHQYDULRXV information to PHDQLQJIXOHIIRUWVWRLPSURYHWKHVWDWXVRIVDOWZRUNHUVLQ thousands of *XMDUDW:KHUHDVLQRWKHUVWDWHVQRWKLQJKDVEHHQ Burundian and VLJQLILFDQWO\LQLWLDWHG Rwandan  refugees living in the region. Underlying Issues of small-scale salt workers in India A weekly 30-minute HIV-focused programme entitled, You and Me, 3RRUDQGIOXFWXDWLQJKRXVHKROGLQFRPHGXHWRVHDVRQDOLW\DQG Together We Can, is broadcast on Radio Kwizera to an estimated FDODPLWLHV 90,000 refugees living in camps in northwestern Tanzania. Its ,QDGHTXDWHVNLOOVLQDGHTXDWHDFFHVVWRVWDWHUHVRXUFHV coverage goes beyond the camps, reaching more than six million LQFOXGLQJDFFHVVWRFUHGLW QRUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLQGHFLVLRQ people in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and PDNLQJJURXSV9RLFHOHVVDQGVRPHKRZERQGHGZRUNLQJ Tanzania. QDWXUH 9HU\SRRUZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQ QRSURSHUGULQNLQJZDWHUQR "During our health broadcasts, there is real interaction with the WRLOHWIDFLOLW\QRVKHGIRUUHVWQROLJKWVQRSURSHUURDGQR people," said Father Damas Missanga, head of Radio Kwizera, which was founded in 1995 by the NGO Jesuit Refugee Service. ILUVWDLGRUKHDOWKFDUHIDFLOLW\KHDOWKKD]DUGVGXHWRH[FHVVLYH "They call us and send SMS questions; we answer them on air." KHDWLQVDOWSDQDQGQROLYHOLKRRGULVNFRYHUDJH  3RRUOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQ OLYLQJPRVWO\LQWKDWFKHGVKHOWHUVSRRU "Girls call in to tell us what is happening [such as] men who do not VDQLWDWLRQQRSURSHUGULQNLQJZDWHUSRRUWUDQVSRUWDFFHVV want to wear condoms," said Jean-Paul Basabose, the show's HOHFWULFLW\HWF  host. 3RRUOLWHUDF\OHYHO *LUOFKLOGVFKRROGURSRXWVDWWKWRWK VWDQGDUGLVYHU\KLJKDPRQJVDOWZRUNHUFKLOGUHQ%HFDXVHWKH According to the station's editor-in-chief, Emmanuel Buhohela, the ZRPHQVDOWODERUHUVDVWKH\JRWRVDOWSDQVLQYHU\HDUO\  programme covers a raft of HIV prevention issues, reflecting the DP WKHHOGHUJLUOFKLOGLVWDNLQJFDUHRI\RXQJHUFKLOGUHQ "social realities" of the refugee communities.

FRRNLQJDQGGRLQJKRXVHKROGZRUNV "We talk a lot about sex with [underage] girls," he said. "We tell /DFNRIDZDUHQHVVRIWKHLUULJKWVDQGLQDELOLW\WRDFFHVV pregnant women to go to a hospital to give birth because it is still JRYHUQPHQW¶VVRFLDOVDIHW\QHWSURJUDPVFRXSOHGZLWKODFNRI very much the mentality that it must be done at home." DSSURSULDWHIRUXPDQGEDUJDLQLQJSRZHU 1RSURSHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVDOWODERUHUVLQWKHVWDWHQR The UN Refugee Agency has reported incidents of sexual SULRULW\WRWKHVDOWZRUNHUVLQWKHSROLFLHVDQGSURJUDPVDQG exploitation of children in Tanzanian refugee camps. HWF   ϯϯ

From the Editor Global South Development Magazine (July- Sept 2010)

Let’s talk

about ƔƔƔ On the other hand, the MDGs have served as the crux of cooperation that binds the the “the MDGs have served as developed and the developing world. In the crux of cooperation that many instances, the MDGs have been used MDGs binds the developed and the as bargaining tools in negotiations between developing world. In many the two worlds.

instances, the MDGs have Interestingly, the MDGs are not aimed at fter the been used as bargaining the developing world only. The goal 8 Copenhagen tools in negotiations requires the developed world to fulfill its climate summit between the two worlds.” promise of development assistance. So the Ain 2009, the world was MDGs are the tests both rich and the poor mesmerized again for a ƔƔƔ world will have to pass. So the victory over couple of days during the the MDGs will be equally shared by both MDG review summit this year. developing and the developed world.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are Rich countries have renewed their soft simply admired by many as they are quite commitment to increase support in the developing straightforward, modest, practically measurable world, but given the pervasive financial crisis at and, in presence of firm political commitment and home, they will have to think of and find global solidarity, quite easily achievable too! alternative sources for helping the poor. In absence of that, all the promises will go in vain The MDGs have been at the centre of again. In that sense, however, the review summit development objectives in the developing world can be taken as a success as it gave space to since they were framed in the year 2000 at the UN alternative viewpoints of financing development in Millennium Summit. Almost all developing the developing world. nations take into account of the MDGs when they are framing their domestic development policies. It is very likely that the pattern will continue for (The Editor can be reached at many more years. [email protected]) 3ϰ