Respiratory System

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Respiratory system Sándor Katz M.D.,Ph.D. Nasal cavity • divided by the nasal septum • lined by nasal mucosa • divisible into an olfactory and a respiratory area • connection with the paranasal sinuses Cartilaginous nasal cavity superior nasal concha middle nasal concha inferior nasal concha Blood supply of the nasal cavity Kiesselbach’s plexus (90% of the epistaxes occure here) Innervation of the nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses • communication with the nasal cavity • they reduce the weight of the skull • lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium • they heat and moisturise the air • act as resonators of voice Openings of the paranasal sinuses 1. hypophysis 2. sphenoid sinus 3. posterior ethmoidal air cells 4. sphenoethmoid recess 5. superior nasal concha 6. superior nasal meatus 7. middle nasal concha 8. ethmoid bulla 9. semilunar hiatus 10.opening of the maxillary sinus 11.middle nasal meatus 12.inferior nasal concha 13.inferior nasal meatus 14.opening of the auditory canal 15.soft palate 16.hard palate Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus (2) Maxillary sinus= Highmore’s sinus: Frontal sinus Laryngeal cartilages • epiglottis • thyroid cartilage • cricoid cartilage Laryngeal cartilages • arytenoid cartilages • corniculate cartilages • cuneiform cartilages Trachea • cartilaginous part • membranous part Right main bronchus: • more vertical • bigger lumen (inhaled foreign bodies can block the lumen easily) Left main bronchus: • more oblique • smaller lumen Pleura It is a serous membrane. Visceral pleura. Parietal pleura: costal part, diaphragmatic part, mediastinal part. Lungs Parts: base, apex and hilum Surfaces: costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior) Left lung: 2 lobes (superior and inferior) The lobes are built up by segments. Hilum of the lungs left lung right lung Thank you for your attention. References: Drake: Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd ed. Standring: Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed. Radiopaedia.org Thieme Atlas of Anatomy, General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System, Head and Neuroanatomy and Internal Organs 2nd ed..

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Surgery in the Multimodality Treatment of Sinonasal Malignancies
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