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Faşizmin Doğası-Roger Griffin-Ali Selman-2014-395S ROGER GRIFFIN • Faşizmin Doğası ROGER GRIFFIN 1948'de doğdu. Oxfordve Oxford Polytechnic üniversitelerinde edebiyat ve tarih eğitimi gördü. Halen Oxford Brookes University'desiyaset ve tarih dersleri vermektedir. Faşizmin sosyo-tarihsel ve ideolojik dinamikleri üzerine sayılı uzmanlardan birisi olan Griffin'in Modemism andFas cism. 11ıeSense of a Beginning ıuukrMussolini andHitler (2007),A Fascist Century. Essays byRoger Griffin (2008) ve Terrorist's Creed. Fanatical Violenceand ıhe Humarı Needfor Meaning (2012) baş­ lıklı kitaptanbulunmaktadır. The Nature of Fascism © 1993 Roger Griffin Bu kitabın ilk baskısı l 99l'de Pinter PublishersLtd. tarafından yapılmıştır; yayın haklan ise Akcalı Telif Haklan Ajansı aracılığıyla Bloomsbury Publishing Plc'den alınmıştır. lletişim Yayınlan 1980 • Politika Dizisi 117 lSBN-13: 978-975-05-1446-3 © 2014 lletişim Yayıncılık A. Ş. l. BASKI 2014, lstanbul EDiTÖR Tanıl Bora REDAKSiYON Recep Ersel Erge DiZi KAPAKTASARIMI Utku lomlu KAPAK Suat Aysu UYGULAMA Hüsnü Abbas DÜZELTi Emircan Yaşa DiZiN Birhan Koçak BASKI ve CiLT Sena Ofset. SERTiFiKA NO. 12064 LitrosYolu 2. Matbaacılar Sitesi B Blok 6. Kat No. 4NB 7-9-11 Topkapı 34010 İstanbul Tel: 212.613 03 21 • tletişim Yayınlan. SERTiFiKA NO. 10721 Binbirdirek Meydanı Sokak, lletişim Han 3, Fatih 34122 İstanbul Tel: 212.516 22 60-61-62 • Faks: 212.516 12 58 e-mail: [email protected] • web: www.iletisim.com.tr ROGER GRIFFIN Faşizmin Doğası The Nature of Fascism ÇEVİREN Ali Selman �,,,, - . , iletişim İçindekiler Teşekkür................................................................................................................ ...... 7 Onsöz........ ..................................... .......................................... ............. ........... 9 İkinci Baskıya Önsöz ....... .. ...... ............ ..... ... .... ...... ..... .... ..... ...... ..........15 1 Türdeı Faıizmin uooğası" ........................................................ ........21 2 Türdeı Faıizm İçin Yeni Bir İdeal Tip. ........ .......................... .......... .59 3 İtalyan Faıizmi.. ...................................................... ............................. ..103 4 Alman Faıizmi......................................................... .............................. .... 145 5 İki Savaı Arası Avrupa'da Baıarısız Faıist Hareketler ................................................. .............................. ................ 191 6 Avrupa Dııı ve Savaı Sonrası Faıizmler ... .... .... .... ......... ... 237 7 Türdeı Faıizmin Psiko-Tarihsel Temeli.. .. .... .. ................ .... .... 293 8 Faıizmin Baıarısının Sosyo-Politik Belirleyenleri... ....... ....331 Sonsöz.. ........................................................................................... .......................................... 375 SôZLÜKÇE ........................................................................................ .............................. ............377 DIZIN ............................................................................................................................. .................. 383 Teşekkür British Academy'ye William Goodall'ın Portekizce'den birincil ve ikincil kaynakları erişilebilir hale getirerek sunduğu paha bi­ çilmez hizmete ulaşmamı mümkün kılan, uygun zamanda sağ­ ladıkları "küçük kişisel araştırma bursu" için teşekkür ederim. Bazı insanların en kritik anlarda bana verdikleri destek olma­ saydı ne bu kitap ne de yaslandığı felsefe doktorası araştırma­ sı gün yüzü görürdü (tabii ki vardığım sonuçlardan onlar so­ rumlu tutulamazlar). Bu kapsamda, Cyprian Blamires, Detlef Mühlberger, Peter Pulzer, Herminio Martins, lan Kershaw, Ro­ ger Eatwell, lain Stevenson, john Pollard, Martin Blinkhom ve Stein La:rsen'e müteşekkirim. Bu macera süresince büyük des­ tek veren Oxford Brooks Üniversitesi (daha önceki adıyla Ox­ ford Polytechnic) Beşeri Bilimler Bölümü'ne de teşekkür borç­ luyum. Forest Green'deki lngiliz ailem ve Campomorone'deki ltalyan ailem de çalışmamda çok önemli rol oynadılar. 7 Ön söz Zihinsel ufkun ötesinden doğan yeni bir takımyıldızının iç hu­ zur bulamayanlann gözlerini kamaştırdığı bir an vardır, bir ikaz ya da fırtına sireni gibi dünya tarihinde bir dönüm nok­ tasını işaretler, tıpkı zamanında Doğulu hükümdarlar için ol­ duğu gibi. Buradan bakıldığında çevreleyen yıldızlar kızıl bir ışıltıyla yutulur, putlar kınlan bir çömlek gibi dağılır ve o ana kadar biçimi olan her şey, yeni değerlere dönüşmek üzere fı­ nnlarda erir. Alman Emstjünger'in Battle as Inner Experience romanının gi­ riş sayfasında ima ettiği bu uyanış, kişisel olarak Birinci Dünya Savaşı'mfa yaşadığı cephe savaşı deneyimiyle sıkı sıkıya bağlı­ dır. Yine de sözleri tüm devrimci duyguların asli bir boyutunu ifade eder: Çağdaş insani meselelerdeki hayal kmklığı ve umut­ suzluk halinin, birdenbire düşsel bir yeni dünya anlayışına dö­ nüştüğü doğuş anının benzersizliğini. Yahudi-Hıristiyan tarihsel zamanını kullanan tüm toplum­ larda, 2000 yılı yaklaşırken, dünyanın yakın gelecekteki ka­ deri ile ilgili spekülasyonların yaygınlaşacağını öngörmek için modem bir Nostradamus olmaya gerek yok. Binyıl dönümüy­ le üçüncü binyıla girilirken, çöküş ve yeniden oluşa dair görüş­ ler öne sürme konusunda felaket tellalları ütopyacı fütürolog- 9 larla yarışacaklar, modern zihinler için bile efsanevi güçlerle yüklü bir beklenti oluşacak. Tarihsel dönüm noktası konusun­ daki kolektif düşüncenin güçlenmesi, algılanan ve nesnel dün­ ya toplumu yapılarında meydana gelecek bir dizi büyük dönü­ şümle mümkün olabilir: Köktenci, ayrımcı ve kabileci milliyet­ çiliklerin yükselişiyle; baskıcı devlet komünizmlerinin devrim­ ci ve ilerlemeci demokratik hareketler tarafından alaşağı edil­ meleri veya çözülmeleriyle; Birleşmiş Milletler teminatı altında bir "yeni dünya düzeni" önerisiyle ki bu nihai olarak BM'nin öngördüğü kuruluş hedeflerine varacaktır; yaklaşmakta olan ekolojik felaketin boyutlarının giderek daha fazla farkedilme­ siyle ve kendini yok etmenin yanı sıra tüm canlılar için yıkıcı olan modern uygarlığın, türümüz de dahil tüm dünya yaşamı için sonsuza dek sürdürülebilir bir yapıya dönüştürülmesi ça­ basıyla. İnsanlığın bir dönüm noktasında olduğunu söylemek bu sefer etnosentrik retoriğin bir parçası olmayabilir. Böylesi bir durumda "faşizmin doğası" araştırmasının bu iş için harcanan entelektüel enerjiyi, basım ve kağıt harcamasını meşru kılıp kılmayacağı sorulabilir. Sonuç olarak "faşizm" ile Faşizmi ve Nazizmi ve onlara öykünen hareketleri kastediyor­ sak, faşizm, yol açtığı korkunç yıkım ve savaşların yanı sıra, li­ beralizme ve sosyalizme atfettiği kötülükten bağışık bir post-li­ beral toplumun temellerini atma iddiasında da bütünüyle başa­ rısızlığa uğramıştır. Ulusların "sağlıklı" ilkelerle yeniden kuru­ lacağı Yeni Düzen ve bunu hayata geçirecek Yeni lnsan bir ha­ yal olmanın ötesine geçememiştir. lkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın he­ men ardından, Faşizmin ve Nazizmin yanıp yok olana kadar göktaşı hızında izledikleriyolu incelemek ve güç kazanamayan ancak aynı uluslararası krizin göstergeleri olan akraba hareket­ lerin incelenmesi için beşeribilimler alanında hatırı sayılır kay­ naklar tahsis edilmesi son derece doğaldı. Yarım yüzyıl sonra, yeniden canlanan ulusal değil de uluslararası toplum hayalleri­ nin egemen olduğu bir dönemde, faşizmin tanım ve dinamik­ leri üzerine çalışmanın veri ve kuramlarıyla akıp gitmekte olan tarih ilmine sağlam bir alt disiplin sağlamanın dışında doğru­ dan bir anlamı olabilir mi? 10 Faşizmin dinamikleri ve modem tarihin gelişiminde oyna­ dığı rolün faşist olmayanlarca en iyi anlaşılabileceği dönemin, çalkantılı sosyal ve ideolojik iklimiyle 20. yüzyıl sonlan olduğu görüşü bu kitabın öncüllerinden biridir. Faşizm, modemizm karşıtlığının ya da birkaç ulus devletin izlediği özel gelişme yöntemlerine dair sosyal patolojik sürecin olağandışı bir ser­ gilenişi değildir. Hammaddeleri militarizm, ırkçılık, karizma­ tik liderlik, popülist milliyetçilik, çöküşe yol açan güçlerin tüm ulusu ya da uygarlığı içine düşürdüğü korkular, modem çağa karşı hissedilen derin kaygı ve yeni bir çağın başlamasına du­ yulan özlemdir ki bunlann hepsi çağdaş tarihin fiili bileşenle­ ridir. lki dünya savaşı arasında bu bileşenlerin popüler ve hat­ ta kitle hareketlerinde bir araya gelmesi, aynca bunlardan iki­ sinin, Faşizmin ve Nazizmin nihai olarak yeni bir tür tek par­ ti devleti tesis etmesine yol açması, doğrudan veya dolaylı ola­ rak Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan ve Rus Devrimi'nden kaynakla­ nan şiddetli sosyo-politik gerilimlerin yaşandığı olağanüstü bir konjonktürden dolayıdır. Bu nedenle faşizm büyük ölçüde 20. yüzyılın ürünüdür. Etnik milliyetçiliklerin giderek yaygınlaştı­ ğı bir dönemde en yansız siyasetçiler veya çağdaş tarihçiler bi­ le felaket belirtileri ve yeni bir şafağın umutlan arasında kaldı, yeni bir ulus yaratabilmek üzere eski düzeni yıkma faşist pro­ jesinin altında yatan ters mitsel mantığı anlamak için "tarihsel imgelem"e çok az başvuruldu. Yeniden doğan millet ve ona dayanak teşkil ettiği varsayılan post-liberaltoplum bağlamında "asgari faşizmin" açıkça tanım­ lanmasının, ortaya çıkacak türün bugüne kadar formüle edi­ lenlerden sadece daha özlü ve daha "şık" olmasının ötesinde, tekil faşist hareketlerin dinamiklerine yeni bir kavrayış da ka­ zandıracağını umuyorum. Açıkça söylersek, bu bağlamda yazı­ lacak bir "faşizmin doğası" kitabı uygulamalı düşünceler tarihi alanında bir çalışma olacaktır. Böylelikle, faşisthareketin yayıl­ masını mümkün kılan büyük olgulara ve başarısını kolaylaştı­ ran veya dizginleyen sosyo-politik ve ekonomik
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