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Senegal República De Senegal

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Senegal República De Senegal OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Senegal República de Senegal La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. DICIEMBRE 2012 Religión: Senegal es un Estado laico (Art. 1 de la Constitución), donde coexis- Senegal ten de forma pacífica diferentes creencias y religiones. No obstante, la gran mayoría de la población (en torno a un 84%) es musulmana, hecho que se refleja en sus tradiciones, comportamientos y actitudes, quedando estructurada en torno a poderosas cofradías (Qadiriyya, Tidjania, Mouridia). El Cristanismo es la minoría de mayor peso, estando presente principalmente en el sur del país (Casamance). Forma de Estado: Estado unitario. Océano Atlántico St Louis División Administrativa: Senegal se organiza territorialmente en 14 regiones, MAURITANIA cuyas capitales son Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès, Ziguinchor, Kédougou y Sédhiou, y 45 departamentos. Nº Residentes españoles: 664 (31/12/2012) Dakar MALI 1.2. Geografía Senegal está situado en el extremo Oeste de África, entre los paralelos 12º30’ y 16º40’ Norte y los meridianos 11º 30’ y 17º30’ Oeste. Es un país llano, situado GAMBIA en la depresión conocida como la cuenca Senegal-Mauritania. Su orografía se caracteriza por una llanura costera al Este que se eleva gradualmente hacia el Kédougou Sudeste, hasta alcanzar una altitud máxima de 581 metros. La vegetación es GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA semidesértica, saheliana de sabana (baobab, acacia) y subtropical en la mitad Sur, con manglares en los estuarios de los ríos, en las regiones de Sine-Saloum, © Ocina de Información Diplomática. 2012 Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. al Norte de Gambia, y sobre todo, en la región de Casamance. En la frontera Norte con Mauritania, en la orilla izquierda del río Senegal, se da una vegetación de crecida anual, como en el Nilo. Respecto a su hidrografía, se encuentra rega- 1. DATOS BÁSICOS do por los ríos Senegal, Falémé, Saloum, Gambia y Casamance. 1.3. Indicadores sociales 1.1. Características generales Densidad de población (hab. Por km2)(2010): 64,6 (Banco Mundial) Nombre oficial: República de Senegal (République du Sénégal). PIB per cápita (2011): 1095 $ (OFECOMES Dakar) Superficie: 197,161m2. Coeficiente GINI (2011):39,2 (PNUD) Límites. Senegal limita con Mauritania al Norte, siendo el río Senegal la fronte- Esperanza de vida (2011): 59,3 (PNUD) ra, con Malí al Este, con Guinea-Bissau al Sur, con Guinea-Conakry al Sudeste Crecimiento de la población % (2010): 2,67% (Banco Mundial) y con el Océano Atlántico al Oeste. La República de Gambia, antigua colonia IDH (Valor numérico / nº orden mundial) (2011): 0,459/155 (PNUD) británica, forma un enclave, rodeada por territorio senegalés y el océano de Tasa de natalidad (2010): 37 (UNICEF) forma alargada de 280 Km de largo y 40 Km de ancho al Oeste, estrechándose Tasa de fertilidad (2010): 4,8 (UNICEF) a 25 Km hacia el Este, que cubre la cuenca baja del río Gambia, y que separa la Fuentes: Banco Mundial (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator) región senegalesa de la Casamance del resto del país. Informe REI (Abril 2012). OFECOMES Dakar Población: 13.600.000 hab. (Economist Intelligence Unit 2012). PNUD (http://hdrstats.undp.org/es/paises/perfiles/SEN.html) Capital: Dakar (2.682.000 hab.). UNICEF (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_statistics.html) Otras ciudades: Thiès (282.000 hab.), Mbour (234.000 hab.), Kaolack (182.000 hab.), Saint Louis (172.000 hab.). Idioma: Francés (oficial), Wolof, Serer, Peul, Mandinga, Soninké, Diola (nacionales). Moneda: Franco CFA. Tipo de cambio fijo respecto al Euro (1 Euro = 655,957 Francos CFA). 2 FICHA PAÍS SENEGAL 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto. 2011 Productos lácteos, frutas y legumbres 6 Aceites y grasas 4 DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % DEL PIB TOTAL Azúcares 3 Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca 16,3 Textiles 3 Industria 18,8 Papel y cartón 2 Servicios 52,9 Bebidas y tabaco 1 Impuestos netos sobre productos 12 Fuente: MEF Senegal (http://www.ansd.sn/publications/annuelles/NACE_2010.pdf) Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) de Senegal (http://www.ansd.sn/publica- tions/annuelles/SES_2010.pdf 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA 1.5. Coyuntura económica 2.1 Situación política reciente INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2009 2010 2011 PIB m. de mill. $ (precios corrientes) 12,791 12,9541 ND Senegal es una República presidencialista. El Parlamento está compuesto de PIB % crecimiento real 2,1% 4,2% 4%2 dos cámaras, la Asamblea Nacional y el Senado. La Asamblea Nacional consta Tasa de Inflación -1,7% 1,2% 2,7%2 de 150 diputados elegidos por sufragio universal cada 5 años. El Presidente Tasa de paro ND de la Asamblea Nacional se elige cada año, como consecuencia de la reforma Balanza c/c m.mill. $ -2.492 -2.426 -2.397 (ANSD) constitucional efectuada en septiembre de 2008 la cual redujo el mandato de Déficit público (% PIB) -4,9 -4,5 -5,83 cinco a un solo año. Por su parte, el Senado se compone de 100 miembros, Tipo cambio por $: Tipo de cambio fijo respecto al Euro (1 Euro = 655,957 65 de los cuales son nombrados directamente por el Presidente de Senegal y Francos CFA) el resto por elección indirecta. El Presidente de la República es elegido por su- 1 Banco Mundial fragio universal directo por un periodo de 7 años, tras la reforma de noviembre 2 MEF Senegal de 2008. 3 African Economic Outlook Fuentes: Banco Mundial (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD); MEF El 19 de marzo del 2000, la victoria de Abdoulaye Wade del Partido Democráti- Senegal (http://www.ansd.sn/publications/annuelles/NACE_2010.pdf); African Economic co Senegalés (PDS), frente a Abdou Diouf en la segunda vuelta de las elecciones Outlook (http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/west-africa/senegal/) presidenciales, puso fin a 40 años de hegemonía del Partido Socialista (PS), pri- mero bajo Leopold Sedar Senghor y luego con Abdou Diouf, en el poder desde 1.6. Distribución del comercio por países. 2010 la independencia en 1960. Este cambio fue denominado “la alternancia” según el nombre de la coalición de partidos (Alternance 2000) que apoyó a Wade. PRINCIPALES CLIENTES % TOTAL Inmediatamente después de dicha victoria, reforzada por una mayoría absoluta Mali 25,2 en las legislativas de 2001, se aprobó por referéndum una profunda reforma India 10,6 constitucional, cuyo eje fundamental se basaba en un fuerte reforzamiento del Suiza 8,3 carácter presidencialista del sistema político. Francia 4,9 Rep. De Guinea 3,5 Las elecciones presidenciales del 25 de febrero de 2007 estuvieron marcadas por una campaña política intensa pero pacífica y sin incidentes destacables, con PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES % TOTAL importante presencia de observadores internacionales, que calificaron las mis- Francia 20,1 mas como “free and fair”. Superando las expectativas más optimistas, Wade, Nigeria 10,5 apoyado por más de 60 partidos menores agrupados en la coalición SOPI, se China 8,9 alzó con una mayoría absoluta con el 56% de los sufragios en primera vuelta, lo Países Bajos 4,4 que supuso una reelección automática sin necesidad de segunda vuelta. Lejos España 3,9 quedaron las candidaturas del socialista Tanor Dieng o del antiguo delfín de Fuente: MEF Senegal (http://www.ansd.sn/publications/annuelles/NACE_2010.pdf) Wade, Idrissa Seck, con cerca del 15 % de los votos cada uno. 1.7. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2010 Tras haber anunciado algunos meses antes que se presentaría a las elecciones de 2012, el presidente Wade presentó el 23 de junio de 2011 un proyecto PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES % TOTAL de ley en el que reformaba el artículo 33 de la Constitución senegalesa, ins- Productos petroleros 36,6 taurando la elección simultánea de presidente y vicepresidente del gobierno y Productos pesqueros 19,8 rebajando el umbral para evitar la segunda vuelta en las elecciones a un 25%, Cemento 16,9 en lugar de en la mayoría absoluta prevista por dicho artículo. En opinión de Ácido fosfórico 16,7 los líderes de la oposición dichas medidas estaban claramente encaminadas a Cacahuete 5,6 instaurar un “ticket presidencial” que pudiera facilitar el acceso de Karim Wade, Algodón y tejido de algodón 1,7 hijo del Presidente, a la presidencia de la República. Esta percepción provocó Sal 1 ese mismo día graves disturbios especialmente en la ciudad de Dakar, donde en Abono 0,6 los enfrentamientos con la policía, los miles de manifestantes quemaron coches, Fosfatos 0,5 establecieron barricadas y lanzaron piedras contra la Asamblea Nacional y el Cuero y pieles 0,2 Palacio Presidencial. La revuelta acabó con unas cifras de 107 heridos, entre ellos 12 policías, y 4 muertos. PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES % TOTAL Productos petroleros 31 A raíz de este día, nació el movimiento “23 de junio” o “M23”, al que se sumó Maquinaria 17 gran parte de la oposición, y cuya principal reclamación era exigir al Presidente Cereales 13 Wade que no presentara su candidatura a un tercer mandato, al entender que Material de transporte y piezas sueltas 11 ésta sería inconstitucional al limitarse en la Constitución el número de mandatos Metales 9 a dos. El Presidente, por su parte, argumentaba que dicha norma se introdujo 3 FICHA PAÍS SENEGAL durante su segundo mandato, de modo que en virtud del principio de irretroac- Miembros del gobierno tividad tendría derecho a un tercero. Presidente Numerosos debates entre constitucionalistas senegaleses y extranjeros fueron inútiles a los efectos de determinar fuera de toda duda la legalidad de la candi- Macky Sall datura y de disipar los temores de una deriva autoritaria del régimen, lo que dio lugar a un período de turbulencias y agitación social en los últimos meses de Gobierno de la República de Senegal 2011 y primeros de 2012.
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