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The Media in the Network Society Browsing, News, Filters and Citizenship Gustavo Cardoso Preface by Manuel Castells Cardoso, Gustavo, The Media in the Network Society: Browsing, News, Filters and Citizenship, Lisboa, Portugal. CIES – Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology, 2006. Cover Design | Interior Layout | Composition: Jorge Urbano and Ana Abranches CIES – Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology Edifício ISCTE Av. das Forças Armadas 1649-026 Lisboa (Portugal) Tel. +351.217903077 Tel. +351.217941404 Fax +351.217940074 Email: [email protected] http://www.cies.iscte.pt/en This book was printed with the support of OberCom and is presented to you by the OBSERVATORIO (OBS*) journal of communication <http:// obs.obercom.pt> in a special edition. This edition has 200 copies num- bered from 1 to 200. This book is available at Amazon.com under the ISBN 978-1-84753-792-8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivs 2.0 License. The Media in the Network Society Browsing, News, Filters and Citizenship Gustavo Cardoso Preface by Manuel Castells About the Author Gustavo Cardoso is an associate researcher at CIES/ISCTE and Profes- sor of Technology and Society at ISCTE in Lisbon. He also works with the Department of Communications and Performance Studies of the Uni- versity of Milan and with the Portuguese Catholic University. His inter- national cooperation in European research networks brought him to work with IN3 (Internet Interdisciplinary Institute) in Barcelona, WIP (World Internet Project) at USC Annenberg, COST A20 “The Impact of the Inter- net in Mass Media” and COST 298 “Broadband Society”. Between 1996 and 2006 he was adviser on Information Society and tel- ecommunications policies to the Presidency of the Portuguese Republic. He is co-editor, with Manuel Castells, of the book Network Society: from Knowledge to Policy. For Mafalda and Guilherme, to whom the future belongs. Contents Index of Figures 9 Index of Tables 11 Preface 17 Acknowledgements 19 The Media in the Network Society 23 Contextualizing the Media in the Network Society 31 Media, Autonomy and Citizenship 37 1. The Multiple Dimensions of the Network Society 43 The Network Society 47 The Culture of the Informational Societies 54 2. Societies in Transition to the Network Society 65 Societies in Transition in the Global Network 68 Societies in Transitions, Values and Social Well-Being 92 Media and Social Change in the Network Societies 109 3. From Mass to Networked Communication: Communicational Models and the Informational Society 111 6 Communicational Models and the Informational Society 111 Communicational Globalization in the 20th Century 113 Mass Media and New Media: the Articulation of a New Communicational Model? 119 Rhetoric, Accessibility of Information and Narratives 131 Networked Communication 141 4. A Constellation of Networks: Mass Media, Games, Internet and Telephones 147 An Entertainment Meta-System in Transition: from Multimedia Games to Television 148 The New Entertainment Player: Multimedia Games 157 The Reaffi rmation of TV as a Central Element of the Entertainment Meta-System 166 From Interactive Television to Networked Television 181 5. Has the Internet Really Changed the Mass Media? 201 From the End of Journalism to Its Reconstruction 202 The Information Meta-System and Its Network Organization 222 Television: the New Online Functions 230 From Radio Interactivity to Newspaper Time Management: the Media Network 259 6. The Massifi cation of the Internet Experience 293 The New Frontiers and Their Entry Portals 297 Media, Memory and Filters 307 7. Media and Citizenship in the Network Society 331 Mediation of Citizenship and Informational Literacy 332 The Different Media Ages 347 Different Media Ages, Different Forms of Citizenship? 378 8. Mediated Politics: Citizens and Political Parties in Continuous Democracy 389 An Institutional and Parliamentary Framework for Continuous Democracy 391 The Internet as Hostage of Institutional Informational Politics? 428 7 9. Media, Mobilization and Protests 443 Goku vs. The Ministry of Culture: Terràvista, Television and Newspapers 449 The Closure of RTP2: Television Seen from the Internet 457 The Pro-East Timor Movement: Human Rights, Mass Media and the Internet 472 Instrumentalization of the Networked Symbolic Mediation 503 Conclusion: Browsing, News, Filters and Citizenship 509 Browsing, News, Filters and Citizenship 512 Bibliography 517 8 Index of Figures Figure 2.1 – Businesses using the Internet and businesses receiving orders over the Internet, percentage of businesses with ten or more employees, 2002 and 2003 or latest available year. Figure 4.2 – Number of sports events in the 20 programmes with the largest audiences in selected countries. Figure 4.3 – Viewer ratings for programmes per sports event in 2002 in selected countries (adults). Figure 4.4 – The fi ve fi lms with the highest TV audiences ratings in se- lected countries (1993-2002) (%). Figure 4.5 – Countries of origin of the 10 fi lms with highest viewer ratings on television, adult viewers in selected countries (2002). Figure 4.6 – Television game show audiences in selected countries (1999- 2003). Figure 4.7 – Total of entertainment shows, by genre, for selected countries (1998-2002). Figure 4.8 – Advertising income as a percentage of the total income of media groups in selected countries. Figure 4.9 – Origin of the 10 most popular fi ction series in the European Union in 2002. Figure 5.1 – Regard for professions in the European Union. 9 Figure 5.2 – Importance of the Internet as a source of entertainment, se- lected countries (%). Figure 5.3 – Importance of the Internet as a source of information, selected countries (%). Figure 5.4 – RTP1 Telejornal (evening news) Logotype and RTP1 Telejor- nal studio design. Figure 5.5 – BBC and BBC News web pages, United Kingdom. Figure 5.6 – CNN.com web page, US. Figure 5.7 – TF1 (France) and Canale 5 (Italy) web pages. Figure 5.8 – TVE (Spain) and RAI (Italy) web pages. Figure 5.9 – Globo (Brazil) web page. Figure 5.10 – Catalonian Television web page. Figure 5.11 – Online versions of the American newspapers Washington Post and Pantagraph.com. Figure 5.12 – Online versions of the Portuguese newspapers Público and Expresso. Figure 5.13 – What radio formats people listen to in the US (2003). Figure 5.14 – Online pages of the Portuguese radio stations RFM and TSF. Figure 5.15 – The online pages of Radios Eldorado (Brazil) and Fox News Radio (US). Figure 6.1 – SMS and Horoscope Service Pages of SAPO.pt. Figure 6.2 – Yahoo.com and yahoo.com.br portal pages. Figure 6.3 – Defi nition of online content dimensions according to Kung (2002). Figure 8.1 – Four relational clusters between e-legislature and e-govern- ment in Europe. Figure 9.1 – Terràvista protest image. Figure 9.2 – E-mails on the topic of RTP2 sent to RTP, average per hour (24 hours). Figure 9.3 – Evolution of opinion articles on RTP2 published in newspa- pers and E-mail (10 to 22 May,2002). Figure 9.4 – Pages from two blogs managed by Portuguese politicians/po- litical commentators. Figure 9.5 – IGC Page. Figure 9.6 – Trends in news stories published in newspapers in Portugal and in newspapers in the ETAN list (% of total news stories). 10 Index of Tables Table 2.1 – Technological Achievement Index (2001). Tables 2.2 and 2.2.a – International comparisons in the fi eld of technology. Table 2.3 – Use of the Internet per country according to user’s highest education level (%). Table 2.4 – Internet use rates in the population with secondary and higher education (%). Table 2.5 – Internet access/use of access ratio. Table 2.6 – Percentage of citizens per age group that have completed sec- ondary and tertiary education in selected countries. Table 2.7 – Use of the Internet by age interval, per country (%). Table 2.8 – International comparison of Internet use per age group (%). Tables 2.9 and 2.9.a – International comparison of informational develop- ment indicators. Table 2.10 – Position of the information economies under analysis. Tables 2.11 and 2.11.a – Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). Tables 2.12 and 2.12.a – International comparison of citizenship indicators. Tables 2.13 and 2.13.a – International comparison of social well-being in- dicators. Table 2.14 – Civic engagement in European countries (%). Table 2.15 – Participation over time in established and new democracies. 11 Table 2.16 – Signed petition in the last 12 months, according to highest education level (%). Table 2.17 – Contacted politicians/government members in the last year, by education level (%). Table 2.18 – Relationship between watching TV news and reading newspa- pers, by education level/country (%). Table 2.19 – Average daily time spent on various activities, Internet users and non-Internet users (minutes). Table 4.1 – International Trade Balance (US$ million). Table 4.2 – Audiovisual services revenue 2000 (EUR millions). Table 4.3 – Use of audiovisual services 2001 (units per year). Table 4.4 – Audiovisual revenue structure (%). Table 4.5 – Global video games market (millions of euros). Table 4.6 – Television show formats as a percentage of broadcasting in Portugal (2002). Table 4.7 – Equipment and subscription of services in homes in Portugal and Canada (2003). Table 4.8 – Types of interactivity of interactive television applications. Table 4.9 – Analysis of viewer participation forms in reality shows. Table 4.10 – Television formats with use of SMS. Table 5.1 – Activities carried out using the Internet or E-mail in Portugal. Table 5.2 – Television programmes and viewer ratings/popularity in Por- tugal, by format (%). Table 5.3 – Relationship between use of media and news fruition, selected countries (2002-2003) (%). Table 5.4 – Weekly broadcasting time occupation strategies per television channel in Portugal. Table 5.5 – Distribution of television news topics in selected countries (%). Table 5.6 – Topics on cable and network news US, percent of all time (%).
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