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Sergio Denicoli Dos Santos.Pdf Universidade do Minho Instituto de Ciências Sociais al Sergio Denicoli dos Santos visão Digit ele tugal or A implementação da Televisão Digital ação da T Terrestre em Portugal tre em P erres A implement T os gio Denicoli dos Sant Ser 2 1 minho|20 U Junho de 2012 Universidade do Minho Instituto de Ciências Sociais Sergio Denicoli dos Santos A implementação da Televisão Digital Terrestre em Portugal Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação Especialidade de Sociologia da Comunicação e da Informação Trabalho realizado sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Helena Sousa Junho de 2012 Este estudo doutoral foi cofinanciado pelo Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH/FSE), através da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). Foi também desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto de investigação intitulado “A Regulação dos Media em Portugal: O Caso da ERC” (PTDC/CCI-COM104634/2008), financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). iii AGRADECIMENTOS Escrever uma tese é mais do que uma incursão por um caminho científico. É uma experiência de vida, que envolve um grande crescimento pessoal. São anos e anos a investigar um objeto de estudo e ao fim descobrimos que o trabalho realizado não foi simplesmente um processo académico, mas sim uma grande jornada de autoconhecimento. Aprendemos a ser mais pacientes, mais disciplinados e mais críticos em relação a nós mesmos. Também nos tornamos mais críticos e questionadores em relação à sociedade, o que nos torna cidadãos exigentes, sobretudo no que diz respeito às esferas que envolvem o que estudamos. E foi guiado por uma sensibilidade democrática que realizei este estudo. Procurei demonstrar algumas mazelas políticas e económicas que envolviam a introdução da televisão digital terrestre em Portugal, sempre com o intuito de suscitar um debate que poderia resultar em melhorias para a população. Ainda no primeiro ano de investigação, percebi que na luta de forças que resultaria na definição do modelo da TDT, a sociedade civil estava em desvantagem. Não chegavam às pessoas comuns informações necessárias para que pudessem participar ativamente das discussões. Diante da ausência de dados concretos para transformar o jogo de poder em algo realmente democrático, e perante a grande quantidade de dados com a qual me deparei, achei que era uma obrigação partilhar as informações que iam sendo apuradas. Foi assim que surgiu o blog TV Digital em Portugal, que acompanhou a elaboração deste estudo. Por meio do blog pude contactar outros interessados no tema e, assim, estabeleceu-se uma rede que seria primordial para o resultado final da investigação. Com a publicação constante no meio online dos resultados parciais do estudo, o debate público foi estabelecido. E ele ampliava-se à medida que os meios de comunicação de massa replicavam as informações que publicávamos. Portanto, ao fim de cinco anos, sinto-me realizado por ter contribuído, enquanto cidadão, juntamente com dezenas de pessoas que também buscaram exercer a sua cidadania e utilizavam o espaço que criamos para debater a TDT. Entre os cidadãos atentos, agradeço sobretudo ao Engenheiro de Telecomunicações Eliseu Macedo, que foi uma pessoa fundamental para que este estudo pudesse ser concluído. A convivência com ele, além de me abrir a porta para os conhecimentos técnicos do mundo da televisão, me possibilitou conhecer um grande amigo, íntegro e incansável na luta por um país mais justo. v E tudo isto não seria possível sem o apoio incondicional da Universidade do Minho, principalmente dos professores e funcionários do Instituto de Ciências Sociais (ICS). Serei eternamente grato à minha orientadora, Dra. Helena Sousa, que me acompanha desde que eu cheguei a Portugal, em 2004, recém-saído de uma redação jornalística e ainda a dar os primeiros passos no mundo académico. Foi a Professora Helena que me deu as mãos e me ajudou a caminhar pelas esferas científicas nos últimos 8 anos. Além dela, não poderia de deixar de agradecer também ao Professor Dr. Manuel Pinto, que, provavelmente sem saber, foi o responsável pela minha permanência por tantos anos em Portugal e, consequentemente, pela facto de eu ter adquirido a nacionalidade portuguesa. O Professor Manuel, ainda em 2005, deu-me a oportunidade de ser bolseiro de investigação no Projeto Mediascópio, o que solidificou a minha relação com o país que tanto admiro. Pessoas assim são os nossos “anjos”, que influenciam profundamente na nossa vida. Entre eles também quero destacar a Dra. Alexandra Dias, um amiga sempre disposta a ajudar e uma pessoa maravilhosa. Quero agradecer ainda aos amigos que estiveram, estão e sempre estarão ao meu lado e que muito colaboraram para que eu concluísse esta importante etapa. Portanto, muito obrigado Carla Gomes, Catarina Carvalho, Daniela Bertocchi, Davide Miguel Gravato, Júlia Lemos, Marco Campos, Mário Camarão, Odete Almerinda Pereira, Paulo Alves, Penha Saviatto e Rodrigo Lopes. Vocês são muito especiais. Por fim, agradeço aos meus pais, que são a minha fortaleza, e aos meus queridos irmãos, cunhadas e sobrinhas, sobretudo à minha irmã Marina, que esteve ao meu lado em Portugal neste último ano do doutoramento. Que venham novos desafios! vii RESUMO A implementação da televisão digital terrestre em Portugal Este estudo analisa o processo de implementação da televisão digital terrestre (TDT) em Portugal, desde o início da sua introdução definitiva, a partir de 2007, até o fim das transmissões dos sinais analógicos, em 2012. Entre as questões principais que orientaram esta investigação estão: Quais foram os principais atores políticos e económicos envolvidos no processo de decisão? Como se articularam as forças e os interesses entre estes atores sociais? Com que resultados para a população portuguesa, em geral, e para as regiões mais desfavorecidas, em particular? A tese que apresentamos está estruturada em oito capítulos. No primeiro abordamos as perspetivas teóricas da economia política dos media, das relações público- privadas e das agências de regulação. No capítulo 2 demonstramos as questões técnicas que envolvem as transmissões digitais televisivas. No capítulo 3 buscamos demonstrar o desenvolvimento dos padrões de TV digital no mundo. No quarto capítulo observamos do desenvolvimento da TDT nos países membros da União Europeia, com exceção de Portugal, cujos detalhes referentes à TV digital terrestre é exposto nos capítulos 5 e 6, onde narramos também a história das telecomunicações portuguesas e descrevemos o processo de elaboração das leis que levariam à introdução da TDT. No capítulo 7 analisamos criticamente o modelo de TDT adotado em Portugal. Por fim, no capítulo 8, observamos as relações entre os três principais atores envolvidos no processo de implementação da plataforma digital terrestre portuguesa, nomeadamente o governo, a Portugal Telecom e a Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações (Anacom). ix ABSTRACT The implementation of the digital terrestrial television in Portugal This study analyses the implementation of the digital terrestrial television (DTT) in Portugal, since the beginning of its final introduction, from 2007, until the analogue switch-off, in 2012. Among the main questions that guided this research are: What were the main economic and political actors involved in the decision process? How did the strengths and interests articulate among these social actors? What were the results for the Portuguese population, in general, and for the most disadvantaged regions, in particular? The present thesis is structured into eight chapters. In the first chapter we expose the theoretical perspectives of the Political Economy of Media, the public- private relations and also about the regulatory agencies. In chapter 2 we demonstrate the technical issues that involve the digital television broadcasting. In chapter 3 we seek to describe the development of digital TV standards in the world. In the fourth chapter we observe the development of DTT in the member States of the European Union, except Portugal, whose details regarding digital terrestrial TV is set out in chapters 5 and 6, where we also narrate the history of the Portuguese telecommunications and describe the process of drawing up laws that would lead to the introduction of DTT. In chapter 7 we critically examine the model of DTT adopted in Portugal. Finally, in chapter 8, we observe the relationship among the three main actors involved in the implementation of the Portuguese digital terrestrial platform, namely the government, the Portugal Telecom Company and the National Communications Authority (Anacom). xi ÍNDICE GERAL INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 1 Metodologia .................................................................................................................. 8 CAPÍTULO 1 - PERSPETIVAS TEÓRICAS DA POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA DOS MEDIA, DAS RELAÇÕES PÚBLICO-PRIVADAS E DA REGULAÇÃO ........... 17 1.1 - A Economia Política e a Economia Política da Comunicação ........................... 17 1.2 - O conceito de público e o privado ...................................................................... 21 1.2.1 - Relações público-privadas nas telecomunicações ....................................... 23 1.2.2 - Uma política europeia, uma televisão digital unificada ............................... 26 1.2.3 - Uma visão europeia das telecomunicações .................................................. 29 1.3 - A (des)regulação sob a lógica público-privada .................................................
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