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Torpedoes, Missiles, and Cannons Physics Goes to War

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Torpedoes, Missiles, and Cannons Physics Goes to War S T E M TORPEDOES, MISSILES, AND CANNONS PHYSICS GOES TO WAR TIM RIPLEY THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK S T E M TORPEDOES, MISSILES, AND CANNONS PHYSICS GOES TO WAR Tim Ripley Lerner Publications Minneapolis Copyright © 2018 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an acknowledged review. Lerner Publications Company A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA For reading levels and more information, look up this title at www.lernerbooks.com. Main body text set in Verdana Regular 11/16.5. Typeface provided by Microsoft. Picture Credits: Front Cover: ©dragunov/Shutterstock, Interior: ©Department of Defense, 1; ©Central Naval Museum St Petersburg, 4; ©iStock/Thinkstock 5; © Robert Hunt Library, 6; ©iStock/Thinkstock, 7; ©Boris Kisov/Shutterstock, 8; ©Spaxia/Dreamstime, 9; © Photos.com/Thinkstock, 10; ©Robert Hunt Library, 11tr; ©Robert Hunt Library, 11br; ©Robert Hunt Library, 12; ©Artur Bogacki/Shutterstock, 13; ©Jon Nicholls Photography/Shutterstock, 14; ©Shutterstock, 15; ©Robert Hunt Library, 16; ©National Portrait Gallery, 17tr; ©Robert Hunt Library, 17br; ©Robert Hunt Library, 18; ©Robert Hunt Library, 19; ©Robert Hunt Library, 20; ©Robert Hunt Library, 21tl; ©Robert Hunt Library, 21br; © Photos.com/Thinkstock, 22; ©Stocksnapper/Shutterstock, 23tl; ©Robert Hunt Library, 23tr; ©Robert Hunt Library, 24; ©Robert Hunt Library, 25; ©Robert Hunt Library, 26; ©Everett Historical/ Shutterstock, 27; ©Department of Defense, 28; ©Robert Hunt Library, 29tr; ©Robert Hunt Library, 29b; ©Arterra/Getty Images, 30; ©NASA, 31tr; ©London Fire Brigade/Mary Evans Picture Library 31bl; ©Robert Hunt Library, 32; ©Robert Hunt Library, 33; ©Department of Defense, 32; ©Department of Defense, 35tl; ©Robert Hunt Library, 35cr; ©Orren Jack Turner/Library of Congress, 36; ©Atomic Heritage Foundation, 37tr; ©Photo Researchers/Alamy, 37br; ©Library of Congress, 38; ©Robert Hunt Library, 39; ©TAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy, 40; ©iStock/Thinkstock, 41; ©Department of Defense, 42; ©NASA, 43. Brown Bear Books has made every attempt to contact the copyright holder. If you have any information please contact [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ripley, Tim, author. Title: Torpedoes, missiles, and cannons : physics goes to war / Tim Ripley. Other titles: Physics goes to war Description: Minneapolis, MN : Lerner Publications, [2018] | Series: STEM on the battlefi eld | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Audience: 9–12. | Audience: 4–6. Identifi ers: LCCN 2016058433 (print) | LCCN 2017004773 (ebook) | ISBN 9781512439267 (lb ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781512449549 (eb pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Weapons—History—Juvenile literature. | Military art and science—History—Juvenile literature. Classifi cation: LCC U800 .R55 2018 (print) | LCC U800 (ebook) | DDC 623.4—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016058433 Manufactured in the United States of America 1-42139-25412-4/3/2017 Contents physics at War ...................................... 4 Bows and Catapults .............................. 6 Archimedes’ Claw ................................ 10 The First Artillery ............................ 12 Guns and Gun Barrels......................... 14 The First Rockets ............................... 16 Armor-piercing shells ....................... 18 The First Torpedoes ........................... 20 The Machine Gun ................................. 22 Depth charges .................................... 26 Rocket Launchers .............................. 28 Flying Bombs and Missiles .................. 30 lasers .................................................. 34 the Atom Bomb .................................... 36 Nuclear Deterrence ........................... 40 TIMELINE ............................................... 44 Glossary .............................................. 46 Further Resources ............................ 47 Index .................................................... 48 Physics at War In January 1878 Russian speedboats raced toward an enemy warship in the Black Sea. The Russians and their allies were at war with the Ottoman Empire of modern Turkey. The Russians wanted to gain territory on the Black Sea, which was under Ottoman control. The Russian speedboats traveled quickly. The guns of the Turkish warship Intibah could easily destroy them. The Russian crews used speed to get close enough to fire their weapons. A torpedo blast sinks the Turkish steamer The Russians used a new weapon called a Intibah as Russian Whitehead torpedo. The torpedoes sped speedboats wait nearby. This painting through the water powered by compressed was created by the air. They struck the Intibah below the Russian artist Lev waterline, and the ship sank. It was the first Lagorio Konstantin time small boats had destroyed a warship. in 1880. 4 SCIENCE SKILLS The Whitehead torpedo was invented by a British engineer named Robert Whitehead. Whitehead was a skilled physicist. Physics is the science concerned with the nature of matter and energy. Physics has influenced weapons design for centuries. Physicists invented new kinds of bullets and missiles. They learned how to use the explosive force of gunpowder in weapons such as rockets. They developed new weapons such as the machine gun. Physicists have also studied how to use light, heat, and sound in warfare. A fireball rises over a ENERGY OF THE ATOM huge explosion caused In the early twentieth century, physicists by an atom bomb. began to understand the structure of the A nuclear explosion creates a mushroom- atom. An atom is the smallest particle of a shaped cloud as the chemical element that can exist. Physicists force of the explosion figured out how to use atoms to create a pulls smoke and debris huge explosion. The first atom bomb high into the air. exploded in 1945. It helped to end World War II (1939–1945) and transformed warfare. It also changed the course of human history. 5 BOWS AND CATAPULTS Bows and arrows were first used in the Stone Age. Native peoples in the Americas, Asia, and Africa continued to use bows as weapons until the nineteenth century. he bow is a simple but efficient weapon. It consists of a bowstring tied tightly between English archers T (right) meet French two ends of a curved piece of wood. The ends of soldiers armed with the bow act as levers. The archer’s hand acts as crossbows (left) at the fulcrum. The archer draws the arrow back the Battle of Crécy in 1346. in the bowstring to create tension. 6 BOWS AND CATAPULTS When the archer releases the string, SCIENCE it propels the arrow forward. Bows FILE create kinetic energy, so the arrow travels quickly and creates a powerful Arrow Flights force. In the Middle Ages, when In ancient times, soldiers began to wear armor, an people tried to arrow with a steel tip could penetrate design arrows that even thick metal armor. would fly straight. They learned to attach tail feathers to the ARROWS IN BATTLE arrow. These feathers, In ancient times, groups of archers or fletchings, caused on foot or on horseback fired hundreds the arrow to spin as it flew. That helped or thousands of arrows at the same to make the arrow’s time. The rain of arrows they created line of flight devastated enemy straighter. The study of objects that fly troop formations. through the air is a Then in the fifteenth branch of physics and sixteenth called aerodynamics. centuries in Europe, archers used a new weapon, the longbow. The tail feathers at the back of an arrow help it to fly straighter. 7 SCIENCE FILE The longbow was a weapon about 6 feet (1.8 meters) long. Its additional length allowed it to produce even more force Catapults than normal bows. Longbows took more Like bows, catapults skill to fire than regular bows because use tension to fire projectiles. A catapult it was more difficult to pull back is like a long lever. the bowstring. Skilled archers could Soldiers pulled down on hit targets from more than 220 yards the back to create (200 m) away. Longbows killed many tension in ropes at the front. When the knights on horseback because the throwing arm was arrows pierced their armor. released, tension whipped the end of the catapult forward and The long arm of a catapult up. Catapults could was pulled down to create throw rocks or burning tension in the crosspiece at materials against or the front. When the tension over the walls of enemy was released, the missile was cities. launched into the air. 8 The crossbow was far easier to use than the longbow. Nearly anyone could go into battle and fire a crossbow toward the enemy without much training. THE CROSSBOW Another common type of bow was the crossbow, which was invented in China in about 700 BCE. The crossbow consisted of a piece of wood with a short, curved metal crosspiece at the front. The crossbow had a mechanism to draw back the bowstring and to create tension in the ends of the crosspiece. The user fired the crossbow by pulling a trigger. The crossbow fired a bolt, a short metal projectile with a pointed tip. Unlike longbows, soldiers needed little training to use a crossbow. The weapon was also easier to fire while riding a horse. The crossbow made it possible for commanders
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