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Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects

1934

A Study of Three Hundred and Seventy-Five Plants in Northeast Virginia that are Available for the Teaching of Science in the High School.

Sue Adeline Florance College of William and Mary

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Recommended Citation Florance, Sue Adeline, "A Study of Three Hundred and Seventy-Five Plants in Northeast Virginia that are Available for the Teaching of Science in the High School." (1934). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1593092120. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/m2-39q6-1419

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Sue M eli m Floranc© SubMtfced in *aMMl m m iraent of the Hequirementa of the GoUege oTfUUon and Maiy for the Degree of Master of Arto X9M Acknowledgment

To the following persons 1 wish to acknowledge my sincere thanks for their generous help and encouragement: First* to Doctor John Pad Leonard, professor of Education, College of William and B&xy, who suggested that 1 take th is p a rtic u la r theme for W thesis* and who has given me definite assistance and helpful criticisms. X cannot speak too highly of the encouragement and patience he has shown through, his services as chairman of my degree committee. To Doctor Donald Walton Davis* for his valuable criticisms and suggestions, and to Doctor Helen Foss Weeks for also serving on my committee X wish to express my appreciation. X sm grateful to Doctor Raymond Leech Taylor for reading my thesis and for Ms helpful criticisms. TABLE OF C OBTESTS

Chapter I The Problem ...... 1 II Outline of tii© Course j In the Study of Plants .1 ...... 5 III Classification of Plants Suggested for Teaching ...... 40 1* Methods and Sources of Collection of Plants . . . 2* Classification of Plants IV Sample Teaching Chits...... 103 Index of Plants ...... 137

/ Chapter I

The Problem

The present tendency in regard to the teaching of science in Virginia is to put a science program in the elementary school as well m in the high school* The new state course of study in Virginia proposes to substitute for the present subject offering of two, three, or four years of sol once, known as general sole nee, biology, chem* istry, and physios, a fourty ear science program integrated, as far as possible, with the fields of social studies, English* and mathematics* This new science program is to he based upon a selection of scientific principle© and facts necessary to help the child understand his environment, is to he called, "Science for Four Years of High School % and is to draw upon the fields of chemistry, physics, zoology, botany, astronomy, agriculture, physiology, hygiene, home economics, and geology* Hence this thesis is based upon the acceptance of this point of view. In view of the fact that green plants are the source of food and oxygen for man and animals, and all animal life depends upon plants, should one not stress this teaching in order that our boys and girls m©y have the opportunity of deepening their interests in science and of appreciating more fully the importance of green plants? Besides supplying us with food and oxygen, plants 2 furnish us with fuel, clothing, shelter, and other necessi­ ties of life* Coal, oilt and wood,, the chief fuels of modern civilization, have originated either directly or indirectly from and through activities of plants* The textiles are all either direct plant products, or come from animals which feed upon plants* The great variety of natural vegetation, flowers, trees and plants of various kinds, have an important place in the aesthetic life of man, and he gets much wholesome satisfaction from these because he realises how they fit in with the general scheme of things on this planet, their connection with soil, and climate, with insects, birds, and beasts, and with man himself* Careful observations will unfold* many secrets of the plants and it is the writer* s earnest desire that the pupils learn to be more observant and more appreciative of h is surroundings* Most pupils w ill be more in te re ste d in plants, and will learn much more about them if they are encouraged to study them in their native habitats* The observation and study may become a hobby w ith some and may provide them with an excellent way of spending leisure time* Do we not enjoy the country more when we are familiar with some of the plants and have them for our friends? Is it not satisfying to be able to call a plant by name when we see it ? Many useful and some harmful plants may be studied* It is important to know plants that should be preserved and plants that should be destroyed; what to pick; what to 3 let remain; what to avoid; and to realize that if too many of the flowering plants are picked that a great part of the natural beauty of the country is being destroyed. Many species are in serious danger of becoming extinct be mouse of the ruthless picking of the flowers and tearing up of the roots by the thoughtless* Some of the orchids, the trailing arbutus, and plants that are rare should seldom, if ever, be picked* %% can hardly be said of any family of plants that all are good or all are bad, but each has its good and its bad members; fo r example, the Solanaoeae or Might shade family has Solatium earolinense, the Horse Mettle, which is a rank prickly weed and a nuisance, although the blossoms and fruits are rather attractive; it also included in its family sueh plants as Solanum tuberosum (Potato) and bycopersieon eaeulentum (Tomato) which are used extensively fo r food; the Petunias and Selanum Dulcamara (European Bittersweet) are used for ornamentation; Datura (Jimson or Jamestown Weeds) which are rank growing poisonous weeds but may be useful as a source of atropin. With the exception of a few bacteria neither plants nor animals can live on the inorganic compounds found in the air, water, and soil, The elements from these compounds must first be combined to form more complex substances, such as sugar and starch substances, and later, by additional changes, oils and proteins are fozmed, before they can be regarded as food or serve to nourish living things* The only organisms that nan combine these elements and fern feed are the green plants, All the familiar plants of ©nr gardens; fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as the cereals, are the descendants of wild plants which have been improved by cultivation, by careful selection of variations, by preservation of sports, and by crossing and hybridization. We s till nee many of the plants that grow wild, such as the trees, the berries, the nuts, and certain plants for medicines. The writer is interested in making a contribution to botanical phases of the new program by suggesting an abundance of environmental material that teachers in class rooms may use in pursuing any particular outline of wortu In order to do this she undertook to do three things: 1, To prepare a suggested organisation of material that teachers might use in the study of plants and of plant life, 2, To select the wild flowers and trees of north­ eastern Virginia which might be most advantageously used by teachers to teach all or some phases of the proposed organization of material, 3, To present suggested units of organization which might serve as sample procedures in the utilization of the material gathered on wild flowers and trees. 5

Chapter II

Outline of the Course in the Study ©f p lan ts

the organisation of the outline of the botanical phases of the science course herewith presented 1# of an empirical nature* Such an outline ©an hare little purely objective basis unless It grows out of careful accurate records of actual experimentation. The outline proposed here was not based upon objective evidence, but grew out of the author*© subjective evaluation in teaching science for three year®* her professional preparation la science* and her pursuit of the vhobby of plant collecting and identification. These factors* combined with a careful evaluation of educational literature in the teaching of science* foa® the basis for the teaching organization pro­ posed in this chapter. It is not the idea of the author to prepare an outline in the form ©f a ©ours® of study to be followed, but to suggest to the teacher major phases of the field of botany and their related topics. Two major phases of botany are chosen for presentation; 1, The Flowering P lants 2* Microscopic Plants and Their Relation to Human Welfare Under each of these major phases is suggested an outline of material which ms& be studied* Flowers and fruits A* Function of a flower *»***» reproduet i on ■ B» Structure of flower and functi on of it® parts 1* Sepals* calyx 2,. P e ta lst c o ro lla 3. Stamen a* Anth©r**"~prQduces pollen fc, Filameni-^-oupports antiier 4m Pistil, carpels a* Sti gma— receive s pollan h. Stylo——passageway for pollen tube e* Gvary— produce s wtO.es 5* Beoeptaele 0* Plant® illustrating floral part® and their functions 1* Brenlng Primrose 2* Jamestown o r Jims on Weed 3* Wild Base 4* Morning Glory §, Mullein 0. Buttercup L ily »* Yucca 9* Hay Apple 10* Fruit Blossoms 11, Virginian Cowslip---Bluebells -D. Kind® of flowers 1, Complete flower a. Sepals and petals 7

b. Stamens mud p istil 2» Perfect flower— has both essential organs a* Stamen b , P i s t i l 3. Imperfect flower—flasks one essential organ a, Stamin&te flowers— those haring stamens b* P istillate flowe rs~~~t hose haring pistils (1) Examples {a} Willows (b) Oaks (e) Walnut (d) Poplars |e) Mulberry |f } Bireh (g) Squash B. Pollination 1* Prooess 2* Kinds a, Self^polliaati on b* C ress^pollination 3* Agents of croes<~poilination a* Wind b, Bees and other Insects c , Humming birds d* Water #* Man P* Structural adaptations for pollination 1* Plants suggested for study of pollination 8

a* Clovers, especially Bed Clever b* B u tter

f m Mountain g* Tueoa

Toueh*»rae**m>i

!• Corn a* Growth of pollen tubes 1. 2* Growth of pollen tube through 3. Folleo tube Fertilization 1* with egg nucleus

K* of the fruit X»* Uses of the fruit to the 1* Holds the seeds 2* Protects the seeds 3* X&stribtttes needs Types of fruits 1. Fleshy fruits

(1) Qheriy 9

(&} Grape

(4) fersissw (5) Berries 2* Bi^r fruit©

M I r i s {2} Mustard

tl) Wielefc

B is

of seeds for I* Tufts of hair

{*) Wild Lettuce

2. Winged seeds

(2) 11m (3) Linden (4) Ash 3* Barbed seed 10

a# Examples (1) CookXebus?

( 2 ) Span! sh ■ lad les (3) Begg&rwfeXoks 4* Bxplosl’res a* Bacgsaplee (1) Totieh**ms-not (a) Wild i l) ( {%} 3 Ses f ie jrt o plnts lan p of ajority m tiie of Seeds (3) Peas (2) 4 0©3m (4) Peas (2) {%) 3 0so*ol Bean 0astor**oil (3) its u r f of importance eans B eans n a le studied studied

11 12

(2) FioJcerel Weed (3) Field Garlio (4) Star of Bethlehem {s) C o n (6) Grains B, Internal structure of seeds and adaptations of the p arts 1, Seed coat, testa— protection 2. Coty ledons*.—usually contains stored food 3* Embryo, young plant a* Plumule

b* % p 0 oety l 4. Endosperm-—present only in some seeds— fur­ nishes food fo r embryo plant B* Conditions necessary for germination 3U Moisture 2, Certain temperature 3* Air 4* Stored food 5. Dormancy in many instances Wm Stages in germination 1. Swelling of seed 2, Pood digestion and translocation 3* Emergence from seed coat 4, Boots penetrate the soil G. Conditions neoessazy for growth of a green flowering plant 13

1* Light 2* M r 3* Moisture 4, Favorable temperature 5, Boil for most plants H. Ueonomio importance of seeds

1 * Food @« Medicine 3* Lubricant 4* Beverages «

III* Boots A, Functions of roots 1. Absorption of water and soluble mineral salts from s o il a* Conditions of absorption b« Osmosis and diffusion— their importance 2. Anchorage 3. Storage of reserve food 4. Containing nitrogen—-fixing bacteria a* Examples {1} Beans (2) Peas (3) Clovers 5. Securing food from hosts a, Examples (1) Dodder (2) Mistletoe 6. Climbing—** example, Ivy 7. Propagation 8. Respiration Kinds of roots X« Prim&xyirst root 2, See ©naaiy~~~reot a branching off from jaaiarroet 3* Tertiaiy— roots branching off from secondary

r o o t s Poms of roots X, Tap roots a, Blesly (X) Suggested plants to use (a) Wild Potato-Tine (b) Book (o| Carrot {d} Beet b. Hon-fleshy Cl) Suggested plants to use (a) Common cheeses (b) Chicoiy (c) Milkweed (d) Wild Lettuce 2* Fibrous roots a. Suggested plants to use (1) Clovers (8) Blue-eyed Grass (3) Bay Hover (4) Bay Uly (5) Wild Strawberry 15

(6) Grasses (?) Indian Tobacco (S) Com 5. Fascicled rests a* Suggested plants to use (1) Anemone (2} Dahlia 4* Adventitious roots a* Suggested plants to use (1) wild Strawberry (2) ©round Ivy (3) Partridge Berry (4) Corn 5* Aerial root# a. Suggested plants to use ( l) Trumpet Creeper (2} English Ivy &» Prop root a* Suggested plant to use (1) Sera 7. Aquatic roots a* Suggested plants to use (1) Duckweed (2) Water hyacinth {3) Yellow Pond L ily 8, Parasitic roots a* Suggested plants to use

(1 ) Dodder (2) Mistletoe 16

2>* Structure and function of various parts of a root 1* Mptdermis*-—protec ti on 2m Cortex— st ore s food Central cy 1 i nder*—t ransport s II qui ds— st o re s food 4« Sieve tubes**—food conducting tissue 5* Duets— water conducting vessels 6m Growing pointR merist em— increases length of root ?* Boot cap*—protects growing portion 8. Boot hal rs— aba orb moisture and mineral salts a. Suggested plants, seedlings, and sprouted seeds to use (1) Pigweed (2) Partridge Pea

( 3 } Bl a d e (4) Mustard (5) Bean or pea seedlings (6) Bad!eh seeds (sprouted) (?) Mustard seeds (sprouted) (3) Wheat, oats (sprouted) Mm Response of roots to enviromentsl factors 1* Gravity 2m Water 3. Oxygen P. Duration of roots 1* Annuala— live one season 2, Biennlals— 11 ve two seasons 3. Perennials*—live many years 17

0* Economic importance of roots 1* Peed 2. Brugs 3. flavorings 4. Beverages 3. Help prevent erosion 6. Help prevent floods 7. Help to maintain a water supply S* Propagation

IV. Stems A. Functions of stems 1. Communication between roots and other parts of plant for passage of water, mineral salts, and foods 2. Support leaves 3. Support flowers, fruits and seeds 4. Storage of reserve food 5. Propagation a. Corns b* Tubers c. Bulbs d. Rhizomes e. Stolons and layering B. Processes of propagating by stems 1* Slipping 2. Crafting 3* Budding 4, Layering 18

Internal structure of dicotyledonous stems and the function of the parte 1« Bark* periderm a . Bpi de rml s—~p r ote cti on b, Cortex-~-f cod-making and digestion o* Bast fibers Phloem— e endue t food d* Bast tubes 2, 0 arnbl um— g rowth 3* Wood regl on* sylem a. Wood fibers-support and strengthen the

s ta n b* Ducts— conduct liquids up the stem 4* Pith— foed storage 3* Vascular ray a— store and conduct food rerti-

6, Fibrovascular bundle a* Phloem b« Cambium e* ^rlem (1) Suggested plants for use U) Indian Hemp w t ouch*me»2iot (o) lil a c U) JSlder <*) Horse chest nut (*) Willow (e) Wild Sunflower (H) Castor-oil Plant 19

© s la y U } Plantain Internal Structure of a Manoeotyledonous atom and the function of the parts 1* Hi ad——pro tect! on 2* Pith~—support vascular bundles 3* Fibroyascular bundle s— for support and con­ duction a* Phloes^-earry liquids down steins b* ^lem*—-carry liquids up stems (l) Suggested plants for use (a) ' Asparagus 0>) Day Lily (e) Star of Bethlehem (d) lareissus (e) Pickerel Weed (f) Oat tail (g) Com B« External structure of dicotyledonous stems 1* terminal bud 2* lateral bud 1. leaf soar a. Bundle soars 4* Bud soar 5* Bud scale soars 6, henticels F. Different forms of stems 20

Mallow Joe Pye Weed Golden Med

{5} I, Prostrate

(2) Carpet feed or (3) Ground lyy

3* Climbing and

3 **

(3 ) Blade Bindweed

( 4 ) Basel on Flower

4* Shortened

(1) Dandelion (2) Whitlow Grass

5, Underground stems~-~roots«etock or rhizomes 21

a, Examples (1) Asparagus ($) Golden Club (3) Blood Boot {4) Tarreir (5) Wild or False Spikenard {&} Hagr Apple 6, Tubers a. Examples (!) Jerusalem Artichoke {2) White or I ris h Potato 7. Bulbs

a, 1 samples Grape j a c i n t h Star of Bethlehem (3) Onion (4) Garlic Coims a. Examples J aeJs>l n-the-Pulpi t Biasing Star (3} Dog's-tooth Violet (4) Crocus G* Economic importance of stems 1. Food 2* S helter 3. Fuel 4* Propagation 22

5* Clothing B# Furniture

7m Medicine a* Cordage Many other usee leaves A* General structure of a typical leaf

1 , B la d e 2. Petiole 3* Stipules a« Suggested leaves for study (1) Sycamore (2) Bed Clever (3) Wild Bose (4) Apple {§} W ilier B. Types of velning 1. Paralleled^veined a. Samples Cl) Idly (2) Haroissus (3) Ir is (4) Orchids (5) Onion (6) Bay PI ower (7) Pickerel Weed (8) Cat Tail 2m 3fet-veined 23

a* Palmately veined

( a ) ©rape (b ) Maple (oj Clever

( 1 )

(b ) Ash (o) Loeust C, Different feme of leaves 1* Simple leaves a. Suggested leaves far

( 1 ) Oaks (2) Tulip Tree

(4) Aspen ( sj Pear

a* Suggested leaves for study U) Locust 1&) Hickory (3) Wild Strawberry (4) Cinquefoil (3) Horse Chestnut (6) Wild Rose (?) Clovers B. le a f 1. Rosette 24

a* Bxaasples (1} Mullein

(g) Moth llullelii (3) Rattlesnake Weed. 2* Alternate a* Bxamples (1) Linden (2) Blm {3) Lobelias 3. Opposite a. Examples (i) Horse Chestnut {*} Coral or trumpet Hone/suckle (3) Bouncing Bet 4« ^horl a* BxampXes (l) Indian Cucumber-root {2} Brno Anemone {35 Iberled Begonia {4) Pipsissewa Microscopic structure of a leaf and the function of the parte 1. Epidermis-—protect! on 2, Palisade cell 3--~piioi ©synthesis 3* Spongy eells— photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, assimilation 4, Stomata— respiration, transpiration, admit carbon dioxide and give off oxygen fo r food manufacture 25

§# Guard cells—-surround stomata a« Suggested leaves for stu^jr (1) Common De^ Flower (2) Petunia {&} Blodea (4) Pickerel Weed (5) Spiderwort F, Functions of leaves 1* Photosynthesis &» Compounds neeessaxy for carbohydrate manufacture (1) Water from the sell (2) Carbon dioxid from the air b* Other requirements for carboy drat® manufacture (1) A living green pXant-chloropbyll (2) Sunlight shining on the plant (3} Air and favorable temperature (4) Certain chemical changes e« Products mad® ( ! ) Sugar (2) Starch 2, Respiration S.. Digestion 4. Assimilation &« Circulation 6, Transpiration 26

0* Femation of fats and proteins 1. Formation of fats and protoins not fully understood 2* f a ts and p ro tein s foamed a f te r carbohydrates are made 3. formation of fats and proteins depend on a supply of carbohydrates 4* Mtrogen, and usually other mineral salts utilized in formation of proteins §« Chlorophyll and light not essential for format ion of protein 6* Composition of p ro tein s complex ?. $>retains formed in other living cells of plants H* Beanomie importance of leaves 1. Food 2. Medicine 3. Beverages 4* Flavorings §» S h elter 6. Propagation

VI* The c e ll and protoplasm A, Bistoiy of the discovery of sells B, Definition of a sell C* Structure of a sell 1* Cell wall 2. Protoplasm 27

•» Cytoplasm (1) PI as tide (2) Mitochondria (3) Inclusions (other contents) b* Nucleus (1) Chromatin (2) Nucleolus 3» Vacuole and c e ll sap D. Shapes and sises of cello E. Assimilation and growth V* Cell division 6* 3?rotoplasm—— the phpsieal basis of life l f Living part of ceil 2. Jelly-like substance 3* Almost co lo rless

VII* fhe plant as a whole A* Organ— a part of a living thing which performs some special function B, Organs e f a p lan t 1. Boots 2. Stems 3* Leaves 4, Viewers C* lisste-a group of similar cells having the same function 1, Examples of tissues studied a* Epidermal tissue 28

b* Pith tissue

0 * Food eon&ucti rtg t l ssue B* G©ll<»~~unlt of structure la living thing* &» Protoplasm~«-~th© living: m aterial of which c e lls composed and the physical b a sis of l i f e

V III. Economic importance of the w ild flowering p lan ts A. Plants that are said to he of medicinal value 1. Examples '«» Arnica h* Blue Flag c* Herehound d. Mint® e* Mustards f . Wild Ghercy g* witch m m h. Ginseng i . Biases Weed Botes About 800 medicinal w ildings regarded as standard bgr physicians^ B. Plants that may he used for food 1,. Examples a* Buts b* Berries c* F ru its

1. Gluts, William Nelson. The GsefuX Plants of the World* Willard H* Gluts and Compaq, Indianapolis, Ind. 29

d. Bandeli on Mustards f* Cress g* Wild Potato Wine h. Jerusalem Artichoke i . Pokeweed—^very young stem and leaves in the spring 6» Plants as sources of beverages 1. Examples a» Sassafras b* Chicoiy o . Mints B* Plants as sources of dyes 1. Examples a* Wild Indigo b. Goat * s Hue, Tephrosia virgi niana

<3, Osage Orange d, Blood Hoot e* Alders f . Walnut E, Plants as sources of tannin 1. Examples a* Oak b. Willow o. Sumac d. Chestnut F. Plants as sources of vegetable soaps or saponins 1, Examples 30

a. Bouncing Bet* Soap wort b . Guraweed c. Corn Cockle 0* Plants as sources of textiles

a . Basswood b . Indian Heiap e, Willow d* Oak e . Yucca H. Necessity for preservation of some plants 1, Examples a* Arbutus h* Mountain Laurel e« Rhododendron d* Lady * s S lipper

f. Bi rdf cot Violet g. Cluebe11 h. Coral Honeysuckle i . Gentian

k« Hepatic a

m. Orchids, all species n. Partridge Berry 1, Value of legumes 31

1. Value to the sell 2. Value la or op rotation a. Nitrogen cycle 3* Forage crop 4. Coverage ©rep J , Example© of legume© 1. A lfalfa 2. Clever© 3. Peas 4* Bean© K. Trees and forest© in relation to man 1. frees ©f street and locality 2. The p lanting and ©are of tree© 3* Value of trees for commercial purposes a. Lumber b* Furniture ©* Fuel d* Rs&on ©• Paper *• Charcoal g. Farm implement© h« Musical instruments i . Mary other uses 4. Value of trees to birds and other animals a. Protection b . Home c. Pood 32

$» Value of tiroes in regulating the flow of streams and in preventing floods 6* Value of trees in preventing erosion ?• Forests and their relation to rainfall 3, Forests and their relation to elimate 9* F orests and th e ir re la tio n to s o il 10* Our forests9 wealth L* Bangers that threaten our forests l r F ires 2. In sects 3« Destructive lumbering 4« Grazing 5, Fungi M. The United States Forest Serrioe 1* Refore station 2. Protection of forests a« haws b. Forest rangers H* Some of the poisonous plants 1* B^aaaplos a* P oke we ed-root, also berries to man b. May Apple-root e* Bider-bark d* B1 ackMight shade—- al 1 except fully ripe b e rrie s e. Foxglove f • Indian Tobacco g* Jims on Weed h. Mountain Laurel 33

i* Poison Ivy J . Smw*on~the*Mountai n k. Com Cockle**-seeds

IX* Other p la n ts useful to maxfleind A* Kinds 1, Cereal plants 2* Other food plants 3* Plants as sources of flavors 4* Plants as sources of drugs 3* Plants that are of aesthetic value

X* Improvement of p lan t l i f e

XI# The work of Liberty Hyde Bailey

XII* The Interfependenoe of plants and animals A# Plants depend upon animal & 1# Carbon dloxid 2# nitrogenous wastes B. Animals depend upon plants 1* Orygen 2* Food 3* ,Shelter C* Plants depend upon other plants 1. Hitrogen*fixing bacteria 2# Bacteria that cause decay D. Animals depend upon other animals 1# Food C. The balanced aquarium 34

XXII. Oxygen

XXV* Carbon cycle

XV. nitrogen eye’ 35

Classification of Plants

Branch I fhalXephytes-—plants having no true stems and leaves* Example, AXg&e~~-having chlorophyll Pangi— ~ae chlorophyll Branch I I Bi^ophrfce®——the mosses and th e ir a llie s Branch I I I PteridGphytes-*—the ferns and their allies Branch IV 36

Microscopic Plants and fheir Halation to Etesian Wolf are

I* Algae A, Kinds !♦ Blue«.greoa 2, Green flt i#«vWB 4* Bed B« Structure X, One-cellsd 2* lumber of cells 0* Uses 1* Supports animal life in the water 2. .toad for man in seme places, as, in China and Japan 3« lodone and potassium salts 4» Agar-agar 5. Fuller* s earth B« Reproduction !• Asexual 2« Sexual a, Origin of sex h« Advantages of sex II. Fungi and their economic importance to man A, Kinds 1. Bolds 37

a* Beneficial, as in the making of Roquefort cheese to, Destroy food, cloth, ©t oat era 21■ IT e ast s a. Used In making bread to, Used in the making of alcohol e« Spoil foods 3, ^Mushroom" o r ^toadstools41 a* Many mushrooms edible to. Many mushrooms poisonous 4, Bracket fungi a. Destroy trees 3, Rusts a. .Destroy g rain orops~—whoat rust to. Destroy pine trees—~whi to pine blister rust 6, Smuts a. Destroy corn— corn smut ?, B lights ' a. Iciest nut blight or canker—-destroy chestnut trees 3, Bacteria a* Size— re iy minute to, Forms or kinds (1) Coccus (2) Bacillus (3) Spirillum ©, Structure 38

(1) 0me**oelled (2) lo definite nucleus d* Mobility (1) Baer awe by means of fiagella, e, Reproduction (1} Fission f . Growth g* Conditions necessary for growth |1 ) Food (2) Boi sture

( 3 ) Favorable temperature (4) Oxygen (most of them) h, Bistribution {1} M r (2) Water {3} S oil 3, Economic importance of bacteria 1* Bacteria in relation to soil a, nitrogen fixation b* Decay of organic materials 2« Bacteria in relation to Industry a, Give flavor to mats and cheese b* Preservation of food c. fanning of leather d. Betting flax, lute, hemp e. Curing tobaeoo f . Making vinegar 39

g. Souring of milk h» In the preparation of sponges for market 3* Decay o f food# 4* Bacteria cause nvmrous diseases to man and other animals C* leans of destroying bacteria 1t* Biy intense heat *• B oiling 3. Sunlight 4. Fumigation 5. Sugaring 6. S alting 7,. Bisinfeetants a. Antiseptics 9* Prolonged drying o* Prolonged freezing Chapter XXI

Classification of Plants Suggested for Teaching

Methods and Sources of Collection of Plants

After the preparation of the outline on plants which might ha used far the teaching of science in the high school, the writer sat out to identify plants which may he most useful for teaching the wardens phases of the o utline. At le a s t one® a week, fo r a period of more than a year, a field trip was made to collect and observe plants. Hecerds of the time of blossoming and of the place grown were noted, and the plants were Identified, if possible, W means of "A Key to the Families of Flowering Plants*, by Hebert P. (Srlgge3', "Gnsy'a Mew Manual of Botany,*2 and later checked with Britton and Brown^ and with specie

1* Griggs, Robert F. "A Key to the Families of Flowering Plants.tt Published by the author, Washington, D. C, 1928, 1932* 2. Robinson, B.L.. and Pernald, M.X»» "Gray's Mew Manual of Botany.11 Seventh Edition. A Handbook of the flower* ing plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. American Book Com­ pany, Mew Yeadc, 1908. 3. Britten, M.L. and Brown, A. "An Illustrated Flora of the Morthern United States and Canada and the British Posses­ sions from Mewfoundland to the P a ra lle l of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the 102nd. Mertdan." 3 Vole. 2nd. iSd. Charles Scribner's Sons, Mew York C ity, 1913. 41 m m already Identified in ay collection. Many plants were pressed and dried for future reference, and for addition to the collection. Most of trips taken were in the vicinity of Alexandria, Virginia. The territory* in and near the city, along all the roads leading from the city in various directions, along the old telegraph Bead, and at Oecoquan, was covered. Observations of plants were also made along the Jefferson Mavis Highway and the v ic in itie s of Bichraond and Williams* burg, though these plants were not recorded in this classi­ fication. All of the plants listed can he found In the ‘ vicinity of Mortheastern Tirginia. The author does not claim to have cataloged nearly all of the plants found in this region, hut a majority of those listed can he secured easily during the time mentioned. Mo attempt has been made to c la s s if y the ferns, mosses, grasses, and fungi, as time will not permit the teaching of each particular kind in detail, nor is it deemed neces­ sary for the scope of this study. The plants were classified according to "Gray’s Manual of Botany” (Seventh Edition}. The names of all plants are given in Latin or Greek so that the real or scientific name for any plant is the same no matter whether it is seen in our own scientific magazines or hooks or in the scientific publications of any other nation: for example, the white oak of the United States is "Qnercus alba,” The family name is given first in Latin or Greek 42 sad ale© in Bnglisil, if there Is & common name for It* In seme families the features of the plants of different genera are finite obvious, but in ethers they are toe obscure for the amateur to reeogni ze easily. The generic name written with the specific name constitute the real name or scientific name of a plant* The generic name is written first and shows the relationship of all the plants which bear it, for example, "Viola* means of the violate . The second word sig n ifie d the species and often in d icates nmm character!at i os of the plant, or it mar tell the part of the count xy where found, or the person in whose honor it was named! for instance, Viola pedata, bird-*foot violet, a particular species of violet* In seme instances the names of the species have been omitted, as in the goldenreds. The writer does not claim to be able to identi­ fy each ppeeiss well enough to name it; then also one species is as good as another for this study. A few other species names are emitted as the writer could not decide which was the correct one; there is a probability of ewers In a few species, because of their similarity. They should be checked, with a standard herbarium. •A Key to the Families of Flowering Plants*1, by Robert F. Griggs, Professor of Botany, George Washington Univer­ sity, will be helpful to the teacher in the identification of plants to families. Then the family can be looked up in *Gyay*s Manual of Botany11 or a simpler book such as Mathews1 "Field Bode of American Wild Flowers. 1,1 43

X* Mathews# P* Sehnyler. "S'! ©Id Book ©f iaex ieaa Wild Flowers*” G.p. Putnam’s Seas, lew York City*

The fell ©wins lis t ©f plants has been prepared as available for uses 44

F all

ZM12L K«0 h ia Scop aria (L«.} Schrad. Annual, erect, branching, Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, Flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile, Plant turns itl in late autumn* Frequently cultivated, August-Oct ober.

Plytalaeanoeae—-ra^gwed j^gjjS. Phytolacca decsndra L. Common Poke weed A smooth plant with a large poisonous root sending up ©talks several feet high* Terminal racemes, calyx white. Berries, dafk-purple, ripe in autumn, Vacant fields, fence rows* July-October

fo rtu la o w e ^ — gnralane faMUg. Portulaca ole race a 1, Purslane Stout prostrate annual weed, with glabrous fleshy branch** ing stems, leave# sessile, thick and succulent, wedge-oh©vate spatulate or oval, entire, smooth, Flowers light yellow, small, solitary and sessile, opening In sunshine in the mornings, In fields and waste places. July-October,

Bawinoula».a**-»£a9£sa£ SSffik&L Clematis virgin!ana L, Virgin*# Bower High climbing Vine with slender glabrous green stems. Leaves normally 3~foli elate; leaflets ovate, acute, dark green above, heart-shaped at the base. Flowers small, green­ ish white, numerous in loosely spreading cymose clusters. Ache nee several or many, in small globose clusters each tipped by a curved feathery persistent style. Low moist woods, riverbanks, stream s, July-September.

Leguml naeae ----guMg. Z sU Z. Cassia Ghamaeerista L. Partridge Pea Annual, suberect; branches usually simple, ascending. 45

Leaflets 10-15 pairs, 1 inaar-obiong, oblique at the base. Flowers bright yellow, showy, on slender pedicels, Hoad* sides, fields, July*September.

Cassia nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant Annual, ersot or decumbent, branching. Leaflets 10* 20 pairs, oblong-linear. Flowers very small, yellow, on short pedicels. Roadsides, fields, July-October.

Lespedeza virginica (L.} Britton Slender Bush-Glover Brest, slender. Leaves crowded, oblong. Hewers crowded, purplish. Beads!des, September-October.

Amphiearpa mono!ca L. Wild or Hog Peanut Slender, simple or sparingly branched, pubescent. Leaflets broadly ovate or rhombic*ovate, acute at the apex. Racemes of petalifereus flowers; flowers purplish. Road­ sid es, edge of woods, stream s. July-October,

Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.} Pink Wild Bean B ritto n Perennials stem slender, trailing. Leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oblong, Flowers several, pink on long peduncles. Roadsides, July-October,

Buphorblaoeaa— Spurge Family. Euphorbia maculate L. Milk Purslane Prostrate or ascending; stems puberulent or hairy. Leaves oblong-linear. Involucres in lateral clusters, ©pen places, June-Hovemher 46

Buphofbia jaarginata Pursh. Snow- on-the-Mounta! n Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, erect, haix^. Leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute. Hebei has 3 rays; glands of involucre with broad white appendages. Bsc aped from gardens» Auguat-Ootober.

Malvaceae--- MallflE JM U X Hibiscus oculi rose us Mallow Brest herb, with showy flowers. In lowland and near streams and in stashes. July-October

AbutiIon Theophrasti Medio, Velvet Leaf Indian Mallow Tall annual, 2-6 feet high. Leaves round! sh-heart- shaped, velvety. Blowers yellow. Carpels 12-16, hairy, beaked, ^aste places, vacant lots. July-Hovember.

Hypericaceae— St.Johnys-Wort Family Asoyrum siana Mtehx. St. Peter* s Wort Stem suberect, 2-edged, 1-2 feet high. Leaves clasp­

ing, oval or oblong, thick!sh. Cymes terminal, few-flowered %* flowers yellow; outer sepal a round-cordate, inner lanceolate; petals obovate. Dry woods and roadsides. July-October.

Ascyrum hypericoides L. b t. Andrew* s Caress Low, much branched from the base, diffuse or ascending. Leaves oblong or ©bcvate, sessile, narrow. Flowers terminal or also axillary, yellow. Cuter sepals oval or ovate, some­ times cordate, obtuse, inner narrower; petals oblong-linear. Sandy or rooky soil. July-October.

Myperioum canadenae L. Annual or perennial by short leafy offshoots; stems slender. Leaves 1-3 nerved, linear to linear-lanceolate. Cymes naked except for the bracts, flower yellow. Low grassy places. July-October. 47

EfcfpejFimBa punctatu® Lam. Ste» te re te , sparingly branched* Leaves ©blong, rounded at tip . Flowers crowded; petals pale yellow marked witb dark lines and dots. Bea&sides and lew waste places. July-October*

#p©xim«i mutilum L. Small-Flowered St* John’s Wert Pa&c green slender herb, much-branched stem* Leaves ovate to oval or oblong, blunt* Flowers pale yellow to lig h t orange, small* 'Along shady streams. JuLy-Oetober.

Hyperteu® gentianeides (L .) BSP, Orange Qrass, pinweed S#all wee# he*b 5-15 inches high, with wirelike angled much-forked branchiate ascending close together. Leaves reduced to subulate scales* Flowers very small, sho rt-liv ed . Lxy barren fie ld s , woods, gravel batiks* July-October,

Lvthraceae— Loosestrife Family G^hea p e tio la ta (L .} Koehne. Clammy Cuphea Annual, erect, very viscid-pubescent, branched. Leaves, ovate-lanceolate, Flowers axillaiy, short-pedun- clad, purple* B*y fields* July-Isvember,

M elastom aeeae*--lelast^a Family. Hhexia v irg in ic a L. Meadow-Beauty Stem stout, square, 1-1£ feet high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oval, acute at apex, margins cillate-serrulate. Flowers magenta, four petals. Pastures, roadsides, marshes* July-Sep tembe r *

Qnagraceae— Bvenlng Primrose Family Jussisea decurrens (Walt *} BO Smooth shrub-like perennial herb, stem erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, alternate* Flowers yellow. Wet places* June-Sep tembe r . 48

Itebelli fe rae*—P arsley Family Feenieuluis vulgar© Hill* Fennel Perennial* branched* 2-4 feet high* Leases very finely dissected into capillary segments; petioles bread* clasping, Umbels large* yellow flow ers. Waste places* July-October,

< 1 ri cane ae— He ath Family C lethra aln l fe l l a X»« Sweet Pepperbush Shrub with alternate serrate leaves* and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes, Damp places* July-September,

gentlanaoeao—-gentian fw&Jx Genii ana Andrews! 1 G riseb, Closed Gentian Perennial; stout* 1-2 feet high* heaves ovate-lanceo­ la te and lanceo late. Corolla oblong* club-shaped* blue* closed* Beads!dee and field® , September-Movembe r .

Aaelepiadace ae— MiIkwee d Family Asclepias in carn ate L, Swamp Milkweed Smooth* the stem 2£-4 feet high. heaves lanceolate or obiong-lanceolate. Umbels numerous* corymb©d* many-flowered. Corolla rose-purple. Hear streams and in other damp places. July-October.

< Accratoo viridiflora Bll* Stems ascending l-2 £ fe e t high* heaves oval to oblong* thick. Umbels nearly sessile* dense and globlose; flowers green* Dry flelde and roadsides. June-September.

Cenvolvulaceae— Qonvolvulus ffiampy. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.P+W, hey. Wild Potato Vine* Man— of—'the—Batth Perennial, trailing or climbing. heaves broadly ovate* cordate* Peduncles 1-5 flowered. Corolla open-funnel-foxm* white* with purple in the tube* Fields* roadsides. June- October, 49

Ipemeea purpurea (L*} Hath Moral n@*gloay Annual, pubescent; twining ©r trailing* Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate. Peduncles slender, 1*5 flowered. Corolla funselfeim, blu«*purple# pink, variegated ®r white, fields and waste places, July»0et©ber•

mm-. * * * . Ipomoea hederaeea Jaeq, Xvy^ieured Morning* Annual, pubescent * stem twining ©r climbing, slender, haiiy, ' Leaves ©rat e*orbi ©ul&r, l©ng*petioled, deeply 3- lobed, seriate at the base. Corolla funnel* fom, tube nearly white, limb light blue. Gardens, fields, duly* October,

Ipowoea l&ounosa X», &B«XX*flowered White Morning-gloiy Annual, stem twining, Leaves slende xwpeti ©led, broadly ©rate, cordate. Peduncles 1*3 flowered; corolla funnel* foam, w hite, F ield s. July-October,

Ipomoea coceinea L, Small Bed Morning* Annual, stem tw ining, Leaves ovate to*©§>ieuXat@, deeply cordage. Peduncles few-several-fl owe red. Corolla bri^it red. Cultivated fields, roadsides* July-October. ** ** Cuseuta Groaovii Wiild, Common Dodder, Love fin e Stem coarse, orange yellowish; flowers white, camp an* ulate, 3 toothed. On herbs and shrubs. June-Oeiaber.

¥erbenaceae***Veryain Faffi^ly Teibesa urtielfolia L. fhit@ Vervain Perennial, usually pubescent. Stem slender, erect, branched. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, petioled. Spikes, long* loosely pan!©led; flowers very small, white. Roadsides and waste grounds, June* October. Labi atae— Mi nt Family Trichostema diehotomum L, Blue Curls, Bastard FennyroyAl Annual, minutely visa!d-pubeseent; stem slender, rather stiff, much-branched, Leaves oblong or obiong*lanceolate, Flowers paniculate, borne 1*3 together; corolla blue. Bay fields, gravel banks* July-October. 50

Monarda punctata 1, Horae Mint Perennial, minutely downy* Leaves petloled, lanceo­ late, serrate* PIower-clusters axillary and terminal, numerous; bracts whit© or purplish; corolla yellowish* purple-spotted. Dry fields* sandy grounds. July- October. Hedeoma pulegioides (L, ) Pers. American Penny- royal Brest* branching, hairy, Whorls few-flowered; corolla bluish. Dry soil. July-October. . «*«* Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt) BSP. Stem slender, stiff, l£-2| feet hi^i. Leaves linear or linear-laneeolate, entire. Heads somewhat downy, dense­ ly corymbose, corolla whitish or purplish, Pields and road si de s, July-Oct obe r, Mentha sp icata L, Spearmint Glabrous, perennial, erect* Leaves oblong or ovate- lanceolate, serrate, Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes; corolla pale purple or whitish. Low ground and waste places* July-October. Mentha p ip e rita L. Peppemint Perennial, glabrous, erect. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, dark green, sharply serrate. Whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes; corolla pale purplish or whitish. Wet ground and waste plaees. June- Ooteber. Perilla frutescens (L* ) Britton. Erect, branching, purple or purple-green; stem stout, 1-3 feet high, leafy* Leaves long-petioled ovate, coarsely toothed. Bacemes terminal and axillary; corolla purple to white* Waste places. July-Hovember.

Solanaceae-—$i#ltshade Family Lyeopersicon esculentum M ill, Tomato, Love Apple Strayed from cultivation. June-October. Datura Stramonium L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed Annual, glabrous; stem green to purple, stout, 1-5 feet high. Leaves thin, ovate, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the lobes acute. Blowers white, large. An ill-scented weed. Fields and roadsides. July-October. COLLEGE Of WILLIAM & MARY iuu rnes * ■ Monkey«f lower 2* rin&ens Mi&ulua ebsua hpu L Oeswam Mullein L. Thapsue Verbaseura oei c di ls * adnl flower Cardinal L* alis in rd ca Lobelia aoa aia© x) us Tupt Creeper Trumpet Juss. (x«) radican© Tacoma aeoe nmru, rgt e. e pae. JuXy~3®pt ember. places. Wet red. bright numerous, racemose, og tik Hoes elw, ieru i mime in , roue yellow overs H thick* long, acoae ruh fo r ll r upih small. purplish, or c lila ers flow rough* lanceolate, June~Oetober* grounds* da er Wl. Buttonweod Walt. s re te edia M June* places* Wet irregular* a ll o so r hitish; w October* or ish ehlnbs cietl L Bnttcm«*bush L* s occidental! Cephalantbus elds* H paler* r o le rp u -p se ro flowers linear* narrowly oblong to obianceelate, orenulat® or denticulate* flowers flowers denticulate* or orenulat® obianceelate, to oblong n salt Wos rasds June-Oetober. roadsides. Woods, Gerar&ia scarlet* and Purple Augiwit*"Kor®abe r* h. pupurea Gerardia pks fel n wse lcs June-October, places* waste and s ld fie spikes* Sjmdy soil* June^Oct ober, June^Oct Lew soil* Sjmdy white. , ssile se flowers entire* l, ra o r o orate orange tubular«funnel^f©na lla ro co flowered; 2~® eoaymbsd, s e s s ile , lanceolate, s e rra te , flowers pale bine to pink~ pink~ to bine pale flowers , te rra e s lanceolate, , ile s s e s odd-pinnate; le a f le ts ? - ll orate to lanceolate, flowers flowers lanceolate, to orate ll - ? ts le f a le odd-pinnate; . Stem square, sometimes winged, heaves opposite, opposite, heaves winged, sometimes square, Stem . Perennial; stem slig h tly pubescent, leafy . Leaves Leaves . leafy pubescent, tly h slig stem Perennial; et gem* esl wol,truhu ksfes eb» s e f s k * throughout woolly, densely gfeemt* reot, B Bigid, usually rough, prostrate* Leave © linear* Leave © linear* prostrate* rough, usually Bigid, A woodf f li » i ex istin g or prostrate* k m s petloled, petloled, s m k prostrate* or g istin ex i » li f A woodf Shrub w ith opposite o r r o opposite ith w Shrub Annual, glabrous, stem slender* branched* heaves heaves branched* slender* stem glabrous, Annual, SorephalariaoBae— |3ias2£|. ZSffiilX. |3ias2£|. SorephalariaoBae— Bigncsni Lebeliaceae— Jsghgaii. Jsghgaii. Lebeliaceae— jEjytiblaeeae*«H&£g&S£ * * *»** «*■* ohw * m -mm, -*»m* e m e~Bgoi family ae~~~Bignonia 61 to r t ic l 11 ate leaves; leaves leaves leaves; l 11 ate ic t r **m> Wm $Llr $Llr mi L iX im d&ms

elongated elongated m

Lobelia siphilitica h* Great Lobelia Perennial, stem pubescent, rather stouts leafy 1-3 feet high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, Irregularly ore** nate-dentate, sessile, flowers bright blue In dense racemes, Moist soil. August-October or iSovejsber* — *« Lobelia Euttalii R, and a* Stem weafc* very slender, loosely branched. Basal leaves spaiuXate to ovate; stem leaves linear* .Flowers deXie&i© blue, loosely racemose* a®ndy soil, roadsides* June-October, Compos! ta e—~C ©mposi t © Vernonia noveboraeensia Willd, Ironweed Tell leafy perennial, with stoat rigid stem 3-8 feet Mgh* heaves alternate, liae&r-laneeolate to oblong* lanceolate, serrate* Head 30-40 flowered; involucre b r illia n t purple. Roadsides, along streams* July-M®vember, — — Elephant©pus oarolinianus Willd* Elephant?© Foot Perennial with alternate leaves; leaves ovate-oblong. Beads discoid, gwb flowered, several together forming a eempou&d pedunculate head, purple* Bay woods* August- October* . — • * — Elephaniopus tormsntosus L* Elephant fs Feet Perennial, erect, villous-pubescent, 1-2 feet high. Basal leaves ©berate to narrowly spatulate* Heads large, flowers purple* Moist soil* August-Ocfcober • — — Sudatorium capillifolium (Lam.} Small Bog Fennel Brest, pauieulately much branched, 4-10 feet high* Leaves crowded, pinnatifid. Baeemose-panioulate, 3-6 flowered; flowers greenish yellow* Fields. September- October, «* ** — Eupatoriam hyssop tfolium L. Pubescent, 1-2 feet high* Leaves linear, opposite* Inflorescence densely cymose-paniculate; flowers white* Fields and roadsides* August-Oetober. — — Supatoriwn coelestimjm L* Mist Flower Pubescent 1-3 feet high. Leaves opposite, petloled, crate, dentate* Inflorescence cymese-corymbes©; flowers blue* Moist soil* July-October, 53

Inpat ori urn purpureum L, Joe-Py e-Weed m m stout, erect, hollow 3*1© feet hi#u Leave a verticillate in 3f® -B1©, ©vate-1anceolate, petioled, serrate, • Heads numerous; involucre cylindric; flower® pink or purple* Moist soil* 1uly-Bovember* — ——■ Eupatorium album L* White Thorou^iwort Erect, pubescent, 1-3 feet high. Leaves -opposite, sessile* obiong-lano©olate, serrate* Inflorescence oymose- panlculate; heads numerous; flowers white* Dry field© and roadsides* July-October. — m Mikaala scandens (L.} Willd* Climbing Heiapweed or Bcneset Twining plant. Leave ovate or hastate* deeply cordate at the base. Meads in compound clusters born© at the ends of the branches; flowers white or pink* Swamps and moist places, July-October* ■mm mm Liatris squarrosa Willd, Biasing Star Erect perennial 8-20 inches high .from a roundish corm, or tuber. Leave® .rigid, linear* Head© sessile or ahort- pe dune led, 15-60 flowered; flowers rich purple* August- October* WWW w .w - Qrindelia aqu&rrosa (Pursh*) Bunal. Bum Plant, Tar Weed Erect 1-2 feet high, Leaves spaiulate to linear oblong, dentate, Heads 1*2 inches broad; disks and rays yellow. Dry soil, July-October* — ■— Aster grand!florus L. Stems erec t, rig id , loosely and much branched* Leaves mall, oblong-linear* Heads large, terminating the brandies; rays bright violet. Dry open fields* September-Bovember. Aster patens Ait. slender, rough, 1-3 feet hi^b, with widely spreading branches. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceo­ late, rough. Heads mostly solitary at end of slender branches; rays deep blue-purple. Biy, open places. Auguai-B ov ember * w - w *mm Aster cordi folius L, Common Blue Wood ■ Aster Stems nearly glabrous, much branched, the spreading branch©® bearing very numerous panicled heads. Leaves thin, reu$r, sharply serrate. Rays violet or blue* September- Becember. 54

Aster rnxlm im ® I**

m m glabrous £m% high, Basal leaves spatulate, dentate;. etem leaves limes* to lime ar^Xisnee elate* entire. Beads numerous; ray# X$»2£, wMltt or tinged withm m * M& epeu plasm * &»grot^e*$8&e*» «**► *»** Aster to m s L,

ila&reus, ruthex stiff* usually p&aieul&tely branched %m$ f e e t high* Leaves linear* m tire* Beads seattored* tt«*W»i| w s white* pale Mu# ox pal© violet* Wield® and mate p laces, Augusts avembsr* ’WMIb tlMMt Aster vtmineuis Item*

Smooth! ah, tall, bushy, heaves linear or narrowly lanceolate* Hoads *ma&l# srewded$ wars *lte* .Damp field s m d roadside®* Augu»t«Oc t she r* swes seas Aster past! eul alas Lass. Stem weethish* high* mash branched. Leaves lance e* late*, The branch®# and scattered, beads loosely pas! owlets; mys white or purplish, Pastures and along *treams* Augustmlavembe r* a ie# » m e e Aster leteiifleree (L,} Britton. Stem mush branched* Basal loaves often withered and sdeaimgf ate® le-sree lanceolate* m r rate* Heads raoemesely bilateral upon very short minutely leafy braftshsa* Hoys white or pale ptsxple* waste places* August-Borem.ber. *W* **<* Aster Xla&rilfoXiu# X.* Stem low* slender* leaQr« Leave® numerous* small* rigid and entire, lin ear* Heads large* solitary or ter* m inating simple branches, Mays violet* B*y woods and roads! do s* a#pte®b©r*l£ew©mbit r # *M* lyigeron ramosus (Walt*) S,S*f. i)&lsy j&eabame TdlX* erect* stem leaves XlasadN’Ofeleag; Basal wad lower leaves spatulste or oblong* usually serrate* Heads rather numerous;' rays white* or sometimes purplish* fie ld s , lisy-Boweitber* *M» *»■**• $**&phulism polyoepixaXum Blebs* Common Everlasting Brest woolly annual. Leaves lanceolate, Heads clustered at the summit of paaloledmoacymhoso branches, ovoid-conical Before expansion; bracts whitish* fields and woods* July-Hovemb© r* Holymnia uvedal! a 1* L eafcup 55

stout 3-10 feet high. Leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, almost sessile. Heads few in terminal clusters; rays 10*15 linear-*oblong, yellow. Lamp woods and river-bottoms, July-October. »*>— ' -MRMI,* Silphium trifoliatum L,

fall perennial with copious resinous juice, Stem- leaves lanceolate, pointed, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4. Heads composed of a eorymbose-ganieled yellow flowers. Woods and roadsides* July-October* — rnm* Parihenium integrifolium L. -American Feverfew Perennial 1*4 feet high from a tuberous thiopened rootstock. Leaves ovate-oblong, crenate-ientate. Heads numerous in a dense terminal corymb• rays white. Lay Soil, fields and roadsides, June-Septeraber. ' «*— — Ambrosi a i ri fida L. Gr© at Bag-Weed

Stout stem,, rough-hairy* Leaves large deeply 3~ lobedj the lobes oval-lsmceolate and serrate* petioled. Racemes of greenish flowers*. * Fields and waste places. J uly -H ovemb e r . « * • * ***** Aiabro si a art emi si i foil a L* Hog-Wee d Annual* pubescent, 1—6 feet high. Leaves thin,; 1-2 hipinnatifid, petioled. Racemes very numerous, ■■ A'per­ nicious- weed. J uly-M ovembe r. * » * * *».«► Xanthium commune Britton, Cocklebur

Coarse annual, with branching stems, and alternate toothed or lobed patioled-1eaves. Flowers in spike-like racemes. A weed*, Waste places. July-October.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Annual weed. heaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate. Heads several-flowered, small; rays 4-5 white; disk- flowers perfect, yellowish* Fields, waste places. June—November * «*«• Oirsium discolor (Muhl*) Sprang. Branching perennial* Leaves deeply pinnatifid, prickly. Flowers light purple or pink* Fields and road­ sides* July-N ovembe r. 56

Girsium lane® ©latum {L* ) Hill Common or Bull Thistle

Stem stout, branched, tall, leaiy to the heads* Leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid* stout prickles* flowers purple* Pastures and’ roadsides* JttlyfHovember* ■#*#* im-mm laotuca canadensis L* Wild or Tall Lettuce

Stem leafy up to the infloreacence, 3-10- feet high* Lear as mostly sinuatefpinnati.fi d* the. upper1 lanceolate and entire* flowers pale yellow*- Open places* June- November, 1 ■■mm '«nm> Chiysopsls mari ana {l*) Hutt* ■ Perennial, stout, vil 1 ous-pubescen t* Corymhosely branched at the summit* Leases oblong or lanceolate* flowers yellow* Dry soil* Angust-October* ■mntm '*mm Hellanthue at rorubens L*

Rough, hsiiyj stem slender, tall* Leaves ovate or oval to ohlong^laneeelate, or*the lowest heart-shaped, serrate, petioled. Heads small, coiymbed, rays yellow* Dry woods* Angust-Oct obe r. *> *» Eelianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks* Stem pubescent or hirsute-, branched-above, 6-12 feet high* Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled* flowers yellow* Moist soil, ' September-Movemb©r* • w*m **** Coreopsis verticillata L*

Perennial; stem stiff, much brsnohed, slender, leaiy. Leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are pinnately parted* Liy sail, June-Octsber* *»** Bidens frondosa L* Beggar-Ticks Annual; stem erect, branched 2-3 feet high* Leaves slender^petiolsd, pinnately 3-5 divided lanceolate,, serrate* Heads numerouss rays small, yellow* Lamp soil* Angust-Octobe r* w*e* Bidens bipinnata L* Span!sh Heedles

Annual; stem erect* freely branching, rather slender* Leaves petioled, pinnately dissected* Heads numerous; rays 3-4 yellow, short* Achenes linear, barbed* Pields* July-October* m

Helenl m. antunma&e L, ItMnitsX, mtm ratimr stout* &*£ feet Mgh* losses bbleng* lanseel -its or ov&te~l ana#olate# dentate* Heads inse&reus; bum® m len$ psdtmslsst rays bright, yellow* 8 m a$s and wet Atigust*Berasiber* *M» *M* ipsbitiis Lappa l* arcat Burdock Stem mush braashed* tall* Leases broadly orate* petioled* Heeds sufess&sfesssf flower® purple o r «ldt»* Wests pisses* Juty^Ostebsr* eshse sses Laetuea fieri dans (1 *) aaestu* Lear#© a i l lyr&i© o r runol&ate* or rarely entire* the upper often with m boariws&aped sleeping base* Beads twees** sos* rays blue* H eist open p isses* July ^October* lastsea sptea&a (Lae*) Httebe* Tall, nearly sessth* mt& leafy* Leases pinnatifid* co arsely teethed* Beads in a large and dense MBpeand panteX#* rays blue to white* H eist plassa* July«»$fe#i* Gall* of*fh#»Sa>.rifi Stem sMSife* X**4 feet high, osiymbeae*pmd sled at suasdi* Lenses plnnatifid* Heads chiefly clustered at the tip ef the elongate bMMfe»s$ flower® purplish*. greenish* sfcits* or l#r* iwy sell* J5^teaSMM^0etebsr*

lyttaMM^^HtowMiiea a»uas. Xytlmns Bali e arl a, L* Spiked Loosestrife Tail* lease® lanceolate* h*art»shaped at bass; flowers m tm m % trimcrpheua* Wet asadees end shores* J®s@~ October*

Composttas Sell dago llaay r art ©ties ef goldearod Perennial erest herb, simple* er little branched. head® or spike* a x illa ry panicles* oymoao-oorymbose or cap itate clusters* tfeually golden yell ear* omm pel# yellow and white* fields* ?niy*Mew@fgibsr» 58

roni.de riaoaa. --- SiS^ 3Sarl!SSlL ISailaL Pontederia oordata h* Pickerel-weed Stem etout, 1-3$ feet tall; leaves heart-shaped, blunt; spike dense, fro® a sp&the-like bract; flowers bright blue or vi diet some times yellow-spotted within, 1 rregul&r. Borders of ponds and slow at roams, also marshes* June- October,

Goaamelinac e ae— Sui derwert ffamilv GoMHlna hi rt ell a ITahl* Stems stout, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate, rough!sh, the sheaths brown-b©arded. Sp&thes crowded* Seeds smooth* In Moist soil* August-October.

Gemmelina ooramuni s L. M&mWlwm? Stem rather week, much Jointed* Two petals are large, rounded and blue, the third is tiny and colorless; the whole flower peeps out from a clasping, cordate, heart- shaped leaf or spathe, Waste places, June-October.

Orchi daceae—-Orchi s ifamilv Spipactis pubeseens (Willd,) A, A, Sat on. Rattlesnake P lantain Stem sto u t, 6*20 inches high; leaves green with white nerves and veins; perianth 2$ to 3 inches long; lip globose, ventricose, stigma with 2 short teeth, Dry woods* August- September.

Spirant he a Beckli Lindl. Ladies1 Tresses Blent with a solitary subcyliadrical or spindle- shaped root, hearing a small slender raceme of white flowers; perianth 2-3 mm, long, Bay soil. August-Ooiober. m

Spring

SM23L Salix—several species fillew Leaves lanceolate, petioled. Buds covered fey a single scale, with an inner usually adherent membrane, Catkins appearing before or with the leaves, MaroMay.

Populus alba L* White Poplar, Silver* leaved Poplar The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic*oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white tomentose. Catkins long and drooping, April-Msy.

Jualandaceae***Walnut garni lv Carya-~*several species Trees with hard and very tough wood. Two kinds of flowers, the s te r ile below and the f e r tile above, above the leaves. May,

Juglane nigra L, Black Walnut Leaflets 11*17, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat heart*shaped or unequal at base, glowers monoecious, the sterile or catkins (Aments); the fertile solitary or In small cluster or spike, graft a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceeus or bony nutshell. April* May.

Betulaoe ae— Bi roh family Cojylus a&erioana Walt, Hazelnut, gilbert Shrkb, the young shoots russet-brown, densely pubes­ cent. Leaves ovate, or broadly oval, pointed, Staiainate aments most solitary; involucre of the nut compressed. In thickets, Apri 1-March. —— 60

Beiula Birch

Tree, with dentate or seriate leaves, scaly buds and flowers of both hinds in assents expanding before or with the leave®. Thin bark. April-May.

Alnus Alder Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, flowers of both hinds in ament®. M&reh-April.

Fagaceae——Beech Family Fagus grand!folia Ehrh. Beech

Large tree with smooth light gray bark; leaves euneate at base, taper-pointed, coarsely toothed. April* May. * » « * mm Quercus (At least a dozen vspecies) Oaks Trees, with pinnatifid lobed dentate crenate or entire leaves. Flowers veiy small, green or yellowish, appearing with or before the leaves. Valuable timber. May-June. Castanea pumila (L*) Mill. Chinquapin

A spreading shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, sharply serrated. Involucres small, often spiked, huts enclosed in burs. June.

0rti q ace ae—-Met tie Family Blmus amerie&na L, American Or White Elm Tree, gray flaky bark. Leaves ovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply serrate. Flowers in close fascicles. Samara ovate-oval. March-April.

« . . . — Morus rubra L* B®d Mulberry Tree with brown rough bark. Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath. Flowers frequently dioecious. Fruht dark purple, long# April*»May.

Maclura pomifera (Rof.) Schneider Tree with ridged brown bark and spreading branches. 61

Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at the base, flowers dioecious; the staminaie in loose short racemes; the pistillate in a dense globose head. Synearp globose* yellowish-green* large. Ray-June.

Ari stoLochi aoeae—Bi rthwort f ami ly Asarn® canadense L, Wild Ginger

heaves hidney-shaped, more or less pointed; calyx bell-shaped, brown-purple inside* Bioh woods. April- Hay*,

Leraathaseae——Mistletoe family Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh,) Mutt* American Mistletoe A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, the twigs rather stout, brittle at the base. Leaves ob­ long or obovate, dark green, flowers small, dioecious. Berries globose, whitish. Parasitic on deciduous leaved, trees. May-June.

Aristoloehi aoeae—Bi rthwort Pami ly

Asarum virginicum L. Wild Ginger Perennial herb. Leaves basal, from a cluster of rootstocks, cordate-ovate, or reniform, entire, thick, flowers dull-red or purplish-brown. Woods and shady banks. April-ilay.

GaJtyophyll&ceae-—Pink family Stellar!a pubera Kichx. Great or Star Chickweed

Perennial, usually upright or partly so, with branch­ ing stems. Leaves nearly sessile, elliptic to oblong- ovate -J - 2 inches long. Flowers white, in loose cymose ©lusters, terminal on the stem or its branches; petal© 5 notched or cleft. Moist shady banks and woods. Aprll- June. Cerastium vi scosum L. Mouse Bar Ohichweed Annual, tufted stems ascending or spreading, pubes­ cent. Leaves ovate or obovate, or the lower spatulate. 62

Flower* in glomerate cymes. fields, roadsides, April- July * — «M» Sileae pennsylvanica Mi eta*. Wild Pink

Perenni al, tufted, 4 * 10 inches high, viseid- pubescent. Basal leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse* flowers pink, about 1 inch broad in terminal cymes* Petals wedge-fcm, slightly notched* Gravelly and rocky places* Apri1-June.

W * — Agrostemma Githago L* Gem Cockle

Breot, 1 * 3 feet high, densely pubescent with whitish appressed hairs* Leaves 11 ne ar-1anceolate and grasslike* flowers purplish-red to pale pink, showy, Grain fields, roadsides* June-August *

Portulacaceae—-Purslane family day tenia Virginia a L* Spring Beauty Perennial herb 4 - 9 inches high, arising from deep tuberous base. Leave 2, linear and grasslike. Slower® deep pink to pale pink, veined with darker tints, i - i inch broad, in loose spreading terminal racemose cluster. Moist opes woods and damp grassy places* M arch-May *

Banunculaoeae-—Crowfoot family Ranunculus abort!vus L* Small-Flowered Crowfoot

Biennial, slightly succulent 6 - 24 inches high, primary root-leaves round-heart-shaped with a wide shallow sinus or kidney-fotss; those of the stem 3 - 5 parted or divided, toothed. Betels pale yellow. Shady hillsides, along brooks* April-June.

Ranunculus bulbesus L» Bulbous Buttercups Brest from a bulbous—ihiekened base, haiiy 6-18 Inches high* Leaves petioled, 3-divided, all variously lobed and cleft. Flowers bright yellow about 1 inch broad; petals 5-7. Fields and along roadsides. Aprii-July

Thalietrum polygamum Muhl. fall Meadow Hue Tall perennial, 2 - 9 feet high. Leaves about thrice 63

eOs^peund, leaflet® pale-green, r^und-oval, wedge oblong* FLowers white, small and numerous in a large loose terminal paniele, Moist low ground, woodlands, swamps. June— August. *■»** imm- Asemonella thal i ct roi de s (X**) Spaeh. Rue Anemone

Low, glabrous, 4 - 9 inches high, the flowering stem arising farm the cluster of tuberous roots. Leaves 2 - 3 temately compound; summit of flowering stem occupied by a whorl of bracts resembling leaflets. Flowers few, white or pink, slenderly petieled. Sepals 5 - 10, Woods. A fril-Esy. Hepatiea triloba Ghaix. Hepatica

Leaves 1ong-petioled with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6 - 12, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Shady banks and wood­ lands, Feb ruaiy- Apri 1.

Anemone (juinquefolia L. Wood Anemone, Wind­ flower Stem slender, 4 - 8 inches high. Basal leaves 5 parted. Solitary flower; sepals 4 - 9, obovate or oval, white or purplish. Weeds. April-lay.

Anemone virginiana L,

Hairy, 2 - 3 feet high, stout. Basal, leaves long- petioled, the blades deeply parted into 3 - h wedge-oblong cleft* Flowers usually white or greenish. Woods* road­ sides, June-August.

m-m Clematis ochrolenca Ait, Breet perennial. Leaves opposite. Flower solitary, greenish, usually nodding from the summit of an elongate terminal silky peduncle. Sepals 4 - 6 thick, silky, form­ ing a bell-shaped corolla-like structure. Achenes tipped by long yellowish brown or cream-colored feathery recurved styles. Open, dry, or deep damp woods. May-June.

Delphinium Ajacis L. Larkspur Brest annual herb with slender, branching stem* Leaves alternate, short—petioled, the blades finely divided and forked. Flowers dark blue, pale blue or whitish. Iseaped from cultivation. Jiay-July. 64

Giaieifuga racemosa (L.) Mutt, Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh Brest perennial, 2-7 feet high fma a thiok knotted rootetook; leaves 2-5 temately and then often qulnately compound; leaflets oblongs ovate or elliptic, all toothed or out-lobed, acute* Blowers white; racemes expound, term!nal, 6 inches to 3 feet long* Woods* June-August •

Magnoli ace ae— M agnail a ffam-ilv Liriodendron Tuliplfera L. tulip Tree learea smooth, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, truncate or broadly notched at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the bass* Hovers erect, greenish* yell os, orange-colored within, Gens of fruit diy, oblong, acute, May* June.

Magnolia sacropbylla Michx, Great-Leaved Magnolia Tree, Leaves obovate*oblong, cordate at the base, pubescent and white beneath, Hewers large, whit© with a purple spot at the base. Bay*August,

Calycanthus fieri dus L* ^aiiy Strawberry - shrub Shrub; leaves ovate or oval, aout© or obtuse, narrowed at the base, soft-downy or pubescent beneath. Hewers daxk purple or brownish with a strong odor of strawberries when crushed, frequently planted for ornament, April* August*

An©naeeae~~~I&s£&£d JumM I m ZM Aeimina tr ilo b a Bunal, Common Bap aw Shrubs or small trees. Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed* Hewers dark purple* Along basks of streams, Apxil*May«

Berberidacnae— Barberry Hastily Podophyllum p e lt atm L* Mandrake, May Apple Smooth erect herb 9-18 inches high, perennial by a etout rootstock. Leaves on fleshy flow©ring-stem mostly 65

2, large* deeply lobed. Slower solitaiy, will to 1 - 2|- inches broad, on a short stout peduncle. Fruit an ell ip- sold beriy, at maturity yellow, April-May. — *#>- Berberis vulgaris L, Common Barberry

Shrub, the branches arched and drooping at the ends, heaves obovate or spatulate, closely bristle-toothed. Drooping many-flowered racemes. Berries ellipsoid, scarlet when ripe, June.

Lauraoeae— Laurel Family Sassafras varli folium {Sail sb,) Ktze, Sassaf ras or Ague Tree free-,- Bark rough in irregular ridges, aromatic, heave# oval and entire or mitten-shaped. Flowers small, racemes several or numerous in the umbels, peduncled. April-May.

Papaver&ee ae—P oppy Family Bangui nari a canadensis L, Bloodroot Glabrous, glaucous, especially when young, Rootstock £ •» I Inch thick..* several inches long* reddish (surcharged with red-©range acrid Juice). Sepals2% petals 8 - 12, spatulate oblong, white. Flowering scape above leaf. Rich woods, April-May,

Pap aver Hhoeas 1. Foppy E rest 1 - 2 feet high. Flower red. Foliage deeply notched. Waste fields, Wheat fields. May-June.

Fumariaceae-—Fumitoiy Family Mcentra Oucullaria (L.) Bernh, Dutchman’s Breeches

Scape and elender-petided leaves from a sort of granulate bulb; lobes of leaves linear, leaves finely out* The slender scape bears 4 — 10 pretty but odd, white flowers tipped with ere am-col or. Woods, moist lands, April-^ay. Crueiferae— Mustard Family

Dr aba Verna. L Whitlow Gras# 66

Small £ leaves radical* oblong or lanceolate, Raceme® elongated In fruit. Pods vaiying from round-*oval to ob- l©*^;-Lanaeolate, Helds* Pebruary-May .

mm m&m- Dent aria laoiniata Mil, Toothwort, Pepper- Root

Tubers deep seated; caulin© leaves 3* whorled or nearly as*. tiie lateral leaflets deeply cleft; basal leaves when present, similar* Flowers white or pink; pods linear, ascending. Moist rich wood®, Apri 1-May. **** ■***- Barb are a vulgaris R, Br. Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Lower leaves ly rate, the terminal division round and usually large; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base* Flowers bright yellow, somewhat racemose. Pods erect or ascending on spreading pedicels. Fields, roadsides* April-June,

Sisymbrium caneseen® Mutt. Tansy-Mustard var, brachycarpon (Richards) Wats. Brest or ascending herb f - 2$ feet high. Leaves deeply and doubly pinnatifid. Flowers yellowish* minute, grouped at the ends of terminal racemes. Dry soil, Kay- July.

Saxifragaceae— S&xi f rag® Fami ly

Saxifraga virginiensis Michx, Sarly Saxifrage

Leaves obovate or otsl-spatulate* narrowed into a broad petiole* crenate-toothed, thick!sh. Flowers in clusters and loosely panioled cyme®, white. Diy or rocky woodlands* KarQh-May, fieuchera a® eric an a L. Alum Root

Stem glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish* with short rounded lobe® and ere­ sale teeth. Flowering calyx broadly campanulate, nearly regular* Petals veiy small, greenish. Wood®, May- August, sees Philadelphus coronarius L, Mock Orange, Garden Syrlnga Shrub 8-10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, oval, 67 elliptic, denticulate, Flow©rs numerous, racemose at the ends of the branches, In gardens and escaped from garden**: May-June*

Hastameli dace &e—Wi teh-Haa@1 Fami ly Liquidambar Siyr&ei flua L, Sweet Sum

free* Leaves petioled, sub-cordate at the base, deeply 6 - 7 lobed, smooth and shining, Flowers- usually msnoeoi©us* in globular heads, or catkins., Apri 1-May,

Piatanaeeae— Plane tree Family Platanus sadden talis L, Sycamore* tree* Leaves mostly truncate at the base sinuate- labed or toothed, lobes sharp-pointed. Both staminate and pistillate flow ers, May*

Bowsesa— Rose Family Pyrus coronaria L, American Grab free* Leaves ovate or elliptic, serrate... Flowers pink or white, April-May,

Py rus communi s 1* Fear

free. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, slender petioles* Flowers white, April-lay*

mm wo m Malus L, Apple A common fru it tree of cultivation often escaping to woods, Apr! 1-May,

— - — Pragazia virgin!ana Duchesne Wild Strawberry Bather stout* tufted* dark green* villous-pubescent, P etioles 2 - 6 inches long; leaflets of a firm slightly ooriaceoustexture. Flowers white; petals obovate, F ruit red, Flelda. May.

Potent ill a recta L. Bough-fruited Cinquefoil Mreot, rather stout, branched above, villous-pubes- 68 cent, 1-2 feet high. Leaves dlgitately 5-7 foliate, all hut the upper petioled. Leaflets eblaneeolate, 11ewers term inal, tiymose, yellow, numerous. Waste field s* May

Geum ©aaa&ease Jae

Bobus eeoi dent alia L. Black Raspberry Glaucous, stems cane-like, recurved, armed with small hoohed pristle?. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely incised-serrate, flowers white, fruit purple-black, fence rows, ravines. May-June, — — Rubus frondosus Bigel, Blackberry Carnes arched*recurving, stout prickles, leaflets 3*5# obovate. Flowers white, Common in waste places. May-June, OM» 4SMSS Prunws sero tin a iShrh. Wild Black Cherry free, with reddish-brown branches. Leaves thick, oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, flowers white, elongated race­ mes, spreading or drooping, fruit dark purple or black. May. smo mm Aeselanchier candensis (L. ) Medio, Shad Bush Tree or shrub. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, finely serrated, pe tid ed . Flowers macy, in drooping racemes, white, Open woods and near woods. April-May, ooew mm Proms Ceraeus L. Sour or Morel 1© Cherry Tree, Leaves ovate or ©val-1 anceolate, dentate. Howe re white in umbels. Apri 1-May, ■-mm mm Brums Persioa (h,) Stokes Peach Small tree. Leaves lance-oblong, serrate. Flowers pink. Apri1-May. 69

Legumin©aae—-Pulse family Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust

Tree. Thoms stout, often triple or compound. Leaf* let® laneeolate-cblong, serrate* Racemes solitary or clustered, slender, drooping* dense* flowers greenish* feds linear* elongated often twisted* filled with a sweet pulp he tween the seeds. May.

Cerais canadensis L. Redbud, American Judas-tree free. Learns simple* petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt pointed* rather thick, flowers several together in sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves. Corolla red*purpie* Woods, roadsides. Apr! 1-May.

Lupimis perermis L, Wild Lupine Perennial, erect* somewhat hairy. Leaves slender* petioled; leaflets 7 * 11* eblaneeolate* flowers in a long raceme, purplish-blue, Diy, sandy soil. May* June. «w«dw Psoralea pedunculate (Mill.) Vail. Samson9® Snake- m et Stems erect 1 * 2 feet hi#i* slender* Leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong* Racemes ascillaiy and ter­ minal on long pedmclesi flowers purplish. hiy soil. April-August. im-m — Tephresia virgin! ana L. Goat9® Rue, Cat-Gut, Wild Sweet Pea

Breet or ascending* silky pubescent with whitish hairs 1 * 2 feet hi#i. Boots long, fibrous, tough. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 7 - 25 oblong, flowers large and numerous, clustered la a term inal raceme or panicle, yel 1 owiah-white marked with purple. Dry sandy banks, waste places. May*July.

Hob ini a Pseudo* Acacia L* Common Locust, false Abacia Tree. Leaves odd-pinnate. Racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant. Pod smooth. May*June. — Hobini a hispida L. Bristly Locust, Rose Acacia 70

A much-branched shrub, Leaflets 9 - 13 stalked* broadly ovate or eble&g, entire* Raceme© loose* flowers deep rose-color* M^jr~June.

—

Viola vill os a Both, Hairy or Winter Vetch

Long'hatjy trailing stems* Leaflets many* flower® violet and white* In many-flowered* somewhat 1-sided spike- like raceme®* fields and roadsides* May-August*

Lin&eeae—Flax family Li mam vi rginianum L.

fall* 1 - 2 feet high, stem and branches sub terete* Leaves thin, deep green, oblanoeolate* flowers scattered. Shady waysides, tty places* June—September*

mm « m * Linum medium (Planch.) Britton Slender erect perennial, eoiymbosely branohed above* Leaves firm, linear-lanceolate, entire* flower® yellow, In slender spike-llke racemes* Roadsidec mid day places. July-Septembe r.

Oxalldaceae— Wood Sorrel family Oxalic violoeea L. Violet Wood Sorrel Base bulbous, scaly; leaves radical| leaflets obeor- date. Scapes several, commonly exceeding the leaves, um- bellately several-fl Owe red. Petal® rose-purple* Woods. Hay.

Gerani ace ae— Gerani um Family Geranium rnaoulatum L. Wild Crane’s-bill

Perennial, pubescent, erect, 1 - 2 feet high, Basal leaves long-petioled nearly orbicular* divided, toothed and cleft* Stem-leaves 2, opposite. Flowers rose- purple; umbellate inflorescence. Woods, and by streams, 71 shaded places* April-Juiie. — — geranium carol in i anum L, C arolina Crane*®- M il Annual, erest, generally branched* Leaves about 5- parted, out and cleft* flower© in compact clusters, pale pink or whitish. Beeky piece®* poor ©oil, field®* Kay- Auguet *

Anacardi ace ae— Cashew Family Hhus glabra L* Steeeih Sumac Shrub, leaflet© 11 - 51* Whitened beneath* lanceo­ late-oblong* pointed* serrate* ewers greenish-white or yellowish. in dry sell* June-July,

Hhus Toxicodendron L* Poison Ivy, Poison Oak A weedy ¥111#,climbing by numerous aerial ro o tle ts , or erect and bushy, Leaves peiio led , 5- fell c l ate* Leaf- le ts ovate or Zom bis. Flower® minute, greenish* in small loose ©lender axillary racemes or panicles* Poisonous to many people. Woods, field®* roadsides* Hay-July. *M* — Rhus qnereifoXIa (Michx*) St end. Poison Oak A low branching shrub, spreading,by underground branches, leaves long-peti©led, 5-foiiolate ; leaflets" ovate to obovate, irregularly lebed, toothed or sinuate- margined* Paniele© 1 - 5 inches long* woods, fields, roadsides* May-June.

Aqui foli ace ae— Holly Family Ilex epaoa Ait* American Holly A tree of ©low growth, leaves ova1, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth* Flower© in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils. Fruit red* Woods* April-June*

Ce 1 astraceae*—staff f ree Family Celastrus sc an den© 1, Waxwork, Bitter-Sweet Twining shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, 72 pointed* Flowers small, greenish, in raeeme-like clusters terminating the branches. The evening orange-colored pods displays the scarlet covering of the seeds, very ornamental in autumn. Fence rows, roadsides. June*

; * M — Svonymis erne ricanus L* Strawberry Bush Shrub 2 - 8 feet high* upright or straggling, heaves almost sessile, bright green* thick, ov&te-lanceolate or oblong-1 anc e ol ate * Flower® greenish-purple. Fruit a 3 * § lobed, rough-warty, dull' crimson capsule, splitting open at maturity to disclose the scarlet-coated seeds, Moist woods ex-along streams* May-June,

Aceraceae---Maple Family

Acer saccharinum L, WMli or Silver Maple Tree. ■ heaves, deeply ■ 5 lobed, the sinuses rather acute, si Ivory-white underneath. Flowers os short pedi­ cels, in umbel-like clusters,. March-April,

. — — . Acer rub rum L* Red or Swamp Maple

Tree, heaves broadly ovate- to auberbicular, trun­ cate or cordate at the fease$ 3 - 5 acuminate lobes irreg­ ularly serrated and notched. Flowers on short pedicels in umbel-like clusters* red or sometimes yellowish. March- April,

Sapindaceae-—Soapbe rry Family

Aeseulus Hippooastamaa L. Horse-chestnut Tree, leaves long—petioledj leaflets 5-7, obovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, euneate-narrowed to the base, irregularly orenulate-dentate. Inflorescence rather dense; corolla spreading, white, spotted with red and yellow* Fruit globose, prickly. May-June.

Vi t ace ae— Vine-Family

Psedera Quinquefolia (L.} Greene Virginia Creeper

Trailing or climbing weedy vine. Petioles rather long; leaf-blades alternate, compound* leaflets 5, rarely 3 or 7. Flowers green!ah, small; infloresconce pan!culate. Weeds, thickets, roadside®. May-July, 73

Viiia Labrueca L* Fex-grap© Climbing vine. Leaves veiy broadly cordate-ovate, rath er faintly dentate# Flowers minute# greenish, in panicles. Berries (grapes) globular, dark bluish-purple* Lev woods, th ic k e ts, streams# May-Jnne. — —#* T itle co rd ifo lia Michx* Frost Crape* Chicken • Grape

High ©limbing vine* Leaves coarsely dentate with very acute teeth* Inflorescence loose or compact* Berries small* black* shining* Moist thickets* banks of stream* May*June.

T ill aceae— Li nden Family T ill a amerieana L* Basswood free.-' Leaves large* he art-shooed* green and gla­ brous-* Flowers in small cymes hanging on aadllaxy pedun­ cles* cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant* May-June.

Ttlia Michauadl Huttl free* Leaves smaller than!* americana* rather densely pubescent, Kay-June* *M# —— fill© hstsapophylla Tent* Tbit# Basswood free* Leaves larger than T* Micliauxii, smooth and bright green above, si 1 veay-whit sued with a fine down underneath. May- June*

Malvaeea^—Mallow Family Althaea rosea Oav* Hollyhocks* The hollyhocks of gardens* sometimes persistent a fte r cultivation* May-August*

Violaceae— Vi olet Family Viola pedata L, Bird's-foot or Crow­ foot Violet Lew stemless lierb. Leaves basal, nearly glabrous* 74

3-di wi ded, the lateral divi si ons pedately 3-5 parted. The upper petals of corolla dark v io le t, the 3 lower lilac- purple*, 'all beardless* Helds* roadsides*, woods* April- Mey* f ie !a p ap ili on&cea fu rsh . Meadow or Common Blue V iolet Perennial* robust, from a stout branching rootstock* Leaves all basal* reni fom or ovate* cordate. Go roll a deep violet, . Mel at field®, groves, roadsides, April- May, — mm fielu sororia WiXXd* woolly Blue Violet

Rootstock stout* often branching* leaves villous- pubescent* the blade ovate to oMaular or even reni form. Corolla violet or lavender*. occasionally white* Moist meadows, woods* April-June, m*0 Viola Rafi.nescmil Greene* wild Pansy Very slender#.often ..branched from the base* Leaves small, the earliest suborhicular* the later ob ovate to' linear-oblanceoXate* flowers* bluish-white to ereanr colored petals* Woods «nd- open places* March-May.

Viols pub©seens Ait* Downy Yellow Violet Softly pubescent*. Stem often solitaiy 5 leaves 2-4 near the mmm&t* broadly ovate with cordate or trunsate- deourreni base* ere n&t ©- dent ate * flowers rise on slender peduncles .from the axils of the leaves, bright yellow#., bearded. Woods* thickets* Apri 1-May.

— mm Viola lance data L* Lance-leaved or Water Violet Leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly linear-elliptic, fetioles long, slender* flowers pale* Open bogs and moist meadows* Apr! 1-May. *— — Viola eucuXXata Ait, Marsh Blue Violet Glabrous* Leaves broadly ovate to reni form, cordate, finely crenate-serrate, Corolla violet-blue, darker colored at the throat. Moist lands. April-June. 75

P as si florae eae-—Pas si on FI owe r Family

Basei flora lute a L, Passion Flower Herbaceous, climbing or trailing. Leases broader than long, cordate at base, with 3 wide obtuse rounded lobes* Flowers greenish yellow* Berry globose-ovoid* Woods, thickets* May-August*

Gnagraceae— Ivening Primrose Family Oenothera laciniata Hi 11 * Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched, bearss ov al-1 ane e ol at e, sinuate-dentate or 'ften pinnati- fid. Hewers axillary* yellow,* Fields* lay-August,

Araliace ae— Ginseng Family Panax tri folium L, Dwarf Ginseng, Ground But Glabrous 3 - 8 inches high* Root globose* deep* L eaflets 3 - % o ral to ©blanceei&te, sessile*. obtuse* dentate or -serrate* Flowers white* tiny, in an umbel. Moist-woods and thickets, Ap rt 1-May,

Comaceae— Dogwood Family Gomus florida L* Flowering Dogwood free*- Ls;&ye® orate* pointed, aoutish at the base* Bracts of the involucre ehoerda&e* Fruit ovoid, scarlet, Flowers greenish-yellow , Woods* Apr! 1-May*

-■m*** SHMiO Byssa sylvatlea Marsh* Black Gum tree* Leaves oval to obevate, glabrous or v illo u s- pubescent. Flowers fertile, at the summit of slender ped­ uncles* - Fruit ovoid* bluish-black* Leaves turn bright crimson in sutumn* April-Bay*

Bricaceae— He ath Family Chimaphi la umbel la ta (L* } Butt, Prince* s Pine, Pipsissewa Leafy 4-18 inches high* Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate* Peduncle 2 - 8 flowered; petals flesh - color* Day woods* June-August* 76

Hhedodendron imiiifLeriam (L* } P iaxtey Flower, wild Terr* Honeysuckle Shrub with oblong or obovate leaves, Flowers pink to nearly ^ ite f expanding before or with the leaves. Corolla tube is long* five lobe®. Open woods. April- Mw* . *►*■, . mm- Chimaphila maculate (L*} Purah, Spotted Wint&rgreen Stem extensively trailing, sending up erect branches, he ares lanceolate, ©vate~lanceol ate, sharply serrate, dark green and mottled with white. Flower® few, ©oiymbose or umbellate, white or pinkish* Bay woods, June-August*

mm mm Hiododendron maximum 3b* Great Laurel T all shrub. Leaves oblong, XanceoXat e-oblong or broadly eblaneeolat#, d&ik green* Corolla ~ 2 inches broad* rather deeply deleft, rose* col or, varying to white. Low woods and dong streams* June-July.

OMnoe KslMa laii folia L. Mountain Laurel Leaves mostly alternate, bright green, ovate-lanceo­ late or oblong, acute at each end, petielM* Corymbs term inal, many- f 1 owe re d, cl amny-pnbe scent*. Flowers pink or white. Woods* • May-June*

mm*' *m w - Spigaea repens L, Trailing Arbutus, Hoy flow er Creeping plantf stems tough, hairy and branched. Ever­ green with alternate leaves, slightly heart shaped at base* Flowers in terming cluster®, five-parted, delicate pink, very fragrant* San# woods, or in rocky soil on hill- si des* I arch-May 4 — — Gaylussaoia frondosa (L.} T* & G, Blue Tangle, D-angleberay

Erect shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves oval to obovate, entire* Flowers few, nodding* greenish to pink, small, in loose racemes* Fruit dark blue* Moist woods* May- Jane* ewes' Gsylussacia dumosa {Andr. ) f ;*& G* Dwarf Huckleberry

A branching shrub, 1 - 2 feet high* Leaves oblong 77

obovate, obtuse, entire* Flowers white or red-tinged* on short glandular-hairy pedicels scattered along leafy- byacted racemes, Sandy soil* also in swamps, 1'ay-June.

Frlmul aeeae— Frimrose Family lysimacbia <|uadri folia 1, densest rife 3%m simple* Leaves whorled In 4*s or 5*s, lanceo­ late to lance-or at©. Flowers on long capillary peduncles frost the axils of the leaves. Corolla yellow, dark streak­ ed or spotted* Hoist or sandy soil. June**July. —** —** Stelronema cfliatum (1.} Baf. Fringed loosestrife Perennial* stem erect 1 - 3 feet high, leaves oppo­ site, ovate to ovate-lanceolate! petioles ciliate* Flowers bright yellow on thread-like peduncles* low grounds, thickets. June-August.

BLenaee ae——Ebony Family Biospy roo virglnianal*, Common Persimmon Tree, leaves thicki eh, ovate-oblong* Flowers mostly 4-parted; corolla greenish-yel1ow* Fruit globose, reddish- yellow, Sweet when ripe, astringent when green. Fields, woods* May-June.

OXeaoe &e— Olive-Faird ly Li gust rum vulgare L, Privet or Prim Shrub w ith e n tir e lea v es and small white flow ers in terminal panicles* Leaves smooth, lanceolate or oblong, heed for low hedges* June-July, wwee -m** Chionanthus virgin! ©a L* Fringe Tree, Old Han* s Beard Tree, Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, Flowers m slender pedicels; panicles drooping? petals 1 Inch long or more, Banks of streams. May-June, WMmM* wpse syringe vulgaris L. Common Lilac Shrub, Leaves ovate, entire, petioled. Flowers lilac-purple or white, in large terminal thyrses. May, 78

Apecy nao e ae— Dogbane Family

Vinca minor L* Common Periwinkle, l&V&M Porenni al#trailing* glabrous. Leaves oblong to ovate, enti re, Flowers solit&3y in some of the axils, blue; peduncles slender* fields* cemeteries, February- June* •*— m. Apeeymsa eannabinum L* Indian Hemp Keels deepi eteab ranched* nearly glabrous* Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate* cymes dense, flowers greenish- white* Fields and thickets* June-August.

Convo X vul ac eae— Gon?o 1 vulus Family

Convolvulus arvenis L, field Bindweed

Stems trailing, very slender* simple or branched* Leaves ovate or oblong* entire* acutish at apex* sagittate at the base* • Peduncles 1 - 4 flowered*- corolla pink or nearly white. Fields and waste places*. teay-October,

, Boragi n aceae— B©rage family Merten si a virginica (L* ) Link* Virginian Cowslip* Bluebells Very smooth* pale* erect* 1 - 2 feet high; leaves obevaie* veiny. Corolla trumpet-shaped, blue; flowers in loose and short panieled or ©orymbed raceme-like ©lusters, Very showy. Low meadows and along streams* Apr! 1-May.

tmm %osotis laxa Lehm, Forget-me-not

Perennial, stem very slender* app ressed-pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse* Racemes veiy loosely mn ~f 1 ©wered; corolla blue with a yellow eye. Wot places* May-July*

Lafeiaiae—-Mint Family

Mepeta he de races, {L« ) Trevis&n 0 round Ivy

Creeping and trailing* Leaves petioled, round-kidney- shaped, orenate, Corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue, Damp or shady places. April-July, 79

Salvia lyrata L* iyre-leaved Sag#

Perennial* haisyj. stem nearly single and nake&.Root- 1 e avea ly re*shaped nr si au&te-pi nnati fi &. fhorl© Ions# and distant fnming m interrupted raceme. Corolla about m in o h long* blue-purple* Idgt of thicket and streams. Kay-June.

« M * ' 0Mt* Sal^ia utrieifQlia L* Wild Sage Breet perennial* leave# coarsely serrate, ovate, duster# ©eyeral»f1 owers, in terminal interrupted spikes. Corolla blue and iM te, Weed#.- April-June.

Solanaceas— Mightshade Family lyoiu© hdXimi folium Mill*: Common Matrimony Fine Shrub w ith Xeng ssHRentose recurved-d ro©pi ng branches. Leaves oblong or op at ul at e-1 aneeel at e* narrowed in to a abort petiole* .'Flowers funneX-ferm, greenish-purple. Berries ovoid* orange-red* About .dwellings* May-August.

Serephulari aceae— Figwort Family Pentslemon hirsutu© (L*) Wii Id* ■perennial 1 - 3 feet high* Leave# oblong to lanceo­ late, the lowest ovate or oblong* Corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish); flowers thyrsold or in open racemose panicle®. Field® and woods* May-July.

Orob anehaoe as— 33 room-Rape Family Orobanche m i flo ra L* One-Flowered Cancer-Root A parasitic plant with a subterranean scaly stem* often branched* each branch sending up 1 - 4 slender 1- fl owe red scapes* Corolla white or pale violet. Woods. April-June.

Bigmniaeeae—-Bignonia Family Cat alp a Bignoniol&es Walt* Catalpa Tree, with thin baik. Leaves broadly orate entire* densely pubescent beneath* Flowers nearly white, incon­ spicuously spotted* bell-shaped, in large terminal erect panicles* showy . May-June *

Rubi aceae— Madder Pamily 80

Houston! a eaerulea L* Bluets Srect perennial, glabrous-, from dense tufts* Leaves spatulat© ®r oblaiioealate, Slower® aolita-Ey on filiform texto£8Al and axillary peduncles; corolla salve rfoim, blue-,* Open grnasf places* April-July *

— .— Mitchella repen3 L* - Partri dge-be riy, ?win**beny S tm slender, trailing, slightly pubescent* Leaves ©vat©*©sbf ©ul&v,- jrefcieled, pianately veined, dark green* Peduncle hears 2 sessile white flowers at the summit. Lrupes red. April-June.

Galium Aparine L* Cleavers,. Goose. Grass Annual, weak, reclining, brisil©*»$rickly backward, haijy * Leaves in a whorl, lanceolate, rough, Flower© white, pedu&eled* Fruit bristly* Heist soil* April- July. **«* mm MLium trifl crura Miahx, -Sweet-Scented Bedst raw

Slender perennial, with erect or ascending, somewhat stiff and. rough-edged .stem, ■ Leavea whorled in 4*s, linear to narrowly lanceolate# Flowers, white. Lamp places. May-July ,

Gap ri.foll aoeae— Honey suckle Fami ly

Viburnum prun! folium L* Black How

Shrub, Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate# Gym© sessile, several rayed; flowers white* Bmp© flattened-ellipsaid, blue-black. Woods, fence rows . May-June ,

■mm mm Sambueus canadensis L, Common Elder

Shrub, the stems but little woody* the younger ones with large white pith* Leaflets 5 - 11, ' oblong* Flewere white, numerous in long-pedunclod ,flat-topped compound cymes* Along streams and damp roadsides* May-July.

Campos! tae— Gomposi t © Family

Brtgegrea pulehellus Mtohx*. Robin1 s Plantain 81

Perennial ^reducing offsets from the base, pubescent. Stems simple, hearing few large heads on slender peduncles. Eagre light hiuish-purp 1 e , Hills and bunk®, April-June. —— —■#. Serieecarpus asteroides (X»« ) BSP, White-topped Aster Sim pubescent 1 - B feet high, leaves basal oh ovate or apatul&i#* dentate;. leaves oblong-lanceolate* Head® deneely-el us t e rod * Roadsides and woods, June- August, •w e e . As’&ennaria neodioica Greene, Hussy* s roes Feme broad mats; stem® slender. Basal leave® ob- ovate; stem-1 eaves scattered* linear. Corymbs ordinarily loose. Open woods, field®, April-June,

— « . . . JUrtennaria p1antaginifolia Plantain-Leaved (L, 5 Richards Everlasting Basel leaves broadly ovate to oblanceolate; stem- leaves scattered, lanceoiate. Heads loosely or densely corymbose. Woods and meadows, April-June. Cphww ewee Seneeio aureus L# aolden Ragwort ! Perennial, glabrous; stem rather slender £ * 2£ feet high.. Basal leave# cordate-ovate, lower stem leaves lanceo­ la te , usually p iE n aiifid ; upper ©mall, sessile* Head® several, peduncled in as open ceiymb; rays golden-yellow, Swamps and wet place®, April-June *

—— — K iigia v irg in ie a {L.) W illd. Dwarf Dandelion Annual; Scapes several a foot or less high. Leave® tufted, spatulate, lanceolate or pinnati fid, sinuate. Flower® yellow* April-August.

•tmjm

L, Common C at-Tail fey fleshy rent- stocks, . Flak mi by«wn pistillate o f spike O Q ilfcigUOUS, Marshes and along

Arisaema trlpbyilusi (L*) Schott Indian Turnip Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 parts; flowers dioecious; spathe with the petioles end sheaths pale greent or ef tiffin dark purple or Moist woods and thickets*

squat imam L, Golden Club or d u ll green narrow, Brooks and

§yiaplocarpus foetidue (L,) Mutt* Skunk Cabbage leaves ovate, cordate, short-] »ed; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellow! sh-gyesa, ovate, incurved* .« . An ill-smelling herb, how woods and wet i* Feb ruaxgr-Ap vll *

Coaaaelinaceae— Sol derwort Family Tradescantia virgin!ana b. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, succulent, green stems, stout, tell. Leaves flat, long, Inflorescence loose umbel or cluster; flowers blue or purplish, white. Hi eh soil, moist or shady ground, -streams.

Llliaceae— Lily family Gvularia perfoliata L. Bellwort The stem, reach!ng the length of 6-18 inches, ad see 83 fro© a short root-stalk * & single, straw-colored flower is pendant from the end of each drooping branch; it is long, bell-shaped, with 6 narrow divisions* The leaves are light green, lance-shaped, and pierced by the stem* In moist woods and thickets* Kay,

Okesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats* Wild Oats, Sessile- leaved Bellwort Glabrous, stem slender, naked or bearing 1 or 2 leaves below the fork* Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceo­ late, Flowers greenish yellow* In moist woods and thi eke ts, Ap ri l<^May.

**-m m-m Alii tan vineale L. Field Garlic

Bulb ovoid, coats membranous* Stem erect 1-2 feet tall; leaves narrow* inflorescence a dense terminal 2-3 braoted umbel* Flowers green or purple . Fields and readsi d@ s • IS ay-J uly

Hemerocalli s fulva L* hay Lily Scapes 3-6 feet high, stout, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear^ grasslike, acute tipped. Flowers tawny-orange, 4-5 inches long, funnel form, opening for a day. 'Roadsides, ravines, Escaped from cultivation. June-August.

Siythronium americanum Ker* Yellow Adder* s«Tongue, Dog-Tooth Violet

The single 6-parted flower grows at the top of a scape from 5 to 10 inches high* Two elliptical-lanceolate leaves clasp the scape at the base, near the scaly bulb* leaves pale green, Bottled with purple and white* Moist woods or swamps. Apri 1-May,

O ral tho gal urn umbellate© I*,' Star of Bethlehem, , Summer Snow Flakes

The scape, rising from a coated bulb, is from 6 to 10 inches high; at the top is a loose terminal cluster of waxy-white blossoms. The 6 sepals are rather greenish on the outside. Leaves are long, linear, and channeled* Escaped from gardens* closes at night, May-June. 84

Omithogalum nutans L, Drooping Star of Bethlehem

Bulb ovoid 1*2 inch©s long* Scape stout,, a foot or adre high; flowers numerous, racemose, nodding on short pedicels. -"soaped from gardens. May, —— ««,' Buscari raceme sum (L.) Mill Grape-Hyaointh

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed, leaves and so ape from a seated bulb; the small blue flowers in a dense raceme, musk-scented, Escaped from gardens,, Ap ri 1-Msy

Yucca fil ament osa L, Adan’s leedle

leaves numerous, long,, narrow, rough on the back; panicle large, its branches divergent or ascending; flowers white, 'numerous on a stout braste&te scape 3-8 feet high. Escaped from gardens. Roadsides, June- July.

w * » — Smilacina racemosa (L, ) Desf. Wild or False Spike­ nard Dang, curving, zigzag stem, deeply ribbed leaves and fedtheiy terminal flower clusters. 1-3 feet high, alternating large, oval, sharply pointed leaves, with parallel veins and wavy edges* Perennial rootstock, fleshy and thick. Moist, rich woods. Kay-June.

Sjnilax rotundifolia L, Common Green Brier

A woody climbing vine with sharp prickles; climbs by means of tendrils. Leaves are alternate, round- ovate, pointed at tip, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base, Flowers, few, greenish; perianth bell-shaped. Weeds, hedgerows. May-June.

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell, Small Solomon Seal

Perennial, thick, fleshy and knotted rootstalks. Greenish bell-shaped flowers, hanging in pairs on slender peduncles from the axils of the leaves. Alternate leave®. Weeds. April-June, Polygon at urn commuiatum (R, & S.) Groat Sol omon.? s Lietr. Seal

Glabrous, stem stout or slender* Leaves lanceolate or ©vater partly elapping* Peduncles several-flowered. Moist woods and along streams* May-June. m -tm - — . Medeola virgin!ana Indian Cucumber Hoot

Steal rises from a thick horizontal root stalk from 1 to 3 feet highj 5*9 ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaves located midway on the stem; at top, three smaller leaves* Above these or perhaps below are 3 flowers of a pale green­ ish-yellow color, Rich damp woods, May-June.

Smilax ecirrhat a {Ingelm,) Wats*

Stem glabrous, erect* tendril© none {or only the apper-mest petioles tendril-bearing). Leaves often whorled at the summit, ovate-elliptical* Flowers 10-20, in an umbel* Woods, May-June*

hi os core ace a©—~Y am Family

Li os core a villosa L, Wild Yam-Hoot

Leaves ovate, entire* ©lender pet!©led; flowers green­ ish yellow nearly sessile# in drooping panicles and spicate racemes; capsules membranous, yellowish green, 3-winged, with 2 or sometimes only 1 thin-winged seed in each cavity. Lamp woods and thickets* May-June.

Am&xy Hi dace ae— Amaiylli s Fami ly Hypoxis hirsute (I»*) Goville* Star Grass Stemless small herb, with grassy and haiiy linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes. Flowers yellow. Meadows and open woods* May-August*

Kareissus Pseudo-Marci s sus L. Laffodil

Bulbous herb, flowers solitary or several on leafless ©capes* Leaves linear, basal, flowers yellow. Meadows* March-May, 80 narcissus p m tlm m L. Beet* a la re is s u s Bulbous herb. Leaves basal, linear. Hovers on leaf* less so ape s, white. Meadows and near bouses, May.

I ri dace ae— I r l s garni Iv Iris psoud&oerus L, Yellow-Piag Long linear leave®, bright yellow flower®, Marshes and riv e r banks, May-June *

Iris versicolor L, Larger Blue Hag Stem sto u t. Leaves sword* shaped, JXowers short pediceled, violet-blue, variegated with yellow, green and white, let planes, May-dune.

Sisyrinchturn anguoti folium Mill, Blue*eyed Grass Slender perennial. Leaves basal, narrowly linear, ,A Stems narrow, linear, grasslike, Inflorescence a simple irre g u la r umbel of a few flowers borne on h a ltlik e pedicels, Hewers blue-violet, Srasay places and open woods. May* August,

Orehi daeeae— OreM a ffamilv Gyp ripe diu® acaule Ait, Mink La^r Slipper Soape 0,15 inches high, rather stout. Leaves two, basal, elliptic, wide, thick* Hewer lip large, drooping pink, w ith a s l i t I s f ro s t, Saucy or rooky woods. Slay* JlKGHBe Cypripedium parviflorum Salish, 'Yellow La^r Slipper var, pubosoens (Willd,) Knight Leaves oval, acute; sepals ov at e-1anceoX at e, greenish* yellow, dotted and streaked with madder-purpl© markings, lip golden-yellow* Mostly in woods, May-Gune, pogonia vertiolllata (Willd*} ftitt, Whcried Pogonia Blast© 8-XB inches high, a whorl of five obovate or lanwolaio se s s ile loaves at the summit, Hewers solitary; sepals madder-purple, linsarj petals oblong*!anceelate; lip wedge-shaped, three-lobed, with a haiiy crest doen the middle. Motet woods. May. 87

Spring and Fall

F#Jyg»a«»«M— iasasM al Zatitix. ertspus I** Yellow Book Smooth perennial 2-5 feet high. Be ares lanceolate with wavy-curled margins, Flower® slenderly pstlelsd la whorl® along the racemose branches, greenish* Common weed of farm® and roadside®, Mgy-Octaber,

mm — Snmex acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel Stems ereo t, slender, from a creeping rootstock. Leaves linear or lanceolate, halberd fom, pediceled* flowers in erect panicled racemes, vexy small* Common weed in fields* Apri 1-Ifovember, OHMW CMS Rumex ebtmsifdlius L. Bitter Book Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout* Lowest leaves ovate-heart-shape d, the upper oblongs lanceolate, flower® loosely whorled, fields, roadsides, waste places* June-Oetober, m*m ow e® foXygonum P ersic aria L* Lady's Thumb Animal; stem ereot or ascending, $-2 feet high* Leaves lanceolate or 1 inear-lanoe©1 ate, short-petioled, entire* Spikes ovoid or short-cylindrio, dense, erect; flower® pick o r purp lish . Waste places* lune-Gctober. 0000 «we® Polygonum hydropipcroides Michx. Mild Water Pepper Perennial; stem smooth, branching. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, Spikes erect, slender; flowers m all, flesh* color or almost white* Wet places* June-Ootober.

mm mm Polygonum sagittatum L* Arrow-Leaved Tear Thumb Stems square-angled with numerous harsh reflexed priokles. Leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled* flowers minute, greenish or rose-color in terminal heads or Wet places* June-October. 8 8

Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-Weed P ro stra ta herb, b lu ia ^ g ra a a . I*eaves s e s s ile or short peti©led, scattered oblanoeolate, Flowers small. Sepals mostly 5, of tea tipped with white or pink. Fields, roadsides, gardens. May-Movember. — mm Polygonum convolvulus I.. Black Bindweed Trailing or twining annual wine with rough!eh or twisted stem. Leaves orate* a sgittate, or lanceolate* sagittate, slenderly petioled. Flowers greenish, in small axillary clusters or racemes loosely flowered; calyx § parted; stamens 8; aohene 3*angled, dull blaok, In waste and cultivated fields. June-October,

Pagopyrum esoulentu® Moeneh, Buckwheat Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem grooved when old, 1-3 feet high, heaves hastate, petioled, Flowers composed of coxymboae racemes of w hite, greenish, or rose-colored flowers. Fields, remaining after culti­ vation. June-October,

Chetrapadlaoea.—.-Googefpgt $ajf4,\y Chenopediira album L* Lamb's Q uarters, Pig­ weed Annual, erect, commonly branched. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the upper-most linear. Flower clusters spiked-panieled, gray-green or white, Fields, gardens, waste places. June-October,

Illecebraeeae— Knotwort Family Sole rant bus annus L. Low rough grey-green annual weed, with stiff, usually such branched semip rest rate stem. Leaves vexy small, sessile, opposite, entire, linear. Flowers minute, greenish in clusters. Calyx cup-shaped, 8 lobed; petals none. Stamen 10- or 5, Waste places and roadsides, April-October.

Aiao&ce&e Mcllugo verticillata L. Carpet Weed Small prostrate annual weed, forming mats. Leaves wherled, sessile or short-petioled, linear-oblaaceolate. Flowers small, white, on slender pedicels. Cultivated and waste places, June-Hovember. 89

Gasyephyllaoeae-~-£|j& M k S ta ll ail a media (L) Q yrlll Common Chickweed Annual, weak* tufted, much branched, decumbent or ascending, Leaves ovate or oval, Slow©re small in terminal leafy cymes or also solitary in the axils. Waste places, f ie ld s , lamiaxy-Beeembe r .

Saponaria o ffic in a lis L« Bounoing Bet, Soapwort Stout perennial* sparingly branched* leafy, 1-2 feet high, Leaves ovate or oval* strongly ribbed, acute* Flowerspink about one Inch broad in donee terminal coxymbs. Roadsides and waste places, June-Oetober*

Bianthus Anaerla L* Sept ford Pink Annual, ereot* stiff* finely pubescent, 8-18 inches high! branches few* nearly ereot* Leaves linear, haiiy; flowers clustered* petals email, rose-color with white , dots* erenate* Si elds and along roadsides , Ms^-October,

,*fy^phMaoaae— WaSar M fe Im k lZ Sympiiama. adyena (Alt*) Female!. Yellow food Lily, Sow Lily Aquatic perennial* with stout horizontal rootstock embedded in the mud of pond or river-bottoms, Hewers yell©wish-green 1-3 Inches bread, solitary on long fleshy peduncles arising from the rootstock* Ponds, lakes, and slew streams* . May-September. «W* — ^fiaphasa odorat® (M t« ) Weedvill® and Sweet-scented weed, Water Lily Root stock thick, Leave® orbicular, deeply-cordate- c le ft a t th e base. Flew©re white, sweet-scented. In ponds end slow streams* Iune-September,

i’ Cruci ferae— Mustard Family Lepidium virgin!cum L, Wild Pepper-grass Basal loaves obovate or spatulate in outline, generally w ith a large term inal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate’ stem leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear. Hewers white, small, A common weed of roadsides and Holds* May-Movember. 90

Capsella Bursa-Past oris (L. } Medic. Shepherd*® Purse Annual weed. Leases ©Mefly basal, extremely variable in foliage and outline of pod, Flowers, white* minute. Roads!des and waste places, L&rch-Bovember. — Raphsaaus sativus 1* Radish

Erect, freely branching 1—2 feet high. Leaves lyre- shaped, rough. Flowers pale purple. Pods thick. Old fields and near where formerly cultivated. Jun e-October. — —. Brassica nigra (L. ) Koch, Black Mustard

Bfeet, freely and widely branching. Leaves pinnati- fid. Flowers bright yellow, racemes. Pods narrowly linnear. Fields. May-November.

Rosaeeae—-—Bose Family '

Duchesne a indloa (Artdr* } Peeke, Indian Strawberry

Silky^pubescent, tufted and forming leafy runners, dark green. Leaflets ebovate or broadly oval, crenate or dentate, obtuse at the apex. Flowers, yellow. Fruit red, spongy and tasteless. Grassy places, May-Oetober. Potent ill a canadensis. L. Five-finger. Common Cinquefoil Prostrate herb. Stem spreading, flowering from the node above the second well-developed node. Leaves divided. Flowers yellow. Biy soil, fields. April-October. m-m-. w e n t Rosa virgin! tin a i ill. Low or Pasture Rose. Stems often tall and stout, with stout hooked prickles. Leaflets dark green, rather thick. Flowers corymbose or solitary. Fields, roadsides. May -Sept ember. «*-«» ***** Rosa palustris Marsh* Swamp or Wild Rose Busby 1-3 feet high. Leaflets usually seven, varying considerably in outline, oval, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, finely and simply serrate. Flowers corymbose, or solitary. Low grounds o r•swamp s * June-oeptembe r.

Leguminosae—--Pulse Family

Baptisia tinctoria (L,) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Erect, glabrous, succulent, much branched 2-4 feet 91-

high* U m i' peti oXed, three~foliel ate * leaflets obey ate or eblaBesslaie sessi 1© or xm^rly m* Vimmt®® fosMftdWitdt terodmal* Viewer* blight. yellow* Eead»* aides*. open weeds* 3s»s«»^s&aafeer* gMMm ?xf fallen repens X,* mite Clever Stoeetb peretiniaX'; the slender stems ©greasing' ana oreepimg* . L eaflets inversely he&ri~sha|*e-d or sorely nebeheit* Heeds ©sail end loose* Corolla white*. 7ieXds* mmt® gm ntd end open plaoee* f*^».:>ee«fflker. "■MW- «W Trlfollux& Sfyhrl d® L* Alsike Glover Perennial, erect or mmrnmim* 1~& foot high* branching* Leaves Isng-tpsti oled; leaf lots all fro® the point* she rt*»atalke-

Trifoliusa Pretense X#. Hed Clever

l^ieiwiisiX*, pubescent, branching* dtttadwnt sr ereot, £*$ feet Li gh* Leave® iea^petleled; leaflets short-* stalked* ell fi*ea» the ossieo point* oval* oblong, or oboe ate* Heads globose or ©void* sessile {r&raly pe dune led). Flowers red* May-XF svembe r. *** Meliistu® e m e in a lle (L* 3 Lana. Yellow Sweet Clover. Yellow fieUlot hynot* usually tall* teaftsj petieled* rather distant; leaflets oblong or slightly oblanseel&ie* serrate* Bosemeis niaisereus, slender. Flowers yellow, sweet i’ragrsnoe* Boadsides* waste pluses* Kay*hov©mber. MM* M»«* lellteius alba Deer* White Melilot. White Sweet Clover ireot* 3*10 feet Mgb, branching* leaflets narrowly ehoir&te to oblong, serrate. Wtmmm in Spik©*like raaooes* m&XI* efeite* fragrant*.' Boadstdos* waste places* Bay- November*

Medieago eativa L* Alfalfa

Brenewing pereroii al 1*2 feet high, leaves petioled; leaflets obi anoe elate' or ehovate* dentate* toward the apex* Peduncles |**2 ineh.ee long, bearing a dense short toeem* of violet or bine flowers* In fields and waste pisees* Cultivated for' feed for eattle* is^r-Ootober* Deemed! us fl ofe Trefoil

Several specie®. Perennial herbs with pirmately 3*foilolate leaves, etipellate. flowers in axillary or terminal m«sts« often p«n£*l«-d» purple or purplish* rod flat, rougbodod with minute hooked halrs* ftoadoidos* fields* woods* JtmowOeteber* *► ** lotas cernloulatus 1. Bird* s—foot Trefoil Perennial* from a long root* Stems slender* Leaves 3*Yelislate* 'short-potioled; leaflets aberrate* ablanoes~ late or oblong* Corolla bright yellow in slendar*iendutt« sled umbels* Day meadows* roadsides* June-Ootober. -MM* — Lathy run la&ifolio* L* hverxasting or Perennial Pen

Perennial* stem high<*olimhlng* bfoadly winged. Stipules lanceolate* Leaflets oblon&*iane£olate is elliptic* Flowers shmsy, pink puxplo to white* escaped from eiiltivati an * Kay-Oc t ober . 93

maxima 'Eili,

noim Astmtal, 2 s tiiisi f toothed n (Marne from the }* Mai at

or blue

irub* ttR&atb* Leaaas rMemfeto or wedg@*wa&e, M&eetlaed or lob#4« Corolla large* A aaltlaa* Foimd la tfclofceta and fej feneo revs ana road*

Stem imKsM bga»oh*6 and eesyafeed* pareduelitg raaxiara

Mpfftgbt stem* Leaves linear, stiff!ah» jfteaers groenioil to ruddf, small, Barren waste place®, road* sides, JuBfetOetabar* $# lim&^ianeaal&te * . Wlmmrm m lll& xf* sfao»4 wMeii f a l l awtgr mhm %hm

1*2# ffm%

» asuie # r «*afttag !«*3t Isolktc

lttt«tltm& X»*

the mam#

L* w ith aland#r glflfrstMtti stems 1*3 ?«•% Mgh* I#**!* 3*3 f*lia&ftt leaflets ^«fsl«t aim lt* ^Imrem j# in usabel®. fmedss aad fcM®$e#t&*

(1**1 B s ittm Stftt «OTlct* 1*3 M #u &*ttjr4»ft pinnate* leaf* ftegpaentB 3 e r 3,, IM t, byeacHy vra&« te aval*, ee&reely teethed* Texaiaal Mabels; flm e m easy w ill* w&®t® *■** ** Caret* x* Wild Oimt, % m m i kmm*i Biennial eee

B ri caeeae»»»Heath family Konotropa uniflora L* Indian Pipe Beapes white, glabrous, usually clustered 4-10 1aches high from ammm of matted brittle roots, turning iaTk in drying* Hewers terminal, inodorous, nodding, ^long-camparmlate• Moist ric h weeds* June-Octaber.

PrtaalaoeM— yriaraac Z a e titiL Asagsllis arrenis L» P»or Ban** Waatfcax- g lass Annual, di ffuse, usually much braaehod* Leaves ovate or oval* opposite* flowers, small, red* waste fields, gardens* Kay-October.

Logani aceae— hoganl a IjMptiar. Polypremum prooumbens L* Annual wood, with p ro strate o r aseen&ing s t i f f stems* Leaves linear, or awl-shaped, flowers small, almost wheel- shaped* Sandy fields and dry roadsides* May-October.

Asoleol adaeeae— Milkweed family ABolepias tube rose L* Butterfly-weed Perennial, stout, rough-hi route stem* Leaves alter­ nate, mostly sessile, obi©ng-1 anoeolate, hatiy. Flowers bright orange, many, in irregular umbels or cymose clusters, terminal* Roadsides, fields* June-October.

Bo ragl naoe ae — Borage Family Bohium vulgar© L. Blue-Weed, Blue Devil Bough b r is tly biennial* Stem ©rest 1~2£ feet high. Leaves oblong, or linear-lanceolate, sessile* Flowers showy, bright blue, in short one-sided spikes, forming a 97

sarrow thyrsus* Fields and waste pia###* iiay^Ootober.

Lafei a t Family vulgar# L« 0#mm#tt Karwhound ste® erect* stout* woolly* L#&r#« aval to swat#.* pstioled* #renat#*te#thed* Whorls dense* many flew®red*, a x i l l a ^ ; flower# «Miisfe* waste places* i‘ay~;kspt ember,

— mm lepeia Oat aria !»• Catnip perennial*. densely osxraaeofit, pale' green * St#® stoat* oreot* branched* Lear## orate to oblong* ##ars#ly erenate-de&tate* mostly eorelate at the base* flower- elusters spiked at tiie end of the' stems and branches; oorsIXs a#*aAy white* dark-dotted. I?#ar dwellings; & ##■&#& weed* jw©»0#tober» 4Mjt#pfe. SMMMt ^no«U* vulgaris I** Heal-All • CaxpenierwiSftd Irtei perennial* Lear## evaie-edXong* entire or teethed* Flower# in teminal spikes.;, corolla violet* bin©* purple* rarely white* Fields* roadside#* edges of woods* Ear-fMtober*

% m £m m #npX«xle«i&e L* Henblt* Lean## rounded* deeply #n&a&**t##tft#d* W&mmm magenta-purple in sj&XXajy and temdiuil clusters* lower lip of spotted* In waste sod cultivated ground* Febmasy-Kwombe r*

S#lena#e#e««M>Si^it^iadeFamily Solanum riigrum L* Common Hightohad#

Annual* glabrous* or nearly so; stems erect, branched. Leaves ovate* many-toothed* flowers whit©*, in email umbel** Ilk# ©lusters* drooping* Berries globular* black. Cul­ tivated fields* roadsides* Jinie-Oetohexv

SMMVa SOWS' Solans® earolinense I,. Horse Settle

Perennial* rou^^Wiaisy stem; stem conspicuously beset with stiff sharp yellow prickles* Leaves alternate.* ©bovate* prickly petiole® and sddribs* irregul&xly-Xabed* flowers pale violet or white, fields and roadsides* Esy-Ootober. 98

m tim tm a x tlia rl# {.Ban*} BSP* White Petunia Striked fre® aultivatien* To the writer*© .knowledge hae persisted t or at least ten years* June-1 ereMber. ««*► **** Petunia rielscHi& Llndl* V iolet Petunia 'Bessped farm garden* Jene-I!OFves&er*

SeTephul ail aeeae***?! gwort Family Verbaseua ItMlai^a $** Bath Mullein Stem e re e t, aieftder* Beaees efeleBg, erai® ear XaneeeXate, dentate or pina&tlfld* ftaeease loose; a®rolls yellow* Bea&avs and wmtm places* ‘ JimswOetofee?*

— *mm frnm m m m bXaibmrta w , ^XMflnmm Ktse* Similar to Yerfeostus blattar&a but flew*** ar® ddU attb a ting# of purple# l£ endows ‘ and waste places* June-Oetoher*

M narla oan&deneiu (&») Bessent* ©leader* glabrous; flowering slm nearly simple * liiltt flat, linear or linear oblong* tlowero is. ©lender long n»aw *« pale blue* B*y eati

UtiHt wulgari s Hill* Butter m4 %g® Perennial, pal# green; stet&e ©lender* ereet* yesy leafy. Beared linear, entire, alternate-* 'Flowers dense­ ly racemose, yellow, ©purred* Fields and roadsides* Jurte-P ow essb® r . «*<** — Linari a qrsafeelaxia (B,) 1 1 1 1 * Kenilworth or Qelleeest try StoMk t railin g* braaebed« Be area sleiidevHpoiieled, lenlfern-exfeleular, 3-9 lobed, Flower© axillary* soli­ tary* blue* Jutie-ftweaber,. 99

Veronica agreetisri#, field or Uardsn Speedwell lamaa!, pubescent* ifamm *mty slender, ©reaping sr presuwkeat* &««**« •«**&*+ abart^petieled, tfe* lower appealto, t&s upper alternate* flo w ers, .mtXX, blue, ates.daiH>*dangled* fields* fe'ay-CNiiQbar*

Oerardiss. Hava L* Downy fal m Fans* glove

Perennial, downy, ate® erect* U ivir eblong, lanceolate* usually eppesi te* Corolla yellow, l*§»-2 Inches img.* Weeds, readsIdea*. £tm*«0etobe?* '

Stonily Flantage major X** . Ceum 'flantsin ?e rental el; rootsteak sliert, tMok, exeat* Leaves Xe»g~pelieled, neatly ovate, obtuse, entire nr coarsely dentate* %ike lin e ar-esy1 indrie, usually terp dense; flowers minute, ' ‘%mmm0 waysides* &sfr*3i @wember*

Floatage exist eta Ml eta* ' Leaves narrowly linear, mostly 1-5 ribbed* 3 seats rosy eonspiemeus, linear, rigid*. fie ld s -and seeds!dee* £ay«rWevemher*

PI ant age taioeelata'L* s»gli sh Plaatals Leaves lame® elate or Ismeswoblong* Spike dense* flower© m all, perfect, Ofms lands, %ri 1**Revemfeer ,

Bufei ad© ae**—14 add® r family Houston! a purpurea L* Perennial, ©tout, «x«aft» tufted, brenehed* Leaves svatetlsneeolat*, sessile. flowers in texnl&al cymes® clusters; corolla purple or lilae, Msy^Septemfcer*

Houston!a tengifoXia Saertn* Perennial, usually tufted, erect, mostly glabrous. Leaves ebl

^ ©2r * out tiv& ti on* « w «k

®3P iioral.

Slender * •*'*«*’'»»'*»«* .W T ^ I i ws»'*w:eKP-^ verbiaillsi© In ©eirolia aeauftet ©r y®ll©w* Jta«A»

-B luebell Jtas&ly (L*) A* J30 Vmmn* .Locking*

umm mt iems ©ST «£m-3 together In thm bl«@ ®r violet*

a&eadey rootsboek. S ta t a&eothioh or finely short ©ii©-*©ide m m } ©©roll a bell- ehape, blue*

Assterieeus b« £i high* leaves oblong or # letigfc—1*©& iy *

h iit a L* Blileftsliusa L,

in to B a m r on ftNMrafcafe or Ma $>■

& X t« Annual* aorid* l@ «© !•* «• ISawr.-Mlif’ #

1*£ foot high* loaves oblong* or » i 20*30- white;

Gir&t\m mmm (I»*) atom ♦ ohXon^X i iha; purple Opoxi woods. J'8»& Oo loiter

POiwimial a p tap"*root* StesBO much branofcatjt* p mading, runoi ate- 102

fid* dentate* spatul ate. Upper leaves m ailer, Heads numerous 1-1£ inches bread* 1-4 together in se ssile clusters, Flowers blue, or sometimes white. Hoadsides, fields* waste p laces. May-Hovember,

— mm taraxacum o ffic in a le Weber. pinnatifid* Sinuai®-d©atate. heads r# Pastures* fields, ^eiy Bveiy mouth of the year.

Sonohus asper (L .} M il, tr$r-heaved Sow- T h istle Annual* leaves undivided* lobed or sometimes pinnati* fid, spiny-toothed* the auricles of the rounded. Hewers

Sonchus oleraoeus L. Stem leaves pinnatifid, or rarely undivided* slightly toothed with spiny teeth, clasping with a he art-shaped base, Hewers yellow.

HieraciuHt v©nosum L, Poor Robin's Plantain Stems solitary or several from the same root* slender* leafless, or 1-3 loaves, basal leaves tufted* ob ovate or numerous, flowers yellow. B*y woods and open sandy places, Hsy-October,

Milaceac— Mlv $mdpy Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus Perennial with much branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks* and small greenish-yellow axillaiy flowers on jointed pedicels. Marrow thread-like branshlets, acting as leaves. Roadsidee, fence rows, escaped from cultivation* Msy-0etob©r. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Britton* M, h# and Brown* A* An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada and the'lSrTtisli "ir irr" bosses sTona f r S ^ ^ ^ o m td l^ d to tiie ffarftllel o f 'tlio ^outhern Boundary of ' VirgiSK< fima^^Ilie'T^SanCio 'ddeenW taijfa W ...... r^& ^snrrmrmrw—^ i'm ^ sfii ScHfsa* lew York* 1915 Griggs* Robert F. A Key to the Ftellies of P lan ts, 'E y me^KtliorT 19257 1932 Robinson. B* L» and Feraald*. M* L« Gray's New Manual of Botany. 7th Ed* A MMbooEoT'tH^lloweH'n™ plants and ferns of the central and north­ eastern United States and adjacent Canada* American Book Company* lew York* 1908 103

0tmpt«s» 'I? Sample Teaching Units fh© Root# The Absorbing Orgssi and Anchor o f the P lant.

D ivision s: 1. Anchorage 2. Absorption

Specific objectives: 1* To develop the concept that the root is the organ of absorption* 2. To understand how a root carries on its work. 3. To get an understanding of the relationship between structure and function. 4 . To know how root hafe^s absorb water. 5* To know the value of roots to man.

Problem: How are roots adapted to carry on their work and how do they absorb water and mineral matter.

Topics for investigation and discussion: 1. The structure and function of roots and root hairs. 2. Kinds of roots. 3* Factors influencing the direction and growth of roots. 4. Osmosis .nd diffusion* 5. The soil and its relation to roots. 6. Food storage in roots and its economic importance. 7. Roots and their economic importance to the soil. 8. Value of roots to man. 104

Suggested pupil activities j 1. Digging soil away from plant (weed) to observe posi­ tion of roots* 2* Bringing in different kinds of roots* 3* Cutting plants in tumblers - one in empty tumbler - one in tumbler with water* 4* doing on a field trip to observe plants in their nat­ ural environment and to observe roots of different kinds of plants* 3* Reading about roots# #« Placing plants with roots in colored solution* 7# Sprouting grain, radish seeds, nasturtium seed®, eto*» for root hair®. 8* Examining root hairs under th© microscope* 9* Making diagrams and labeling p arts of? a* Tap root (1) Croos-section (2) lengthwise section Suggested roots to use (a) Wild Potato-vin© (b) Dandelion (e) Chicory (d) Dock (e) Carrot (f Parsnip .(g) Beet b* Fibrous root (1) Clover (2) Crass (3) wild strawberry 105

10. Examining root tip tinder a microscope. 11. Observing or demonstrating the principle of osmosis. 12. Listing roots used for food fcy mail* 13* Observing demonstrations of: a. Influence of gravity on direction and g rowth o f r o o ts. b. Effects of water on growth of r o o ts. 14. Reporting on problem© such as; Economic importance of roots to man* etc*

Suggested procedure: The day before starting the unit ask each pupil to bring two or three plants (weeds) with as much root as possible* ( Different kinds of roots if possible)* Teacher should have two potted plants (weeds) one with tap root* on© with fibrous roots. Have p u p ils wash vootsjjbf plants carefu lly* place them on the table or on a string stretched across the room* and give aH an opportunity to examine them. Ask p u p ils where they got the roots and what d ifferen ces they notice.

Teacher demonstration. Ask question© leading up to demonstra­ tio n as: Why plants have roots Why plants have different kinds of roots Do roots vary in different types of soil? Did you ever wonder how much of a plant is under ground? Take the two potted p lan ts and pu ll s o il ca refu lly from 106

tbs roots* Let plant fall* Ask pupils what use of roots this shows* Wash roots carefully and note types* Let plant wither or take withered plants of pupils and place in water* Leave until next day and see what happens* What does th is show? (The anemone and vinca both w ilt very quickly hut will straighten up In a short time upon being plac­ ed in water).

Demonstration: To show what part o f roots water and mineral sd t s pass through place seedlings, also older plants in red ink and water or any red m aterial that w ill mix w ith water* Pokeweed b erries may be used. (Set up this experiment the day before it is to be used). Take p lan ts out and cut crossw ise and lengthw ise sections of roots to observe path liquid has taken. May have pupils sprout seeds at home or at school on moist blotting paper in covered jar© and observe from day to day un­ til they show fuzzy root hairs. Seeds may be planted in glass jars, of moist sand, saw­ dust, earth, etc. * next to the edge of the jar so that root hairs may be observed. Take up two or more o f the plants and pot them (Tin cans may be used). Polt one being very careful not to injure the root hairs. Break root haris off th© roots of the second plant and pot it. Observe what happens after a few days. .What does th is show?

Demons tr a tlo m 3L07

H&ifoe artificial root hair. Set up demonstration Tor osmosis usin g an egg. The eggs ana glass tub© represent a root hair. Have pupils observe and explain how this helps to understand th e work of root hairs. May ask sunk questions as* What does the egg represent? The membrane? The material In the egg? The material In the tube? How did It get there?

Optional: May set up eaperlmont for osmosis using a carrot* turnip* e tc . Say let pupils examine root hairs* a root tip and sec­ tions of roots under a microscope. Say let pupils test roots for food nutrients* May set up an experiment for showing the effect of gravity on ro o ts. Hang up moist sponge* plant seeds in It# and observe dir­ ection of growth of roots. May observe experiment showing effect of water on growth o f r o o ts. May demonstrate how roots give off acid. May make drawings of different kinds of roots. Pupils may read about roots.

The following outline Is suggestive: km Function of roots 1. absorb moisture and mineral salts from the s o i l . 108

£* Anchor the plan t In the ground* 3* Store food* 4# Convert atmospheric nitrogen Into nitrates by means of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria* Ex* Beans, peas, clovers* 5* Secure food from hosts* Ex. dodder# mistletoe 6* Aid the plant in ©limbing. Ex. Ivy ?• Resp ir a tlo n . 8* Reproduction.

Kinds of roots* 1. Primary *• first root* a* Secondary - roots branching o ff from main root* 3* Tertiary - roots branching off from secondary roots* Forms o f ro o ts 1* Tap - Ex. dandelion# dock 2. Fibrous - Ex. clovers, grass 3* F ascicled - Ex* anemone# dahlia 4# Aerial - Ex. Ivy 5- Adventitious - grow from stem - Ex. strawberry# geranium slip. 6. Aquatic - Ex* duckweed# water hyacinth T. Prop - Ex. com 8* Parasitic - Ex* dodder, mistletoe

Structure and function of various parts of roots 1. Epidermis - outer covering - protection* 2* Cortex - middle portion - stores food- 3. Central cylinder - Inner portion - transporta*. 109

tioa of liquids up and down the root* Stores food* 4*. Root hairs - outgrowths of epidermis - absorb mois­ ture and mineral sa lts* 5* Root cap - tip of root - protests growing portion* 8* Growing tip (raeristem) - increases the length of the root* E* Response of roots to environmental factors 1* Gravity 2* Water 3* Oxygen f * Duration of roots 1* Annual - live one season 2* Biennial - live two seasons 3* Perennial *► live many years d, Economic importance of roots 1 . Food - Ex* wild potato vine 2* Drugs - pleurisy root 3* Flavors - Ex* ginger* sassafras 4* Beverages - Ex* sassafras 9 ginger 5* Sugar - Ex* sugar beet 6* Help prevent erosion 7* Help prevent floods 8* Help to maintain a water supply 9. Contain nitrogen fixing bacteria that enrich the s o il Ex* clovers, alfalfa, beans, peas* feacher references i Sharpe, R. W* (Laboratory Manual in Biology). Problem XIV a , b, d , pp* 73-78. American Book Company, Hew York, 1911* n o

Hunter, a. W* (Laboratory Manual In 01 vie Biology) Problems J5&* 54# 56. American Book Company, lew York, 1916* Payne* Manual o f Experimental B iology. Scott* Science of Biology teaching, pp. 79-83 Crowell Company» Hew York.

Pupil references? Andrews, 1. p. Botany All the Year Round* pp. 120-141* American Book Company* Hew York* Andrews* E. P. Practical Course in Botany. Chapter III* pp. 53-SO* American Book Company* Hew York# 1911* Bergen* 3. Y* and Caldwell* 0# f* Introduction to Botany Chap­ ter III. Oinn and Company* Boston* Bergen, 3* Y. and C aldw ell, 0 . W. Practical Botany* Chapter III* (linn and Company* Boston* 1911* Hunter* - 3* ?l* Hew Essentials of Biology* Clmpter VII, pp. TM fc. American Book Company, Hew York* 1923* EinseyytA* C. An Introduction to Biology, pp. 78* 101-102* 405* 410.

Materials for unit: Stand and apparatus for setting up osmosis experiment* Egg* I l l

Sealing wax or paraffin or candle Several jars or glasses Bed Ink, eosine, pokeweed berry juice, or any red liquid Sharp knife or razor knife Blotting paper Seeds* as grain# peas, beans, radish# weed seeds* nas­ turtium* etc* Fleshy roots* as* wild potato vine root# dandellQ®, car­ rot# b eet * * A Fibrous roots# as* clovers grasses# and numerous weeds Sponge Weeds Microscope Flower pots or tin cans Sawdust Sand S o il If wish to test for food nutrients Iodine solution Fekllng* s solution Hitrle acid Test tubes Brown paper Alcohol lamp ( i f room i s not equipped with gas) 1 1 2

Samples of objective testa: True <* false: If the statement Is true put a circle around Tj If false * circle the F.

1* Roots are of use only to absorb soil water* T F 2. The use of the rootcap is for absorption of water* T F 3* Root hairs are fitted for the absorption of soil T F water and mineral matter* 4* The growing point is used to protect the root* T F 5* Root© are useful to help prevent erosion* T F Completion* F ill in the blanks with the correct words. 1* The organs that hold plants in the ground are ' 2. Plants take In water through their roots by means of ...... m 3*4.Two kinds of roots studied were and „ 5* protects the growing point of the root*

111tipi© - Choice* One of the answers is correct. Put the number of the correct answer on the line at the right* 1. Sugar Is made from the roots os 1) sweet com 2) beets 3) red maples 4) sweet potatoes ____ 2. An example of a tap root Is the 1) onion 2) com 3) boan 4) dandelion 113

fb® Oaes of Wild Flowering Plants

Objectives* \ 1* To arouse in pupils an abiding Interest In plants# for the sak© of the pleasure and Intel 1 ectual pro­ fit and culture that such an interest offers for the employment of leisure out of doors* 2. To arouse in pupils an Interest in the value %f plants# and in th e ir Influence upon the liv e s o f people* 3* To know some of the uses of wild plant® in order that they may better appreciate them* 4* To recognise the economic importance of trees* 5* To become interested In the problem of conservation*

Topics for Investigations 1. The uses of wild flowering plants* 2* necessity for the preservation of some plants. 3* Value of legumes* 4. Wild flow ers In lite r a tu r e . 5* Tree® o f s tr e e ts and lo c a lity . 6* The planting and care of tr e e s . 7* Value of trees for ornamentation and for comfort. 8* Value of trees to birds .and other animals* Value of trees in regulating the flow of streams and V' ' in preventing floods* 10. Value of trees in preventing erosion* n * Trees as protection against storms# 12. Trees and th e ir e ff e c t upon climate* 13* Trees and th e ir e f f e c t upon ra in fa ll* 14# Trees and th e ir e ff e c t upon s o il. 114

15% Our fo r e s t wealth* 16. Uses of trees for commercial purposes* it?* fh© Unites States Forest Service. IS* Reforestation* 19* Dangers that threaten our forests.

Suggested pupil activities: 1* Writing to the Wild Flower Preservation Society of Washington, D. C* for material about wild flowers thatehouldbe preserved. ^ 2* Writing to the Department of Agriculture for materials, {other place© also, see bibliography). 5* Reading about wild flowers. 4* faking trips to vacant lots and to the country to ob­ serve wild flowers in their native habitats* 5* Collecting wild flowers for a school herbarium* 6. Preparing an exhibit of some useful wild flowers. ?* Listing or making a table of wild plants that are or may be useful and tell how useful* 8* Observing and reading to find out what wild plants are of value for ornamental purposes. $w . Learning how to use wild flowers for ornamental pur­ poses. 10. Reading to find out the origin of some of our food p la n ts. i: 11. Investigating t find out how plants are improved and how we get new kinds of plants* 12* Consulting persons who know the wild flowers to find out what flowers are in danger of extermination. 13. Reading about legumes to find out what they are, and about their relation to the soil* 14. Visiting the woods to find otrfc how plants and trees contribute to the soil* 115

15* Finding out what common products are obtained from plants# 1$« By observation and investigationTifi the ways in which trees give pleasure* IT* Beading to find out how plant© are useful In regula­ tin g the flow o f stream© and in preventing flo o d s. 18* Reading about erosion* 19* Visiting a hank,, along a roadside, a hllldL&e, or any field where erosion has taken place. 20* Visiting lumber yards or mills to see the different grains and to find out the different kinds used for different purposes* 21* Visiting trees and woods and noting the uses of trees to h es# birds, and other animals* 22* Investigating the value of different kinds of wood* 25* Visiting an antique dealer to find out the kinds of woods most of the valuable antiques are made of. 34* Finding out how antiques are Imitated now without actually using the same kind of wood* 25* Preparing an exhibit showing some of the value of trees, some danger© that threaten them, and some means of p retention os our forest products* 26* Making a scrap book. 27* Writing a paper on any of the topics in the outline* 28* Freparlng oral reports on any o f the topics* 29* Starting a wild flower garden.

Suggested procedure: Botes It Is hoped that the teacher has encouraged the ob­ servation and identification of many of the wild flowers during the detailed study of plants. If enough Incentive has been given the pupil© by the teacher, they will have a good collec­ tion of plants ready to use for this study. For example, if 116

pupil1© Interests are aroused by the suggestion that they make collections of wild flowers, Individual collections if they wish* but each pupil try to contribute at least one or more different hinds of plants for a school collection, certainly many of the common flowers w ill have been learned incidentally without giving a specific time or period to this work* The day before starting this work or on Friday the pupils may be asked if they would like to try to see how many uses they ©an find for the wild flowering plants. Many pupils will respond to the request, “bet’s all keep our ©yes open between mow and Monday and see how many w ild fit owers and plants we can fin d ,” i f i t i s put to them as a ch allen ge. They may be ask ­ ed to examine each flower and plant carefully to see if they ©an notice or think of any possible use ©f it and be ready to report their findings to the class at its next meeting. Be sure to, give pupils an opportunity to make their re­ ports. The teacher may ask such questions ast What wild flowers can you call by name when you see them? Po you think that the wild flowers and plants are ©f any value? If they are of value, how? to whom? The teacher may expect many answers to the first question, and t© other questions such replies, as, “Some are pretty;1’ “Some of no uses, merely weeds;" “Some as nectar for bees,“ will be received. The answers will vary according to the uses taught in connection with the previous work and also with the 117

kta&s of pupil# la the particular class. Then tli© pupils may be asked: “How are plants used la your community to make It a more attractive plaee in which to live?® “Hew have we got out cultivated plants of to-day?” Mote: Many of the pupils will not think of tree® as flower- lug plants until this matter is brought to their atten­ tio n . The teacher may tell the pupils that primitive man was not at first a cultivator of the soil but probably lived on the berries, fruits, and nuts that he saw about him ready to be eaten. Man ha© developed our cultivated plants of to-day not merely by cultivation of wild plants, but by careful sel­ ection of variations, preservation of sports, and crossing and hybridisation, This process of improvement Is still go­ ing on. “Cultivation can produce better Individuals, but it 1 cannot produce of itself better races,” Suggest that the

; danong, William P. The Living P lant. Henry Holt and Oompany, Mew fo rk , 1913*

pupils read some of the writings of Liberty Hyde Bailey to find out some of the things that have been done with plant©* A field trip may be taken either for the purpose of ob­ servation and recognition, or for the purpose of collecting. Sow the pupils may be asked to name’l l the uses of the wild flowering plants that they have found, and, if necessary# the teacher may add to the lis t. Then she may ask the pupil© to make lists or tables of: Wild plant© o f which th© r o o ts and tubers are ed i­ ble* Wild seeds of food value. Wild f r u it s and b e r ries of food value* B&ible lea v es and stem . Beverages from wild plants* M edicinal w ild p la n ts worth knowing* Miscellaneous uses of wild plant© as for condiments and perfumes, soap, fibers, dyes, tanning* etc* Plants In danger of extermination that should be pre­ served* Wild flowers that are worth while for their beauty*

Mote - There are more than 200 edible wild plants now known in Horth America.^

1* Glut©, William Kelson. The Useful Plants of th© World* W illard M. Glut© and Company, In dian apolis, Indiana, 1932

Discussion© say be had whenever necessary and such ques­ tion© may be brought to the at' ©ntion of th© class, as Can you explain why all the plants you find listed as edible are not used extensively for food now as they grow wild and without our care? The teacher may bring out the fact that many plants are useful in one region and nuisances In another* Plants that are u sefu l o,t one time may become u se le ss through th© develop­ ment of cheaper and better substitutes or through changes In 119

i s mm way of living, FI ant a that are of so use may become valuable through the discovery of their properties by scientific Investigation or through development of sow seeds* The geldenreds, though objects of beauty, are persistent as weeds to the fam e?* They have acquired a had reputation, but undeserved, among su ffe re rs from hay fev er, Edison weaked and experimented with the goldenrod®, and in 1930 he patented a process for extracting rubber from them, 4 pupil may make a report on "Edison and the Goldenrod** Instead of listing or making tables, pupils may make exhibit * or booklets on the wild plants that are useful * Individual exhibits or booklets may be made or the pupils may woik in groups, each selecting the phase or phases of work that he desires* If the class has not made booklets before on work of this type a few helpful hints may be given ass Select the material for cover, cut it somewhat larger than the leaves and wezfe out a good color scheme, Faint, sketch with pen and ink, or make a silhouette on the frontispiece* Arrange words on the frontispiece carefully* Make a table of contents. Make an index* The arrangement ®f the work, the placing of pictures, specimens, drawings, clippings, and other material will hare much to de with making the booklet a big success* "Turtox Service Leaflets* may be obtained, free of charge 1 2 0

m , many subjects from the Turtox Service Department, O-ener 1 Biological Supply House, T 6 1 - 7 6 3 East 69th Place, Chicago, Illin o is . For this study the following Furtox service leaflets may he helpful. Field Collecting Hints •* Botany* Preserving Botanical Specimens. Making Biology Charts* Preparing and caring fo r a Herbarium C ollection . Lantern S lid e s Any Teacher Can Make.

It is supposed, that in the discussions that hive taken place, that the uses of wild plants to animals have been brought out; such as, the clovers for forage crops, other wild plants eaten, protection and hiding places for birds and other animals, and food and homes fo r bees and other in s e c ts . If the value of legume® to the soil has not been taught, i t may receive due attention here. Ask the p u p ils to read about legumes. Bring in speci­ mens of clovers, wild beans and peas and observe the modules or tubercles on the roots. (This may be studied in relation to bacteria).

Mow the value of trees may be studied and pupils may be asked. Bid you ever plant a tree? Where did you plant it? Why? Tell us what preparations you mad© and how you planted 3121

th© tree? Who planted the trees by the driveway? Why were they put there? Why do many people object and protest when large trees are removed to widen streets? What has been don© in Washington about many trees? How did they move some of the large trees? Questions to answer while studying this project: 1* Who owns a tree? 2. What Is tree surgery? 3* What i s a for©tot? 4* How are forests of use to man?

3 * How' are forests of use to other animals? 6. What is forestry? ?• Why is reforestation necessary and what i s being done about It? 8. What i s meant by conservation and what i s being done to conserve out forests?

Pupils say be asked to read the "Primer of Forestry” by Gifford Finchot. Hake a list of all products made and obtain­ ed from wood that you can. Illustrate by making dceteh draw­ ings or by pasting cut-outs by as many as you can* fake a trip to a field or a bank where erosion has taken place; also# if possible to a stream where the course of the stream has changed due to the cutting of trees along its bank* V isit a woods or forest to examine the soil under the trees in order that the pupils may see how porous the soil is and understand how this soil# caused by the decay of loaves# 1 2 2

& ticks* ©to* * allows th© water to soak In rather than run off as on hard land when there are hard rains *

Pupils may he asked to write a c o n c i s e paragraph on such tu p les a s | 1. Value of trees in regulating the flow of streams and in preventing floods# '(Forests and water)* 2# Value of trees in preventing erosion# (F orests and erosion) 3. Trees as protection against storms. 4# Value of trees for ornamentation and for comfort

5* Value of trees to birds* bees# and other animals 6 . fr e e s and th e ir e f f e c t upon clim ate# ?• ©ur fo r e st wealth. 8. Th© United States forest service. 9# Reforestation. 10# Forest rangers. 11# The plan tin g and care of treea 12# Forestry schools* 13# Duties of a forester. 14. Forest nurseries. 15* Forest reserves. 16. ’’ajiaSK: surgery. The topics given may he used as written work (selections being made by the pupil and teacher as to which topics are chosen and the minimum number)* or fo r oral reports# or simply for discussion by the group# Time is Important element that often enters into the way our work is oo nducted as well as th© 5 ©mount that can be accomplished# as does the particular class 123

that i© being taught* Then the pupil© may be asked to make a detailed outline to show the dangers that threaten our forests* Make an outline of how our forests are protected. Make a poster or a scrap book of articles mad© of wood. V isit a lumber mill to find out the prices of different kind© of lumber. A committee may do this and report to the class on their findings. A boy scout may make a demonstration to show how to build and la te r lea v e a camp f ir e . Iliid out the 1. Most expensive wood 2* The stron g est wood 3* The h ea v iest wood The most durable wood 5* The lig h te s t wood 6. The cheapest wood ?. The wood that takes the highest polish. 8. The wood that has the most beautiful grain. Mote* This may be done with the unit on identification instead of at this time. 124

Bibliography Bailey, Liberty Hyde, Revised by Arthur W* Gilbert. Blast Breeding. The Macmillan Company# Hew York# 1920*

Glut©, William Nelson. The Useful Plants of the World*

W illard W* Glut© and Company* Indianapolis* Indiana, 1932. Coulter, John C« P lant L ife and P lant Uses. American Book Company* Mew York* 1913* Ganong, William P. The L iving Plant* Henry H olt and Company, Hew York* 1913* Moseley, Edwin Lines In* frees* Stars and Birds* World Book Company* ¥ onkers~o&»Hud son, Hew York* 1919* Pack# ArthurS* Our Vanishing forests* The Macmillan Com­ pany, Hew York, 1923* Peabody* J. E. and Hunt, A* E* Biology and Human Welfare* The Macmillan Company* Hew York* 1930* Plnehot, Gifford. Primer of Forestry# Parti* United states Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C* 1903* Rogers, Julia Ellen. The Tree Book* Popular Guide to a Knowledge of the Trees of North American and Their Uses and C ultivation* Boubledny, Doran and Company# Inc.# Garden City# Hew York# 1931* Saunders, Charles F* Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada. Robert M. McBride andCompany, New York* 192). Slosstm, E. S. and Caldwell, Otis W. Science Remaking the World. Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden C ity, New York,

1923* American Forestry, 'Washington, D* C* 125

American free Association. Primer of Forestry* Washington* B.C. American M edicinal P lan ts o f Commercial Importance. Mis* cellaneous Publication no. 7? U» S. Department of Agrlcul- ture, Washington, D. 0* Bureau o f Agromony. E xh ib it o f seeds of useful and harmful ■ plants. Department of Agriculture, Washington, B* 0. Bureau of Forestry. Exhibit of wood samples, si ides and photographs, fhe Forester* Uni ted States Department of Agriculture, Washington, B* 0* Cornell Rural School leaflets* The Hew Uprh State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, Hew York. Forest Service Publications. Carden Club o f America. -What Flowers to Pick and What Flowers not to Pick. Hew York, Mew Mark. national Geographic Magazines. Hubbard Memorial Hall, Washing­ ton, D. 0* Parke, Davis and Company. Chart of Medicinal Plants* Hew York. United States Department of Agriculture* hist of Publications, the Department, Washington, D* C* (about 200 bulletins, cir­ culars and pu blications on fo r e sts) Wild Flower Preservation Society. 3740 Olive St., Washington, D* C* 1 2 6

How One Can Beoome Acquainted With Trees *

Objectives: 1. To familiarise the pupil with the native trees and so interest him in living things around him* 2* To develop the ability to make and record accurate observations.

Topics for investigation and discussion: 1. Trees of s tr e e ts and parks or tre es o f our community* 9. Deciduous and evergreen trees* 3* The native trees and shrubs of Virginia.

Suggested pupil activities: 1. Studying a tree or trees In the school yard* at home, and along the streets. 2* Taking a trip to the country to study trees in the open and also to a woods to study trees in the woods. 3* Collecting and preserving leaves of trees. 4* Collecting and preserving fruit of trees* 3* Collecting and preserving flowers of trees. 6. Lear^ng to identify a tree by its bark. 7* Learning some characteristics of some families of common tr e e s . 8* Observing and noting position or arrangement of buds* leaves* and twigs* 9. Observing and noting forms and s i sea of trees. 10* Making blue p rin t o f leaves. 11. Making exhibit of skeleton leaves. 12. If studied In the spring* making a spring e lender of 127

of the appearance of the flower and leaves* 13* Visiting lumber yards to see the grains of the d iffe r e n t woods* 14* MaJdsg & collection of bark {may be from dead trees) or may mal^igg&iblt of wood# 15* Id en tify in g tr e e s by means o f pamphlets# keys# and books# 16. Preparing reports on trees# IT* Collecting poems or quotations about trees* 18. Keeping a notebook of the general characteristics of each tree learned* If possible an illustrated book* 19* Making drawings o f trees or of flowers# fruits# bud arrangements and leaves of trees.

Suggested procedure: The day before starting this unit the pupils may b© asked to bring In twigs from trees for their lesson the next day. l e t pupil© observe and make comments on the twigs brought in. The teacher should have some twigs with the d iffe r e n t bud arrangements. Then she may tell the pupils that there are certain fea­ tures of deciduous trees (trees that drop their leaves each autumn) that should be known before they proceed with a dis­ cussion of their characteristics* While there are many di ffer- ent kinds of trees In the United States# the number of given species in any given locality Is not very large* Does it not add to the pleasure and enjoyment In on©fs daily life if he can call by name these friends of the yards# streets# fields and fo re sts? It depends upon the time of year when this unit i s taugh* whether flowers# fruits and leaves are available. If it is taught In the late fall# winter or early spring the leaves and fruits of many of the trees may have been collected and pre­ served for this study early In the season. The teacher may hold up a twig# as on© of a hors© chest­ nut and ask the pupils to notice that the buds are opposite; if in leaf that the leaves are opposite. Then let them ob­ serve a maple twig which has the same conditions. Next may let them examine such twigs as the aspen# the hickory etc# and notice that the buds and leaves are alternate* Each pupil may seleot a twig and after each part has been Identified they may be asked to make drawings of a twig with opposite bud arrange ent and also of on© with alternate bud arrangement labeling the; term inal bud la te r a l bud bud scar bud sc a le s le a f scar le n t ! c e ls rin gs Now the pupils may be told that the arrangement of twigs# of buds# and of leaves help in the identification of trees. Only three families of our common large flowering trees have opposite leaves and this will help in the identification, book at th© twigs and see If the leaves or (In winter) the buds are opposite. Th© tree (If it Is of a large size or grows 12 9

large) belongs to the maple# ash#or horse chestnut family. If the leaves are simple# maple; If pinnately compound of several leaflets# it is an ash# if a palmately compound of 5~7 le a fle t s # It Is a hors© chestnut* Other trees having opposite twig arrangement are th© flowering dogwoods (ex­ cept one sp ecies) and th© eatalpa* 411 other deciduous tr e e s have alternate twig and leaf arrangement* Then the pupils may be given certain characteristics of bark* as# the sycamore with its branches of a mottled appear­ ance* the bark flaking off and exposing whitish or yellowish patches of inner bark; th© thorns of locusts# prickly ash# and osage ©range; the sweet gum with its striking peculiar corky ridges on the twigs and their peculiar fruit * a rough stalked or prickly ball# an inch or more In diameter* It will possibly be better not to give too many direc­ tion s before observing some trees as th© pu pils may became d is ­ couraged* It is accessary to have some good book on th© subject to discover th© names of the trees studied# as well as a good easy key for th© pupils* **fh© eye and th© judgment ar© th© de­ pendable things. A book makes a good staff#" ^

1* Rogers* Julia Ellen- Th© Tree Book* a Popular Quid© to a Knowledge of the Trees of Horiti American and Their Bscs and C u ltivation . Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc#* Garden-01ty# Hew York, 1931*

Pupils may be taken out to a tree in the open and asked 130

to make a sketeh of th© tree* Bo not expect anything at first except merely an outline of the tree showing th© shape and the proportions* It w ill probably take much questioning md many suggest Ions to get these* After the tree has been sketched* looked a t by all# and commented upon* the p u p ils mqy be asked to f i l l in th® trunk and branches w iih foliage* By careful suggestions and questions pupils w ill be 3ed to see their many mistakes and this should teach them to observe more eL oseXy. With some easy key as* “ley to Common Kinds of Trees11 by William 8* loath* “Common Forest Trees of Virginia1* by Chapin Jones another books given for reference the pupil may begin % Identifying the troes in the school yard firstj then those on his block or at his home* and then extend his identlficap­ tion to a larger area* In studying a tree# not only th© flowers# leaves* buds* fruit# and bark should b© studied but also the size* form, and any other distinguishing characteristics* A field trip may be taken to see how many trees the pup­ ils are able to Identify* Pupils should carry notebooks and p en cils and make n otes not only o f th© names o f th© trees but also of any characteristics that will enable them to know cer­ tain trees whenever seen* Pupils may make a map of a definite area# showing streets# sidewalks* lots, ©to*# and locate th© trees by circles* All the tr e e s o f th© same kind may be numbered a lik e and th e name corresponding to th© number given by the side or below th© may - (if in the country a similar survey may be make of a given a 131

May have pupils make a collection of flowers, fruits, leaves, and sections of branches for a school collection* A good collection of wood may be made by pupils iho have access to proper materials for this work. Pupils should be given definite instructions about this as they are apt to da­ mage tr e e s . Some may make tree notebooks showing preserved leaves, flowers, fruits (if the fruit is bulky it may be sketched) and small pieces of bark. Every pupil should hai© a tree notebook and each time he learns a new tree he should write th© name of it in his book with a picture if possible of th© leaf, bud arrangement# fruit, flowers and the chief characteristics of th© particular tree# (Be may sketch the parts not in season or possible get possib­ ly get pictures to use). : ^ Instead of a net ebook the pupils may use heavy %mstrac­ tion paper and have a sheet for each tree* The baited States Forest Service will lend to schools, under certain conditions, a set o f samples of 6 4 important woods, pamphlets# charts, and table giving information about these* P u p ils should know some o f the c h a r a c te r istic s and be able to Identify Locust, Black and Honey Walnut, Black Hickory (not different species) Maples 1 3 2

Poplar 1 Tulip Tree Oak ( several iRpeeiec). 'Sycamore Sweet Gum Fruit Trees

Pear Peach Plum Sherry Catalpa Persimmon Willows Magnolia Kim Btroh Linden or Basswood Mulberry Wild Cherry Pine Cedar The evergreens, the cedar and pine are usually known by- moat pupils# If there are other evergreens convenient th© pupils may learn the names of as many as they have time. Pup­ ils may report on the evergreens that have been used for or­ namentation and. te ll what trees or shrubs are used and how they 1 3 3

Improve the appearance of a home* Pupils may also plan the evergreens and shrubbery that fe. they would like to plant and the arrangement of these f or a given home. Directions for making skeleton leaves! 1. Place leaves in saucepan of water and add heaping tablespoon of cleaning powder* Let boil 15 minutes*

2* Place leaves ■iin clear water for a few minutes* 3* Put a leaf on a dinner plate and let water drip on it * leaf will spread out and water will remove the pulp. 4* Transfer to blotting paper. 5* Mount under glass.

Waxing leaves 1. Scatter small bits of wax or paraffin over leaf* 2* Frees with a modem hot Iron.

Making blue prints of leaves 1. Place blue print on piece of cardboard# 2. Fut leaf on blue print* 3* Cover with glass plate. 4. Clip together and expose to bright sunlight till paper turns to a bronze shade* 2 to 5 min. 5* Remove to shady place - wash for 5 minutes in running water* 6. Dry. Formula for Blue Print Paper Solution I Potassium ferrieyanide 1 oa* 1 3 4

Water, distilled 5 ox* Sum Arable 1 drachm

Solution 11 Iron-ammonia citrate (green) llr 025 # Water, distilled 5 o&» Arabic 1 drachm

Mix equal parts* Scat paper In th© dark by use of oil lamp or yellow light* Dry quickly* Seep In dry, dark place* Print until the dark parts are bronsed and then wash thoroughly In cold water* 135

Bibliography

Apgar, A* 0* Trees of Northern United States! American Book Company* How York, 1920. Blakeslee* Albert F* and Jarvis, G* D. Trees In /inter. Their Study, Planting, Care, and Identification. The Macmillan Company, Hew York* 1926. Boy Scout Handbook* Boy Scouts of America* The O fficial Hand- book for Boys* Boy Scouts of America* 200 Fifth Avenue* Hew York* Pp. 51, 180-220. Curtis* Carlton Clarence*. A Guide to the Trees. Greenberg* I n c .* Hew Y ork, 1925* Downing, E lliot R. A Source Book of Biological Nature Study. University of Chicago Preen* Chicago* 1919* 1922. ^ pp.309*370. Staler, H. L* Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Charles Scribner*s Sons* Hew York* 1920. Lambeth, W* A. Trees and Bow to Snow Them. B. P. Johnaaon Pub­ lishing Compaq, Richaond, Virginia* Levi son* J. J. Studies of Trees. John Wiley andSons* Inc.* London. Chapman and B all* Lim ited 1914. Mathews, F. Schuyler. Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs. £$. P. Putnamls Sons, Hew York, 1921* McFarland, J. H. Getting Acquainted ralth the Trees. The Mac­ m illan Company, Hew York. Moseley, Edwin Lin© In. Trees, Stars, and Birds* World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, Mew York, Chicago, 1919* pp. 1-156 136

Pack* Charles L. Tree* as Good Cltlsens. American Tree Association* Washington* D- C* 1923* Rogers* Julia Ellen* The free Book* Popular G-ul&e to a Knowledge of the Trees of North American andafheir Uses andCul11vation* Doubleday* Doran and Company* Inc* * Garden City* New York* 1931* Sargent* Charles Sprague. Manual of the Trees of North America. Houghton M ifflin Company* Boston* New York* 1922* Schaffner, John H* Field Manual of Trees. R. G* Adame and Company, Columbus, Ohio* Stone* Gertrude I** and Fickett, M. Grace* Trees in Prose and P o etry * Ginn an&Campany* Boston* Trelease Williams. Winter Botany. By the Author. Urbana, 1925*

Bureau of Forestry. Exhibit of wood samples* elides and photo­ graphs U. S* Department of Agriculture* Washington, 0 . 0 . Cornell Rural School Leaflets* The New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University* Ithaca, New York. Jones* Chapin. Common Forest Trees of Virginia* A Pocket Manual describing their most Important characteris­ tics. In Co-operation With the Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture. 137

INDEX OF FAMILIES

Pages tm Bleotyledoneae SallcacsR© 59 Juglandaceae 59 Betulacea© 59 Fsgaeeae 60 tfrtieaeeae 60 Lorantlmceae 61 Aristolochlace&e 61 Polygon&ceae 87 Chenopodlaceae 4 4 , 88 Phytol&eeaceae 44 Illecebraceae 88 A lsoaceae 88 Caryophyllace&e 6 1 , 89 Portulaeaceae 4 4 , 62 Nyinphaeacea 89 Raimnculaco&e 44 Kagnollaceae 24 Calycanfcliaeeae 64 Anonaeeae 64 Berberl&aeeae 64 Lauraceae 65 Fapaveraceae 65 Pras&rlaoeae .65 C rucifers© 6 5 , 89 Sapifragaees© 66 Hamamelldacea© 67 Platanaces© 87 Rosacea® 8 7 , 90 Legumlnosa© 4 4 , 6 8 , 90 Llnaeea© 69 Gxalidacea© 7 0 , 95 Geranl&eea© 7 1 , 95 Polygalaceae 95 Euphorblacea© 4 5 , 93 Anacardlaeeae 71 A 90 Iposmoea 4 8 , 49 I r i a 86 ironweed 52 IVY 98 JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT 82 JAMESTOWN WEED 50 JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE 100 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE 56 JIMS ON WEED 50 JOE PYE WEED 53 JUDAS TREE 69 Juglans 59 Ju g siaea 47 Kalmia 76 KENILWORTH IVY 98 knot-weed 88 K oelila 44SIB SI Laetuea 5 6 , m LABIES* TRESSES 53 LADY'S SLIPPER 86 LADY'S THUMB 87 LAMB'S QUARTERS 38 TJiHfftun 97 LARKSPUR 65 Lathyrus 92 LAUREL 76 LEAFCUP 54 Lechea 94 Lepldixim 89 Lespedesa 45 LETTUCE 56 L la tr ls 53 Ligustrum 77 LILAC 77 LILY 8 3 , 89 T.tnnHft 98 LIHDEH 73 Lino m TO LXOU'S-POOT ©7 Llqul&asibax* 67 Llrlodendron 64 L obelia 5 1 , 58 LOCUST 69 Lonioera 100 LOOSESTRIFE 57 , 77 LOTOS 92 love apple 50 lo v e vim 49 L udvlgia 95 LUPINE 59 Tftiplmia 69 Lydian 79 Lycoperslcon 50 LysImftChla 77 Lytbrum 57 M adura 60 MAGNOLIA 64 MALLOW 4 6 , 94 Maltra 94 MANDRAKE 64 MAH*£^-THB-EARTH 48 MAPLE 78 MarruMum 97 MATRIMONY VII® 79 MAY APPLE 64 MAYPLOWFR 76 may *weed 101 MEADOW BEAUTY 47 MEADOW RUE, TALL 68 Medeola 85 Medlcago 98 IIELILOT 98 _ M eliXotus 92 Mentha 50 MertensXa 78 53 MILD WATER PEPPER 87 MILKWEED 48

MIm iI us 51 MIST-SLOWER 52 MISTLETOE 61 MItchella 80 MOCK ORANGE 66 Mollugo 88 Monarda 50 MONKEY-SLOWER 51 Monotropa 96 MORNING GLORY 49 Moras 60 MOTH MULLEIN 98 MULBERRY 60 MULLEIN 51 M uscari 84 MUSTARD 90 M yosotls 78 MYRTLE 78 NARCISSUS 85* 86 Nepeta 78* 97 NIGHTSHADE 97 Nymphaea 89 Nyssa 75 OAK 60 O akesla 83 O enothera 75* 95 OLD MAN1 S BEARD 77 ORANGE GRASS 47 OreMa 08 Qmlthogalum 83* 84 Orobanche 79 O rontiua 82 OSAGE ORANGE 60 O xalls 70* 93 Psnax 75 PANSY* WILD 74 Papaver 65 PAPAW 64 Parthsnitra 55 PARTRIDGE BERRY 80 PARTRIDGE PEA 44 P a s s iflo ra 75 PASSION FLOWER 75 PEA 44* 98 PEACH 68 PEANUT* HOG 45 PEAR 67 PENI'iYROYAL 50 Pensfcemon 79 pepperbush * SWEET 48 PBPPKRGR&SS, mm 89 PEPPERMINT SO PEPPER—ROOT 66 PERENNIAL PM 90 P e rl 11a 50 PERIWINKLE *78 PERSIMMON rpj PETUNIA 93 PhlladelphuB 66 Phoradendron 61 P hytolacca 44 PICKEREL-WEED 58 PIGWEED 38 PINK 620 89 PIHWEED 4 7 , 94 PI8XTES FLOWER 76 Plpsissew a 75 Plantago 99 PLANTAIN 99 Plataxm s 67 podophyllum 64 Pogonla 86 POISON IVY 71 POIS*>N OAK 71 POKEWEED 44 Polygalft 95 polygonafcuia 8 4 , 85 polygonum 8 7 , 88 Poljmmia 54 PolypreBJum 96 F ontedepla 58 POOR~MAN* S^/EATI JERGLASS 96 POOR ROBIN* S PLATO XM 102 POPULAR 59 POPPY 63 Popiilu© 59 P o rtiilaca POTATO-VINE, WILD 48 P o te n tilla 6 7 , 90 Preaant& es 67 PRIMROSE, EVENING 95 PRINCE*S PIKE 75 PRIVET 77 P rm e llft 97 Prtaaao 68 Psedepe. 72 P so ralea 69 PURSLANE 4 4 , 45 FUSSY* S TOES 81 Pycanthesium 50 Pyrus 67 QUEEN MiBtB* S LACE 95 Qaercus ©0 RAEBI5VFO0T CLOVER 93. RADISH 90 RAGWEED 55 ragwort , golden 81 Ranunculus 62 Raphtmus 90 RASPBERRY, BLACK 68 RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN 58 RATTLESNA KE-WEED 102 REDBUD 69 Rhexia m RHODODENDRON 76 Rhus 71 Ehynchosia 93 R oblaia 69 ROBIN* S PLANTAIN 80 ROCKET, YELLOW 66 Rosa 90 ROSE 90 ROSE OP SHARON 94 ROSIN-WEED 100 Rufous 68 Rudbeekla 100 RUE ANEMONE 63 Rusnex 87 SAGE 79 ST* ABDKEW*S CROSS 46 ST. JOHN*S—WORT 47* 94 ST. PETER*S-WORT 46 S a lix 59 S a lv ia 79 SaEb-ucus 90 SAMPSON*S SNAKEHOOT 69 Sangulnarla 65 Sanlcula 95 Saponarla 89 SASSAFRAS 65 SaxlTi»aga 66 SAXIFRAGE 66 Scleranthus 83 SEEDBOX 95 Senacio 31 SENSITIVE PLANT, WILD 45 Serlcocarpus 81 SHAD BUSH 68 SHEEP SORREL 87 SHEPHERD*S PURSE 90 S lle a s 62 Silphlum 55, 100 Slsynbrlum 66 SlsyH&e&lum 86 SKUNK CABBAGE 88 SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT 62 S m ilacina 8 4 Smllass @4* 8 5 SHAKEROOT 6 4 , 69 SHOW-ON-TIIE-MOUNTAIN 46 SOAPWQRf 8 9 sol&num 97 SolMago 67 SOLOMON* S SEAL 84* 86 Sosac&u# 102 SORREL 70* 87 SPANISH NEEDLES 56 SPEARMINT MINT 50 Speeulsria 100 SP EDWBLL 99 SPIDEKWQRT 82 SPIKENARD 34 Spiranthes 58 SPRING BEAUTY 62 SPURGE 95 STAR OHftS?:* YELLOW 95 STAR OP BETHLEHEM 35* 34 S te lra n e m 77 S to lla r ia 61* S3 STORKSBILL 95 STRAWBERRY 67 STRAWBERRY BUSH 72 S trophoetylos 45 sumac 71 summer snow flakes S3 STJITDFCPL 95 SWEET GUM 67 SYCAMORE 67 S^Esplocarpus 82 66* 77 TANSY-MUSTARD m Tarax&eiaa 1OB tar*mm) 55 TEAR-mmm 87 Tecom 51 T epbrosia m Tfealiefcrta© m THISTLE 101, 102 THORQUGHWORT 55 TICK TREPOII 92 T ilia 75 TOMATO 50 TOOTHWQRT 66 TOUCKwKE-NOT, SPOTTED 94 Tradesc&ntia 82 TRAILING ARBOTUS 76 Trlchostexna 49 T rifollm n 91 TRUMPET CREEPER 51 TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE 100 TULIP TREE 64 Typlm 82 twiii- berry 80 Ulimia 60 U v u laria 82 VENUS1 LOOKING-GLASS 100 V

WATER LILY 71 •* Mb WAXWORK 89 WHITLOW GRASS 65 WILD CARROT 95

WILD cherry 63 Will) GINGER G! WILD YAM-ROOT 85 WILD OATS 83 wiid sweet pea 69 WILLOW 59 WINDFLOWER 6 5 _ WXtm*RGHESlff 78

WOOD ANEMONE 6 3

WOOD S O R m L 7 0 * 9 3 Xenthlum 55

YARROW 101

YELLOW ADDER1S TONGUE 8 3

YELLO¥sf POND LILY 89 Yucca 84