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Helminth Ichthyo-Parasitic Fauna of a South African Sub-Tropical Lake

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Helminth Ichthyo-Parasitic Fauna of a South African Sub-Tropical Lake HELMINTH ICHTHYO-PARASITIC FAUNA OF A SOUTH AFRICAN SUB-TROPICAL LAKE PhD in Zoology MM MATLA 2012 HELMINTH ICHTHYO-PARASITIC FAUNA OF A SOUTH AFRICAN SUB-TROPICAL LAKE By MATSOELE MOSES MATLA Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (ZOOLOGY) in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture (School of Molecular and Life Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO Promotor Prof SN Mashego Co-promotor Prof NM Mokgalong 2012 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted to the University of Limpopo for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Zoology has not been previously submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university; that it is my own work in design and in execution, and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. Matla, MM (Mr) 8 May 2012 Signature: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I heartily acknowledge the significant contributions by the following people and institutions: I am indebted in the completion of this thesis to my promotor Prof SN Mashego for a series of dialogues, guidance, support and interest throughout this project. My heartfelt gratitude is expressed to my co-promotor Prof NM Mokgalong for his input during the birth of this project, financial and logistical arrangements, and his unfailing interest in my research. I thank Prof L. Khalil (retired vice-president, International Institute of Parasitology, England) for enhancing my skills in parasitology, helpful comments and interest in my success. To my colleagues in the Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, I thank you for support and encouragement. Hendrik Hattingh, Wilmien Powell, Antoinette Jooste, Nathalie Viljoen (nee Nicolaai), Rick Viljoen and Bert Polling, I enjoyed your team work and company during the fieldwork. Behind my success are my wife (Makgaile) and my children (Kgaile, Ntshediseng and Tshepang). My heartfelt thanks for your love, interest in my work and for allowing me to “steal” your precious time. I express my gratitude to my sisters and brothers (Thakane, Poelo, Tshepo, Ntshepiseng, Molete and MaQueen) and their families for encouragement and having faith in me. I am greatful to my dearest parents (Pheello and Mathakane) for their teachings, sacrifices, encouragement and their greatest love at all times. This study was possible through the financial assistance of the University of Limpopo and the National Research Foundation (NRF). DEDICATION In Loving Memory of my late Dad and Mom ii ABSTRACT The diversity of the helminth parasites of fishes in a clear-water, subtropical Lake Tzaneen, in South Africa was investigated. Of the 527 fish specimens sampled approximately 9000 parasites were collected. There are 38 different parasite species discussed comprising 27 Monogenea, 3 Digenea, 4 Cestoda, 3 Nematoda and 1 Acanthocephala. Four new monogenean species are described and these are Dactylogyrus spp. 1 to 4. Three monogenean species are introduced as first records in Africa and these are Actinocleidus fusiformis (Mueller, 1934), Haplocleidus furcatus Mueller, 1937 and Acolpenteron ureteroecetes Fischthal & Allison, 1940. Fourteen monogenean and one acanthocephalan species are discussed as first geographical records for South Africa and these are Gyrodactylus rysavyi Ergens, 1973, Dactylogyrus brevicirrus Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus cyclocirrus Paperna, 1973, Dogielius dublicornis Paperna, 1973, Dogielius sp., Schilbetrema quadricornis Paperna & Thurston, 1968, Quadriacanthus aegypticus El Naggar & Serag, 1986, Quadriacanthus clariadis Paperna, 1961, Scutogyrus gravivaginus (Paperna & Thurston, 1969), Cichlidogyrus quaestio Douëllou, 1993, Cichlidogyrus halli Price & Kirk, 1967, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna & Thurston, 1969, Cichlidogyrus dossoui Douëllou, 1993, Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960 and Acanthosentis tilapiae Baylis, 1948. Seven species are discussed as first records for their hosts and these are Cichlidogyrus dossoui, Cichlidogyrus halli and Acanthosentis tilapiae on Oreochromis mossambicus; Dactylogyrus sp. 1 on Barbus radiatus and Barbus trimaculatus; Dactylogyrus sp. 2 on Barbus unitaeniatus; Dactylogyrus sp. 3 and Dactylogyrus sp. 4 on Labeo molybdinus. Gyrodactylus rysavyi is the only species with a first site (gills) record. The other monogenean species discussed are Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961, Macrogyrodactylus karibae (Douellou and Chishawa, 1995), Dactylogyrus afrolongicornis afrolongicornis Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus allolongionchus Paperna, 1973, Dactylogyrus spinicirrus (Paperna & Thurston, 1968) and Cichlidogyrus philander (Douëllou, 1993). The digeneans discussed are Glossidium pedatum Looss, 1899 and the larvae of Diplostomum van Nordmann, 1832 and Clinostomum Leidy, 1856. The Cestodes discussed are Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Janicki, 1928) Fuhrmann, 1933, Polyonchobothrium clarias Woodland, 1925 and the larvae of Ligula intestinalis Goeze, 1782 and family iii Gryporhynchidae. The nematodes discussed are Procamallanus laevionchus (Wedl, 1861), Paracamallanus cyathopharynx Baylis, 1923 and larvae of Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912. Monogenea were commonly found on the gills but less on the skin and in the urinary bladder. Digenea were found mainly in the eyes, brain and visceral cavity, with only one species (Glossidium pedatum) present in the intestines of Clarias gariepinus. Cestoda and Nematoda were found in the intestine and body cavity. Only one species of Acanthocephala (Acanthosentis tilapiae) was found in the intestines of Oreochromis mossambicus. No definite seasonal variations of infection and parasite affinities towards the sexes and the sizes of the hosts could be determined. The lake is oligotrophic with the water quality having no influence on the parasite diversity and species richness. iv CONTENTS HEADING PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i DEDICATION ii ABSTRACT iii v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 HELMINTHOLOGY OF AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISH FAUNA 1 1.2 HELMINTHOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISH FAUNA 3 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3 1.4 THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 4 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 2.1 STUDY AREA 8 Historical background 8 Geographical data and climate 10 Features of the lake 11 Water usage and activities 11 Water quality of the lake 12 Fish population of the lake 13 2.2 PERIOD OF INVESTIGATION 16 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR HOSTS 16 Sampling of hosts 16 Collection of host specimens 22 Length, mass and sex of hosts 22 Killing of hosts 23 Preservation of hosts 23 Examination of hosts for parasites 24 2.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR PARASITES 24 Fixation and preservation of parasites 24 Storage of parasites 25 Preparation of parasites for microscopy 25 Identification of parasites 25 Drawings, photographs and morphological measurements 25 Compilation, analysis and presentation of statistical data 26 v CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 27 CHAPTER 3 SECTION A HOST-PARASITE DATA 29 3A.1 INTRODUCTION 31 3A.2 HOST – PARASITE DATA 34 1 Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) 34 2 Schilbe intermedius Ruppell, 1832 36 3 Labeobarbus marequensis (Smith, 1841) 36 4 Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 38 5 Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 38 6 Barbus unitaeniatus Gunther, 1866 40 7 Labeo cylindricus Peters, 1852 40 8 Labeo molybdinus Du Plessis, 1963 40 9 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 41 10 Mesobola brevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) 41 11 Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) 41 12 Chetia flaviventris Trewavas, 1961 43 13 Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede, 1802) 43 14 Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896) 43 15 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) 44 3A.3 DISCUSSION 47 CHAPTER 3 SECTION B MONOGENEA 57 3B.1 INTRODUCTION 60 3B.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 62 3B.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 1 Genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 63 1.1 Gyrodactylus rysavyi Ergens, 1973 64 2 Genus Macrogyrodactylus Malmberg, 1957 65 2.1 Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961 66 2.2 Macrogyrodactylus karibae (Douellou and Chishawa, 1995) 69 3 Genus Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 72 3.1 Dactylogyrus afrolongicornis afrolongicornis Paperna, 1973 73 3.2 Dactylogyrus allolongionchus Paperna, 1973 76 3.3 Dactylogyrus sp. 1 (new species) 78 3.4 Dactylogyrus sp. 2 (new species) 81 3.5 Dactylogyrus sp. 3 (new species) 83 3.6 Dactylogyrus sp. 4 (new species) 84 3.7 Dactylogyrus brevicirrus Paperna, 1973 86 3.8 Dactylogyrus cyclocirrus Paperna, 1973 88 3.9 Dactylogyrus spinicirrus (Paperna & Thurston, 1968) 90 4 Genus Dogielius Bikhovski, 1936 100 4.1 Dogielius dublicornis Paperna, 1973 100 4.2 Dogielius sp. 102 5 Genus Schilbetrema Paperna and Thurston, 1968 103 5.1 Schilbetrema quadricornis Paperna & Thurston, 1968 103 6 Genus Quadriacanthus Paperna, 1961 106 6.1 Quadriacanthus aegypticus El Naggar & Serag, 1986 106 6.2 Quadriacanthus clariadis Paperna, 1961 109 7 Genus Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 114 7.1 Cichlidogyrus dossoui Douellou, 1993 116 7.2 Cichlidogyrus halli Price & Kirk, 1967 118 7.3 Cichlidogyrus philander Douellou, 1993 121 vi 7.4 Cichlidogyrus quaestio Douellou, 1993 123 7.5 Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna & Thurston, 1969 125 7.6 Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960 128 8 Genus Scutogyrus Pariselle & Euzet, 1995 136 8.1 Scutogyrus gravivaginus (Paperna & Thurston, 1969) 136 9 Genus Actinocleidus (Mueller, 1934) 139 9.1 Actinocleidus fusiformis (Mueller, 1934) 139 10 Genus Haplocleidus Mueller, 1937 142 10.1 Haplocleidus furcatus Mueller, 1937 142 11 Genus Acolpenteron Fischthal and Allison, 1941 145 11.1 Acolpenteron ureteroecetes Fischthal & Allison, 1940 145 3B.4 GENERAL DISCUSSION 149 CHAPTER 3 SECTION C DIGENEA 151 3C.1 INTRODUCTION 153 3C.2
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