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Estudio De La Evolución De Un Fitopatógeno: Genómica Comparada Del Hongo Patógeno De Maíz Colletotrichum Graminicola

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Estudio De La Evolución De Un Fitopatógeno: Genómica Comparada Del Hongo Patógeno De Maíz Colletotrichum Graminicola Universidad de salamanca FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y GENÉTICA ÁREA: GENÉTICA TESIS DOCTORAL Estudio de la evolución de un fitopatógeno: Genómica comparada del hongo patógeno de maíz Colletotrichum graminicola GABRIEL EDUARDO RECH SALAMANCA, 2013 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA Facultad de Biología Departamento de Microbiología y Genética Área: Genética Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias Insight into the evolution of a plant pathogen: Comparative genomic analysis of the fungal maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola PhD Thesis Programa de Doctorado: Agrobiotecnología Órgano responsable del Programa de Doctorado: Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal Gabriel Eduardo Rech Salamanca, 2013 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA Facultad de Biología Departamento de Microbiología y Genética Área: Genética Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias Estudio de la evolución de un fitopatógeno: Genómica comparada del hongo patógeno de maíz Colletotrichum graminicola Tesis Doctoral Programa de Doctorado: Agrobiotecnología Órgano responsable del Programa de Doctorado: Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal Gabriel Eduardo Rech Salamanca, 2013 D. Luis Román Fernández Lago, Director del Departamento de Microbiología y Genética de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca y Dña. Berta Dopico Rivela, Directora del Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca, órgano responsable del Programa de Doctorado en Agrobiotecnología CERTIFICAMOS: Que la presente Memoria titulada “Estudio de la evolución de un fitopatógeno: Genómica comparada del hongo patógeno de maíz Colletotrichum graminicola”, ha sido realizada en el Departamento de Microbiología y Genética de la Facultad de Biología y el Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias de la Universidad de Salamanca por el Licenciado D. Gabriel Eduardo Rech, bajo la dirección del Dr. D. Michael Ronald Thon y la Dra. Dña. Serenella Ana Sukno y cumple las condiciones exigidas para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca. Para que así conste, firmamos el presente certificado en Salamanca a 14 de Noviembre de 2013. Fdo: D. Luis Román Fernández Lago Fdo: Dña. Berta Dopico Rivela D. Michael Ronald Thon, Profesor Titular del Departamento de Microbiología y Genética de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca, y Dña. Serenella Ana Sukno, Personal Investigador Doctor del Departamento de Microbiología y Genética de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca CERIFICAMOS: Que la presente Memoria titulada “Estudio de la evolución de un fitopatógeno: Genómica comparada del hongo patógeno de maíz Colletotrichum graminicola”, ha sido realizada en el Departamento de Microbiología y Genética de la Facultad de Biología y el Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias de la Universidad de Salamanca, bajo nuestra dirección, por el Licenciado D. Gabriel Eduardo Rech, y cumple las condiciones exigidas para optar el grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca. Para que así conste, firmamos el presente certificado en Salamanca a 14 de Noviembre de 2013. Fdo: Dr. D. Michael R. Thon Fdo: Dra. Dña. Serenella A. Sukno Fdo: D. Gabriel E. Rech Este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en el Laboratorio 1 del Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, de la Universidad de Salamanca bajo la dirección del Profesor Dr. Michael R. Thon y de la Dra. Serenella A. Sukno. Durante el desarrollo de la Tesis he disfrutado de una beca de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) de la Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (ex Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), enmarcada en el Proyecto ―Análisis bioinformático y funcional de la evolución de genes de patogenicidad en hongos‖ (AGL2008- 03177/AGR). Dentro del programa FPI realicé dos Estancias Breves que complementaron el trabajo presentado en esta Tesis: una de ellas en el Laboratorio del Prof. David Adelson, del ―Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Genetics‖ de la Universidad de Adelaida, Australia; y la otra en el Grupo ―Computational Biochemistry Research Group‖ dirigido por el Prof. Gaston Gonnet en la Escuela Politécnica Federal de Zúrich (ETH), Suiza. Publicaciones científicas relacionadas con los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis Doctoral y otros trabajos publicados durante el periodo de formación predoctoral: Vargas WA, Sanz-Martín JM, Rech GE, Armijos-Jaramillo VA, Rivera- Rodriguez LP, Echeverria MM, Díaz-Mínguez, JM, Thon MR and Sukno SA. Delivery of a pathogen-encoded effector protein into the nucleus of Zea mays. The power of effectoromics for crop protection (manuscript in preparation for Nature Biotechnology). Rech GE, Sanz Martín JM, Anisimova M, Sukno SA and Thon MR. Natural selection on coding and non-coding DNA sequences is associated with virulence genes in a plant pathogenic fungus (manuscript submitted to New Phytologist). Rech GE, Vargas WA, Sukno SA and Thon MR. Identification of positive selection in disease response genes within members of the Poaceae (2012). Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(12):1667-1675. O’Connell RJ, Thon MR, Hacquard S, Amyotte SG, Kleemann J, Torres, MF, Damm U, Buiate EA, Epstein L, Alkan N, Altmüller J, Alvarado-Balderrama L, Bauser CA, Becker C, Birren BW, Chen Z, Choi J, Crouch JA, Duvick JP, Farman MA, Gan P, Heiman D, Henrissat B, Howard RJ, Kabbage M, Koch C, Kracher B, Kubo Y, Law AD, Lebrun M-H, Lee Y-H, Miyara I, Moore N, Neumann U, Nordström K, Panaccione DG, Panstruga R, Place M, Proctor RH, Prusky D, Rech GE, Reinhardt R, Rollins JA, Rounsley S, Schardl CL, Schwartz DC, Shenoy N, Shirasu K, Sikhakolli UR, Stüber K, Sukno SA, Sweigard JA, Takano Y, Takahara H, Trail F, Does HC van der, Voll LM, Will I, Young S, Zeng Q, Zhang J, Zhou S, Dickman MB, Schulze-Lefert P, Themaat EVL, Ma L-J and Vaillancourt LJ. Lifestyle transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses (2012). Nature Genetics 44(9):1060–1065. Vargas WA, Sanz Martín JM, Rech GE, Rivera LP, Benito EP, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Thon MR and Sukno SA. Plant defense mechanisms are activated during biotrophic and necrotrophic development of Colletotricum graminicola in maize (2012). Plant Physiology 158(3):1342–1358. A Pamela. Estamos acostumbrados a contemplar los modelos informáticos como simplificaciones del mundo real, pero en cierto sentido los modelos informáticos de la selección natural no son simplificaciones, sino complicaciones del mundo real. Richard Dawnkins. Escalando el monte improbable (Climbing mount improbable. 1998) AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar me gustaría agradecer a mis directores, Mike y Serenella, por haberme dado la oportunidad de realizar este trabajo en su grupo, por permitirme desarrollar mis ideas y brindarme el apoyo necesario para llevarlas a cabo. Gracias también por esas magníficas barbacoas ―hispano-argento- estadounidenses‖!!! Gracias a los miembros del Grupo (Walter, Vinicio y José). Ha sido un verdadero placer trabajar junto a ustedes y he aprendido mucho de nuestras charlas (científicas o no) y sin duda esta Tesis no sería la misma sin vuestro aporte. Un agradecimiento especial a los miembros del CIALE, en particular a los integrantes del Laboratorio 1, por acogerme y brindarme un magnifico ambiente laboral. Thank you very much to the people who received me in their labs during my stays in Australia and Switzerland. To Professor David Adelson and all people in his Group in the University of Adelaide, especially to Zhipeng Qu for helping me (a lot!) with the ncRNAs pipeline, for making me test Chinese beer and for receive me in the White team FC!! Also to Dr. Maria Anisimova in the ETH, Zurich for helping me with the selection tests and for all your support during my stay. Me gustaría agradecer también a todos aquellos con los que compartí mi día a día durante el Máster y en el CIALE: Anna, Dany, Raúl, Virginia, Lucía, Pepe, Marta R., Eduardo, Alex, Thais, Sara, Patri, Abe, Luis, Lucho, Irene, Javier, Ángela, Sergio, y muchos otros de los que han pasado por esa estupenda mesa de la sala de becarios, y con quienes he compartido mucho más que las comidas, incluyendo risas y debates trascendentales. Gracias a los ―Galácticos‖ del CIALE FC!, en especial a su fundador Dov Prusky que con su espíritu aventurero logró juntar un grupo de jóvenes pachangueros que, con unos meses de entrenamiento, llegarían a convertirse en… humm… un grupo de amigos pachangueros que les gusta el fútbol. Una vez a la semana, lo dejaban todo el campo: Rubén (el crack), Dov (―cuchá‖), Walter (nuestro Pepe), Raúl (la seguridad), Joni (CR7), Tomás (―fácil, fácil‖), Luis (el talento), José (la organización), Sergio (el aire del equipo), Vinicio (la táctica), Alex (la garra), Javier (el poder de la perseverancia), Eduardo (la experiencia), Isi (el DT) y por supuesto David (el ausente). A mis entrañables excompañeros y amigos de la carrera de Lic. en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional de Salta: Cris, Ale y Mauri, que a pesar de haber tomado rumbos distintos y de estar separados por miles de kilómetros, sé que puedo contar con ustedes siempre. Un agradecimiento especial a mi gran amigo y hermano de la vida Maty Fernández, por sus palabras de aliento, su apoyo incondicional y por estar siempre dispuesto a dar una mano. Muchas gracias a Edgardo y Stella. Nunca olvidaré lo que hicieron durante mi estancia en Zúrich. Hay que tener mucha suerte para conocer personas como ustedes que, con el mayor desinterés, abrieron las puertas de su casa, lo cual inició una amistad que estoy seguro que mantendremos por muchos años. A los grandes amigos que he tenido la suerte de conocer en Salamanca y que han estado siempre presentes en las buenas y en las malas, especialmente a Walter, Esther, Marcos, Joni, Anita y Marta. Gracias por vuestros consejos y apoyo en todo momento y por ser los responsables de las mejores experiencias que he vivido durante estos cuatro años. Nunca os olvidaré y espero que el futuro nos vuelva a reunir en algún momento.
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