ÉRTEKEZÉS Ragadozó Atkák Szerepe Kert

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ÉRTEKEZÉS Ragadozó Atkák Szerepe Kert Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Kertészettudományi Kar Rovartani Tanszék DOKTORI (Ph.D.) ÉRTEKEZÉS Ragadozó atkák szerepe kertészeti állókultúrákban Magyarországon Írta Szabó Árpád Témavezető: Dr. habil. Pénzes Béla C.Sc. Egyetemi docens, Tanszékvezető Budapest 2010 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, D.Sc. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető: Dr. habil. Pénzes Béla Egyetemi docens, C.Sc. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Rovartani Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés védési eljárásra bocsátható. Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezető jóváhagyása PhD School Name: Doctoral School of Horticultural Sciences Field: Crop Sciences and Horticulture Head of Ph.D. School: Prof. Dr. Magdolna Tóth Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Head of Department of Fruit Sciences CORVINUS UNIVERSITY OF BUDAPEST, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences Supervisor: Dr. Habil. Béla Pénzes C.Sc. Head of Department of Entomology CORVINUS UNIVERSITY OF BUDAPEST, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences The applicant met the requirement of the Ph.D. regulations of the Corvinus University of Budapest and the thesis is accepted for the defence process. Head of Ph.D. School Supervisor A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanácsának 2010. március 9-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi Bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke: Tóth Magdolna, DSc Tagjai: Jenser Gábor, DSc Bálo Borbála, PhD Opponensei: Ripka Géza, PhD Tóth Ferenc, CSc Titkár: Oláh Róbert, PhD TARTALOMJEGYZÉK TARTALOMJEGYZÉK.........................................................................................................1 1. BEVEZETÉS és CÉLKITŰZÉS.........................................................................................3 2. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ...............................................................................................6 2.1. Faunisztikai kutatások a hazai és európai szőlő-, illetve almaültetvényekben................6 2.1.1. Magyarországi szőlőültetvényekben fellelt Phytoseiidae atkák..............................6 2.1.2. Kitekintés az európai szőlőültetvények Phytoseiidae faunájára..............................8 2.1.3. Magyarországi almaültetvényekben fellelt Phytoseiidae atkák...............................8 2.1.4. Kitekintés az európai almaültetvények Phytoseiidae faunájára.............................10 2.2. Phytoseiidae fajok dominanciaviszonyát és populációdinamikáját befolyásoló tényezők11 2.2.1. A növények morfológiai tulajdonságainak hatásai...............................................11 2.2.2. Alternatív táplálék hatásai ...................................................................................13 2.2.3. A kannibalizmus és az intragild predáció szerepe ................................................15 2.2.4. Éghajlati adottságok szerepe................................................................................18 2.2.5. Növényvédő szerek hatásai .................................................................................20 2.3. Phytoseiidae fajok életformája táplálkozásuk alapján .................................................21 2.4. Phytoseiidae fajok áttelelése ültetvényekben..............................................................23 2.5. Phytoseiidae fajok betelepedése az ültetvényekbe, és az ott történő szétterjedésük.....26 2.6. Phytoseiidae fajok betelepítésének módszerei ............................................................28 3. ANYAG és MÓDSZER....................................................................................................29 3.1. Szőlőültetvényekben végzett gyűjtések ......................................................................29 3.2. Almaültetvényben végzett kísérletek..........................................................................30 3.2.1. Almaültetvények avarszintjének vizsgálata..........................................................30 3.2.2. Phytoseiidae fajok betelepítése............................................................................32 3.3. Az atkák preparálása..................................................................................................35 3.4. Atkafajok határozása..................................................................................................36 3.5. Adatok feldolgozása során alkalmazott statisztikai módszerek ...................................37 4. EREDMÉNYEK...............................................................................................................38 4.1. Faunisztikai vizsgálatok eredményei ..........................................................................38 4.1.1. Hegyvidéki borvidékek ragadozóatka faunája......................................................38 4.1.2. Egyéb gyűjtések eredményei ...............................................................................51 4.2. Almaültetvények avarszintjének szerepe az atkaközösségek dinamikájában...............53 1 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 4.2.1. Phytoseiidae fajok elhelyezkedése almaültetvényben, a nyugalmi időszakban .....53 4.2.2. Almaültetvény avarszintjében és lombkoronájában élő atkapopulációk kapcsolata54 4.3. Phytoseiidae fajok betelepíthetősége almaültetvényben..............................................61 4.3.1. Az A. andersoni betelepítésének új módszere ......................................................61 4.3.2. Az A. andersoni elszaporodásának hatásai...........................................................66 4.3.3. Phytoseiidae tojások elhelyezkedése a levél felületén..........................................67 4.4. Új tudományos eredmények.......................................................................................69 5. KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK és JAVASLATOK......................................................................70 5.1. Faunisztikai eredmények megvitatása ........................................................................70 5.2. Almaültetvény atkaközösségének ültetvényen belüli dinamikája ................................77 5.3. Phytoseiidae fajok betelepítése almaültetvénybe ........................................................80 6. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS .........................................................................................................84 7. SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................87 8. MELLÉKLETEK ...............................................................................................................1 M.1. Irodalomjegyzék.........................................................................................................1 M.2. Statisztikai elemzések eredményei............................................................................18 M.3. Mikroszkópi felvételek .............................................................................................23 KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ..............................................................................................32 2 1. BEVEZETÉS és CÉLKITŰZÉS A kártevő atkák elleni biológiai védelem a hazai kertészeti állókultúrákban, különös tekintettel a szőlő- és almaültetvényekre, melyek együttes termőfelülete jelenleg a százezer hektárt is meghaladja, a hasznos szervezetek közül leginkább a Phytoseiidae család fajaira épül. A fitofág atkák természetes ellenségei közül azok a polifág csoportok (ragadozó poloskák és tripszek, fátyolkák, Coccinellidae fajok, pókok), melyek jelen vannak ültetvényeinkben, ugyancsak hozzájárulnak a kártevő atkák visszaszorításához, azonban azok kártételi szint alatt tartásához egyedül nem elegendőek, a ragadozó atkák szerepe e tekintetben mindenképpen elsődleges. A Phytoseiidae fajok korlátozó szerepének tudatos kihasználására csak azok faji összetételének, ültetvényen belüli elhelyezkedésének, vándorlásának ismeretében kínálkozik lehetőség. A külföldi szakirodalom számos, biológiai védekezésben sikeres példát tár elénk az állókultúrák esetében is. A nyugat-európai szőlő- és almatermesztő körzetekben ugyanakkor a hazaihoz képest eltérőek a klimatikus adottságok, és ebből kifolyólag részben más a ragadozóatka népesség faji összetétele is. A populációk dinamikáját, és egyúttal jelentőségét természetesen számos biotikus és abiotikus tényező határozza meg, így tehát véleményem szerint az egyes országokban már elterjedt biológiai védekezési módszerek hazai alkalmazása előtt azok tesztelése, adaptálása válhat szükségessé. Mindezek tudatában tehát nélkülözhetetlen a hazai kultúrákban a Phytoseiidae fajok előfordulásának feltárása, a dominancia-sorrend megismerése, illetve esetlegesen a helyi körülményekhez jobban alkalmazkodott faj kipróbálása a biológiai növényvédelem területén. E feladatok megoldásának első lépéseként a faunisztikai vizsgálatokat tűztem ki célul. A magyarországi szőlőültetvényekben a 80-as évek derekán komoly gondot okozó akarinózis a növényevő atkák természetes ellenségeinek megismerésére és megóvására irányította a kutatók figyelmét. A hazai borvidékek Phytoseiidae fajainak kutatása mintegy 30 éves múltra tekint vissza, azonban az e területen végzett faunisztikai vizsgálatok adatai már több mint tizenöt esztendősek, s csak kevés
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