A NEW REPORT on Arctoseius (Acari; Ascidae) from KHORASAN RAZAVI REGION, IRAN

UDC: 595.42(55)

A NEW REPORT ON Arctoseius (Acari; Ascidae) FROM KHORASAN RAZAVI REGION, IRAN

M. Mehranian Islamic Azad University, Neyshabour Branch, Iran

Keywords: Arctoseius, mite, seta, dorsal shield

ntroduction. The Arthropoda phylum, Chelicerata subphylum, Arachnida class, Acari subclass, is characterized by a large Idiversity of shapes, dimensions and structures. Mites (Acari or Acarina) are the most diverse and abundant of all arachnids, but because of their small size (usually less than a millimeter in length) we rarely see them.

Mites are also among the oldest of all terrestrial animals, with fossils known from the early Devonian, nearly 400 million years ago (Norton et al., 1988). Three major lineages are currently recognized: Opilioacariformes, Acariformes and Parasitiformes (Krantz, 1986; Evans, 1992). Mites are truly ubiquitous. They have successfully colonized nearly every known terrestrial, marine, and fresh water habitat including polar and alpine extremes, tropical lowlands and desert barrens, surface and mineral soils to depths of 10 meters, cold and thermal surface springs and subterranean waters with temperatures as high as 500 C, all types of streams, ponds and lakes, and sea waters of continental shelves and deep sea trenches to depths of 5000 meters. Many mites have complex symbiotic associations with the larger organisms on which they live. Plants, including crops and the canopies of tropical rainforests, are inhabited by myriads of mite species feeding on mosses, ferns, leaves, stems, flowers, fruit, lichens, microbes, other arthropods and each other. Many mites found on agricultural crops are major economic pests (e.g. spider mites) or useful biocontrol agents (e.g. phytoseiid mites) of those pests (Sabelis et al. 1996). Mammals and birds are hosts to innumerable species of parasitic mites, as are many reptiles and some amphibians (Ambros 1996). Insects, especially those that build nests, live in semipermanent habitats like decaying wood, or use more ephemeral habitats like bracket fungi and dung, are hosts to a cornucopia of mite commensals, parasites and mutualists (Binns 1973). None of these mites exceed a centimeter in length, and the vast majority grows to less than a millimeter, yet they often have a major impact on their hosts.

Ascids are mites belonging to the suborder Mesostigmata of the Parasitiformes order. Parasitiformes consists of three orders: Ixodida, Holothyrida, and Mesostigmata (Lindquist et al., 1965). The Mesostigmata contains in excess of 65 families and 10,000 described species. Mesostigmata may be differentiated from other mites by the presence of a bifurcate structure, the tritosternum, between the first pair of legs. Mesostigmatans are also characterized by having the openings to their respiratory tubes, the stigmata, on the sides of the body between the 2nd and 4th pairs of legs (Halliday et al., 1998).

Material and Methods. During field research in 2008-2009, samples were collected from various microhabitats such as leaf litter, rotten wood and mosses. Mites were extracted from the samples in Berlese-Tullgren funnel and preserved in 80% alcohol. Specimens were cleared in lactophenol solution and mounted in Hoyer's medium on microscope slides (Evans, 1992). Measurements are given in parentheses (in micrometers) and were made from slide-mounted specimens using a stage-calibrated ocular micrometer. Slid-mounted specimens are deposited in mite collection of Islamic Azad University branch scientific and research centers, Iran.

Results and Discussion. Arctoseius cetratus (Sellnick) diagnosis is as follows: dorsal shield of adult mite is with 31 pairs of seta; Z1 and Z2 never arrive to the next pair of setae: Z1,Z2,Z3,Z4=16-22 μm long and only Z5 is markedly longer, Z5=35-45 μm (Figure 2a); Tectum with 2 bifid prongs; the branches are equal in length (Figure 2b); Idiosoma of female equals to 310- 360μm long and male – 270-280μm long; vertex of dorsal shield not strongly arched downward, setae j1 visible from aboveon podonotal shield; anterior extremities of peritermes not recurved; dorsal shield with mid lateral incisions (Karg, 1993). Anal shield is with 3 pairs of setae (Figures 2c and 3); sternal shield with 3 pairs of setae and is weakly sclerotized; genital shield is truncate. Tibia 2 without al2; Tibia 1 with 5 dorsal setae; Tibia 3, 4 with 7 setae or more; tarsi II-IV with neither of dorso – lateral subapical setae slender and elongate; palp tarsus without macrosetae; movable digit of chelicera bidentate; spermatodactyl fingerforming (Figure 1).

These species were collected from different areas of Khorasan Razavi province, including Neyshabur, Mashad, Esfarayen and Quchan, in Iran. These mites are predators and have free living and play a good role in general equilibrium position of many of other arthropoda that are able to act as pest, therefore these animals have a potential of biological control in agricultural or natural ecosystem.

64 Taxonomic Position. Cohort: Gamasina, Subcohort: Figure 1. Chelicera, Spermatodactyl Dermanyssiae, Superfamily: Ascoidea, Family: Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans, Subfamily: Arctoseiinae, Arctoseius Thor

Diagnostic Characters. The diagnostic characters are: arctoseiinae with entire or shallowly incised dorsal shield, vertex not strongly arched downward, j1 visible from above (Lindquist, 1961). Anterior extremities of peritremes are not recurved; Tarsi II-IV are with neither of dorso-lateral subapical setae slender and elongate. Palp tarsus is without macroseta.

Keys to Genera of Arctoseiinae

1. Leg chaetotaxy reduced, maximum setation: genu II = 10, genu IV = 7, tibia III = 7, tibia IV = 7; opisthonotal region of dorsal shield usually with 4 pairs of lateral setae (S1 present, S2 usually absent); deutosternal denticular rows moderately wide, multidenticulate..... 2

- Leg chaetotaxy without above reductions, minimum setation: genu II = 11, genu IV = 9, tibia III = 8, tibia IV = 10; opisthonotal region of dorsal shield usually with 5 pairs of lateral setae (S2 present, S1 rarely absent); deutosternal denticular rows narrow, each with few (usually 2-6) denticles...... 5 Figure 2. A) Dorsal, B) Tectum, C) Ventral

2. Tarsi II-IV each with dorso-proximal setae ad2, pd2 elongate, curved; genu III usually with 8 setae; female with ventrianal shield bearing 1-6 pairs of ventral setae in addition to circumanal setae...... 3

- Tarsi II-IV with dorso-proximal setae not elongate or curved; genu III with 7 setae (pv1 absent); female with anal shield bearing only circum-anal setae (rarely with ventral setae JV3 on shield)...... 4

3 . Tarsus I without claws; dorsal shield setae j1 & z1 smooth, short and blunt or barbed and variable in length; other dorsal shield setae simple (J5 sometimes barbed), none paddle-shaped ...... Xenoseius

- Tarsus I with claws; dorsal shield setae j1 and z1 smooth, pointed (j1 rarely paddle-shaped), variable in length; some dorsal shield setae (always s4 and Z5) paddle-shaped...... Zerconopsis

4. Vertex of dorsal shield strongly arched downward, setae j1 concealed from above; peritremes sharply recurved distally; dorsal shield without midlateral incisions; tarsi II-IV with 1 (al1) or 2 (al1, Figure 3. Arctoseius Cetratus: Ventral View pl1) dorso-lateral subapical setae very slender and elongate; palp tarsus with macroseta ...... Iphidozercon

- Vertex of dorsal shield not strongly arched downward, setae j1 visible from above; anterior extremities of peritremes not recurved; dorsal shield with or without midlateral incisions; tarsi II-IV with neither of dorso-lateral subapical setae slender and elongate; palp tarsus without macroseta...... Arctoseius

5. Dorsal shield lacking setae z1; epistome convex and smooth or slightly denticulate; genu I with 12 setae (av2 absent), tibia II with 9 setae (ad2 absent) ...... 6

- Setae z1 present; tectum bi- or triramous; genu I with 13 setae, tibia II with 10 setae...... 7

6. Dorsal shield with midlateral incisions; all r-R marginal setae on soft cuticle flanking dorsal shield; female with: first pair of sternal setae on sternal shield, genital setae and pores on soft cuticle

65 flanking epigynial shield, anal shield bearing only circum-anal setae ...... Arctopsis

- Dorsal shield lacking midlateral incisions; r-R marginal setae on edges of dorsal shield; female with: first pair of sternal setae on jugular plates separated from sternal shield or on margin of shield, genital setae and pores on epigynial shield, ventri-anal shield incorporating metapodal plates and bearing 4-5 pairs of setae in addition to circum-anal setae ...... Neojordensia

7. Dorsal shield lacking setae z3, J2, S1; R3, R4 on dorsal shield, others (r6, R2, R5) absent; genu and tibia I each with 12 setae (av2 absent); genu III with 10 setae, tibia III with 9 setae (pl2 present on both); genu IV with 10 setae (pv1 present) ...... Arctoseiodes

- Dorsal shield holotrichous, with z3, J2, S1; 10-11 pairs of marginal r-R setae on soft cuticle laterally, none on dorsal shield; genu and tibia I each with 13 setae (av2 present); genu III with 8-9 setae, tibia III with 8 setae (pl2 absent on both); genu IV with 8-9 setae (pv1 absent) ...... Leioseius

REFERENCES

Ambros, M. (1996). Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Small Mammals (Insectivora And Rodentia) in the Bukk Mts (Hungary). In Mahunka, S. (ed.): the Fauna of the Bukk National Park II. The Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 449-453 Binns, E.S. (1973). Arctoseius Cetratus (Sellnick) (Acarina: Ascidae) Phoretic on Mushroom Sciarid Flies. Acarologia 14:351-6 Evans, G.O. (1992). Principles of Acarology. CAB International, Cambridge Halliday, R.B., Walter, D.E. & Lindquist, E.E. (1998). Revision of the Australian Ascidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Invertebrate Taxonomy 12:1-54 Karg W. 1993. Acari (Acarina), Milben. Parasitiformes (Anactinochaeta). Cohors Gamasina Leach. Raubmilben. (Second Edition). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 59: 1-523. Krantz GW. 1986. A Manual of Acarology. Second edition, 1978, emended 1986. (Oregon State University Book Stores, Corvallis, Oregon USA). Lindquist, E.E. (1961). Taxonomic and Biological Studies of Mites of the Genus Arctoseius Thor from Barrow, Alaska (Acarina: Acesejidae). Hilgardia 30:301-50 Lindquist, E.E. & Evans, G.O. (1965). Taxonomic Concepts in the Ascidae, with a Modified Setal Nomenclature for the Idiosoma of the Gamasina (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 47:1-64 Norton, R.A., Bonamo, P.M., Grierson, J.D. and Shear, W.A. (1988). Oribatid Mite Fossils from a Terrestrial Devonian Deposit near Gilboa, New York. Journal of Paleontology 62:259-269 Sabelis, M.W., Bruin, J. (1996). Evolutionary Ecology: Life History Patterns, Food Plant Choice and Dispersal. In: Lindquist, E.E., Sabelis, M.W., Bruin, J. (eds.) Eriophyoid Mites — Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pest Series. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 6:329–366

НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О КЛЕЩАХ Arctoseius (Acari: Ascidae) НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПРОВИНЦИИ ХОРАСАН РАЗАВИ, ИРАН

M.Mегранян Государственный аграрный университет Армении

Получены новые данные о мезостигматическом клеще (Arctoseius cetratus) Сельника (семейство Аскидай), собранном с поверхности земли и с опавших листьев фруктовых садов в провинции Хорасан Разави. Клещи характеризуют следующие особенности: верхушки спинного щита в нижней части незначительно изогнуты; щетинка j1 видна сверху; передние конечности перитремы не согнуты вниз; спинной щит – со среднебоковыми разрезами; II- IV лапки – с дорсолатеральными околовершинными щетинками и растянуты; щупальца без макрощетинок.

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êï³óí»É »Ý Ýáñ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ Êáñ³ë³Ý è³½³íÇáõÙ ÑáÕÇ Ù³Ï»ñ¨áõÛÃÇó ¨ Ùñ·³ïáõ ³Û·ÇÝ»ñÇ Ã³÷í³Í ï»ñ¨Ý»ñÇó Ñ³í³ùí³Í ê»ÉÝÇÏ (²ëÏÇ¹³Û ÁÝï³ÝÇù) Ù»½áëïÇ·Ù³ïÇÏ ïÇ½»ñÇ (Arctoseius cetratus) í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: îÇ½»ñÇÝ µÝáñáß ¿ÇÝ Ñ»ï¨Û³É ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ. Ù»çùÇ å³ïÛ³ÝÇ ·³·³ÃÝ»ñÁ ëïáñÇÝ Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ ³ÝÝß³Ý Ã»ùí³Í »Ý, j1 Ù³½ÇÏÝ»ñÁ ï»ë³Ý»ÉÇ »Ý í»ñ¨Çó, å»ñÇïñ»ÙÇ ³é³çÝ³ÛÇÝ í»ñçáõÛÃÝ»ñÁ Ã»ùí³Í ã»Ý Ý»ñù¨, Ù»çùÇ å³ïÛ³ÝÁ ÙÇçÏáÕ³ÛÇÝ Ïïñí³ÍùÝ»ñáí ¿, II-IV Ã³ÃÇÏÝ»ñÁ ¹áñëáÉ³ï»ñÇ³É Ñ³ñ·³·³Ã³ÛÇÝ Ù³½ÇÏÝ»ñáí »Ý ¨ Ó·í³Í, ßáß³÷áõÏÝ»ñÝ` ³é³Ýó Ù³ÏñáÙ³½»ñÇ:

UDC: 636.5:574(55)

SURVEY ON ZEOEPIDEMIOLOJICAL AND PATHOGENIC FACTORS CAUSING POULTRY FATALITY IN ILAM

M. Sadeghian, S. Yeghoyan, H. Mohammadi State Agrarian University of Armenia

Keywords: poultry, fatality, Ilam, insurance fund

nsurance is among the mechanisms for the application of risk management in which risk is controlled through its transfer in Isuch a way that insurance companies undertake the responsibility of the damage caused by the risk. However, cooperation of people in managing the risk is of great importance. Meanwhile, the insurance company in practice should adopt a fair attitude toward those insured such as differentiating people with different types of risks and applying different plans and policies accordingly so that people with high-risk would be entitled to less supportive means while low-risk ones would benefit from facilities such as discount as an impetus to encourage them to manage or control the risk. Meanwhile, insurance companies might undertake fewer risks, less commitment towards risks in case of people with high risks. The aim of this article, on the one hand, is to study the case of the insured people with high risks who constantly receive compensation from insurance companies and, on the other hand, to employ mechanisms which would not undermine their interest in caring for insurance. The variety of commercial productions and lack of supervision and control on importing different blood forms from all over the world caused diseases in poultry in Iran. This position is because of the overpopulation of poultry in some cities and the gap between farms of those regions. Since studies in Iran on poultry diseases are focused on pathogenic factors or determination of CV and outbreak of different diseases in certain provinces. Eventually, there is no comprehensive investigation at national level. In this survey we try to show the most important pathogenic factors that cause fatality of poultry in Ilam province. In this periodic study, the documents related to the fatality of broiler cockerels comprise the comprehensive insurance system between 2002 and 2008. According to this evidence, 8178523 broiler chickens were included in insurance system, but it's assumed that 64.29% percent broiler cockerels were insured. Fatality caused from different infectious diseases and non- infections such as natural factors (heat & cold stress). The data so far available were surveyed by SPSS 15. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and are presented as mean ± SEM. The rate of fatality among broilers was 14.48%, high rate among 2-6 weeks chickens. CRD with the middle fatality rate of 33.8%, followed by IB with the average fatality rate of 24% were the original causes of fatality as collated to the others six with a rate of around 42.2% exceeding the residential fatalities listed in Ilam. The fatality of diseases (see Table and chart) was different in different years in Ilam which could have been affected by insurance coverage and scientific management that was