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Examining the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Positive Social Attention

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Examining the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Positive Social Attention Examining the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Positive Social Attention A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Bethany N. Neczypor August 2015 © 2015 Bethany N. Neczypor. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Examining the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Positive Social Attention by BETHANY N. NECZYPOR has been approved for the Department of Psychology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Justin W. Weeks Professor of Psychology Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract NECZYPOR, BETHANY N., M.S., August 2015, Clinical Psychology Examining the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Positive Social Attention Director of Thesis: Justin W. Weeks According to psycho-evolutionary models, self-conscious emotions operate as warning signals pertaining to threats to one’s social rank, and trigger submissive behavioral responses, which serve to appease group members. Although negative social interactions may provoke fear of rejection, positive social interactions may provoke fear that one will come into conflict with more powerful others who may become threatened by an individual’s social gains (e.g., see Weeks, Jakatdar, & Heimberg, 2010). The proposed study examined emotional (e.g., state anxiety) and behavioral (e.g., submissive head orientation) responses to positive attention. To study these effects, participants were randomly assigned to either: (1) experience more positive attention than expected by social norms (i.e., overinclusion) or (2) a control condition (i.e., a reasonably expected amount of positive attention [inclusion]) during a simulated “getting acquainted” task. It was hypothesized that trait levels of social anxiety would interact with experimental condition to predict (1) self-reported state levels of anxiety and (2) submissive displays. Although state anxiety did not vary by experimental condition, the interaction of trait social anxiety and condition predicted submissive head movements. Specifically, highly socially anxious participants tilted their heads leftward during the task (reflecting increased self-conscious emotions), and this relationship was strongest in response to greater positive attention (overinclusion), whereas less socially anxious participants 4 tended to tilt their heads rightward when receiving greater positive attention. It appears that positive social attention can trigger involuntary displays of self-conscious emotions in the absence of explicit reports of anxiety. 5 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 Monitoring Social Status ................................................................................................... 11 Social Anxiety and Positive Social Events ....................................................................... 14 Present Research ............................................................................................................... 16 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 18 Participants .................................................................................................................... 18 Manipulations ............................................................................................................... 18 Manipulations of social dominance .......................................................................... 18 Manipulation of positive social attention .................................................................. 20 Measures ....................................................................................................................... 21 Demographics questionnaire ..................................................................................... 22 Manipulation checks ................................................................................................. 22 Trait measures ........................................................................................................... 23 Head orientation ........................................................................................................ 24 Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) .............................................................. 24 Avatar postures ......................................................................................................... 25 Procedures ..................................................................................................................... 25 Experimental portion ................................................................................................. 26 Results ............................................................................................................................... 30 Preliminary Analyses .................................................................................................... 30 Perceptions of social dominance ............................................................................... 30 Perceptions of positive attention ............................................................................... 30 Perceptions of group dynamics ................................................................................. 30 State anxiety .............................................................................................................. 31 Head orientation descriptive statistics ....................................................................... 32 6 Primary outcome measures ....................................................................................... 32 Primary Analyses .......................................................................................................... 33 Head orientation ........................................................................................................ 33 Avatar postures ......................................................................................................... 35 State anxiety during the getting acquainted task ....................................................... 36 Anticipatory anxiety about meeting the simulated players ....................................... 37 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 39 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 46 Limitations and Future Directions ................................................................................ 48 References ......................................................................................................................... 53 Endnotes ............................................................................................................................ 64 Appendix A: Photographs of the Simulated Players ......................................................... 71 Appendix B: Pilot Study ................................................................................................... 72 Appendix C: "Introduce Yourself" Questions and Responses .......................................... 77 Appendix D: Additional Study Measures ......................................................................... 80 Appendix E: Perceived Closeness Items ........................................................................... 87 Appendix F: Trait Questionnaires ..................................................................................... 88 Appendix G: Analysis of Head Elevation and Head Bow ................................................ 91 7 List of Tables Page Table 1. Distributions of Standardized Positive Social Attention That the Participants Received Per Experimental Condition ............................................................... 66 Table 2: Correlations Among Trait Measures and Primary Outcome Measures ........... 67 8 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Head Tilt as a Function of Condition and Trait Social Anxiety ..................... 68 Figure 2. Head Tilt as a Function of Condition and FPE .............................................. 69 Figure 3. Women’s Choice of Dominance Display as a Function of Condition and Trait Social Anxiety .................................................................................................... 70 9 Introduction Social connections to others are fundamental to human wellbeing and survival (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Social relationships are a source of support and comfort, but they may also produce stress, conflict, and anxiety. Although some degree of social anxiety is commonly experienced by healthy individuals, levels of social anxiety can reach clinically severe levels for some individuals and interfere significantly with one’s daily routine and functioning. Social anxiety disorder (SAD; i.e., social phobia; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013)
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