Solar Fuels – Work Carried out by the German Aerospace Center
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Project Final Report
Project Final Report Grant Agreement Number: FP7 - 285098 Project acronym: SOLAR-JET Project title: Solar chemical demonstration and Optimization for Long-term Availability of Renewable JET fuel Funding Scheme: Collaborative Project (Small or medium-scale focused research project) Name, title and organisation of the scientific representative of the project's coordinator: Dr Andreas Sizmann, Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V.(BHL), Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 85521 Ottobrun, Germany Tel: +49 89 307 4849-38 Fax: +49 89 307 4849-20 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Final Publishable Summary Report ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................6 1.2 Context and Objectives .............................................................................................................7 1.3 Main Results / Foreground .................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Potential Impact ..................................................................................................................... 34 1.5 SOLAR-JET Consortium ........................................................................................................ 39 2. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... -
Sixty Years of Australia in Space
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 153, part 1, 2020, pp. 46–57. ISSN 0035-9173/20/010046-12 Sixty years of Australia in space Kerrie Dougherty Space Humanities Department, International Space University, Strasbourg, France Email: [email protected] Abstract Australia’s involvement in space activities commenced in 1957, at the beginning of the Space Age, with space tracking and sounding rocket launches at Woomera. By 1960, Australia was considered one of the leading space-active nations and in 1967 became one of the earliest countries to launch its own satellite. Yet by 1980, Australia’s space prominence had dwindled, with the country lacking both a national space agency and a coherent national space policy. Despite attempts in the latter part of the 1980s to develop an Australian space industry, the lack of a coherent and consistent national space policy and an effective co-ordinating body, left Australia constantly “punching below its weight” in global space activities until the Twenty First Century. This paper will briefly examine the often-contradictory history of Australian space activities from 1957 to the announcement of the Australian Space Agency in 2017, providing background and context for the later papers in this issue. Introduction Launchpad: the Woomera or 60,000 years the Indigenous people of Rocket Range FAustralia have looked to the sky, using “If the Woomera Range did not already exist, the stars to determine their location, find the proposal that Australia should engage in their way across the land and mark the a program of civil space research would be passage of the seasons and the best times unrealistic”. -
Global Exploration Roadmap
The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System. -
Solar Photochemistry: Twenty Years of Progress ,What's Been
January 1995 • NRELffP-433-7209 Solar Ph -Twenty Years of Progress, Been Accomplished, an Where Does It Lead? Daniel M. Blake .r1t••�=!.• ·-· • National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, CO 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by the Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy Under Contract No. DE-AC 36-83CH10093 NREL!TP-433-7209 • UC Category: 1400 • DE95004007 &!i!F'' of Progress Whal1�s Been Does It Daniel M. Blake National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by Midwest Research Institute for the Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093 Prepared under Subcontract No. SI41.3040 January 1995 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. -
CSIRO Annual Report 2000-01
CSIRO 2000 - 2001 Annual Report CSIRO Annual Report 2000-2001 www.csiro.au CSIRO – the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation - is one of the largest and most diverse scientific institutions in the world. It has a staff of over 6 000 located at 60 sites throughout Australia. CSIRO is an independent statutory authority constituted and operating under the provisions of the Science and Industry Research Act 1949 and the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997. Enquiries Tel 1300 363 400 Email [email protected] Web www.csiro.au csiro annual report 00-01 [i] csiro annual report 00-01 [ii] Letter of Transmittal >> Senator The Honourable Nick Minchin Minister for Industry, Science and Resources Parliament House CANBERRA ACT 2600 We have pleasure in submitting to you, for presentation to Parliament, the fifty-third Annual Report of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. This report has been prepared in compliance with the requirements of the Science and Industry Research Act 1949 and the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997. We commend the Organisation’s achievements to you. D Charles K Allen, AO Geoff G Garrett Chairman of the Board Chief Executive September 2001 letter of transmittal csiro annual report 00-01 [iii] Board resolution >> The 2000-01 CSIRO Annual Report has been approved for presentation to the Minister for Science, Industry and Resources. Signed this 3rd day of September 2001 in accordance with a resolution of the Board Members. D Charles K Allen, AO Geoff G Garrett -
A Critical Review on Thermal Energy Storage Materials and Systems for Solar Applications
AIMS Energy, 7(4): 507–526. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2019.4.507 Received: 05 July 2019 Accepted: 14 August 2019 Published: 23 August 2019 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/energy Review A critical review on thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar applications D.M. Reddy Prasad1,*, R. Senthilkumar2, Govindarajan Lakshmanarao2, Saravanakumar Krishnan2 and B.S. Naveen Prasad3 1 Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam 2 Department of Engineering, College of Applied Sciences, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman 3 Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Abstract: Due to advances in its effectiveness and efficiency, solar thermal energy is becoming increasingly attractive as a renewal energy source. Efficient energy storage, however, is a key limiting factor on its further development and adoption. Storage is essential to smooth out energy fluctuations throughout the day and has a major influence on the cost-effectiveness of solar energy systems. This review paper will present the most recent advances in these storage systems. The manuscript aims to review and discuss the various types of storage that have been developed, specifically thermochemical storage (TCS), latent heat storage (LHS), and sensible heat storage (SHS). Among these storage types, SHS is the most developed and commercialized, whereas TCS is still in development stages. The merits and demerits of each storage types are discussed in this review. Some of the important organic and inorganic phase change materials focused in recent years have been summarized. The key contributions of this review article include summarizing the inherent benefits and weaknesses, properties, and design criteria of materials used for storing solar thermal energy, as well as discussion of recent investigations into the dynamic performance of solar energy storage systems. -
Chemical Reactions: Flying on Sunshine
Chemistry Chemical Reactions: Flying on sunshine Can we make jet fuel from industrialised photosynthesis? In this lesson you will explore this question and others such as: • What molecules are involved in the process of photosynthesis? • How can the similarities between photosynthesis and syngas production be used to make clean, green jet fuel? • What is syngas and how is it made? • What do the public think about alternative energies? So, let’s take off on a jet propelled investigation into the latest and greatest alternative energy investigation! This is a print version of an interactive online lesson. To sign up for the real thing or for curriculum details about the lesson go to www.cosmosforschools.com Introduction: Reactions (P1) The Sun could be the source of a huge amount of the energy we use here on Earth. But usually when we talk about “solar power” we mean the electricity that is generated using solar panels that convert the Sun’s energy to electricity. Now scientists have come up with a brand new way of using sunlight to make fuel to drive aeroplanes and cars, and the inspiration comes from nature. Plants convert sunshine to usable energy in a process called photosynthesis. In a process that is similar, scientists have combined carbon dioxide and water, driving the reaction with concentrated energy from the Sun, to make carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a combination known as syngas, that can be used to make jet fuel. At the moment the process is too expensive to be used by airlines, but the important thing is that it has been proven possible. -
SPACE EXPLORATION SYMPOSIUM (A3) Space Exploration Overview (1)
68th International Astronautical Congress 2017 Paper ID: 36776 oral SPACE EXPLORATION SYMPOSIUM (A3) Space Exploration Overview (1) Author: Dr. Ed Kruzins Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Centre, Australia, [email protected] DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION AND AUSTRALIA'S ROLE THROUGH THE CANBERRA DEEP SPACE COMMUNICATION COMPLEX Abstract For over 5 decades, the Canberra Space Communications Complex (CDSCC) managed by the Com- monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) has been the leading Australian ground station facility for the US Deep Space Network (DSN). In collaboration with NASA JPL and sister stations in Spain and the USA, CDSCC tracks more than 40 International spacecraft to every planet in the solar system through the robotic science exploration missions of NASA, ESA, JAXA and other international space agencies. From the first Pioneer and Voyager missions to visit the outer planets and fly through the then unchartered Asteroid Belt to the Dawn missions exploration of Vesta and Ceres, to the Spirit, Opportunity and 2012 Curiosity rover landing on the Martian planet, CDSCC has provided a critical node to planetary scientists as they explore deep space. Among the hundreds of successful missions supported, CDSCC was global prime for the Galileo mission as the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descended towards the surface of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. In 2010 CDSCC provided support to the JAXA Hyabusa mission as it re-entered over Australia and in 2015 was a key downlink station for the New Horizons Pluto Charon flyby providing the first ever detailed images of Pluto. This paper will discuss the key role that this NASA-JPL-CSIRO Australian ground station continues to play in robotic solar system exploration, the important science diplomacy achieved and the future place Australia has through CDSCC and the DSN, in manned space flight. -
Embracing Astrobiology
First Words Embracing astrobiology ‘Astrobiology’ is a term popularised in inspiration to us all. I know from 1998 by a decision of the US space agency experience that it is an effective way to NASA to establish the NASA Astrobiology attract good students into science and Institute (NAI). The then Administrator engineering. Aren’t these things we of NASA, Daniel Goldin, declared that should be doing to build a ‘clever country’? “biology will be the science of the 21st To many of us, the only way forward century”. seems to be to build astrobiology, space The NAI was established to promote science and space exploration programs research aimed at gaining a fundamental from the ground up. There has been no understanding of the full potential of living significant Commonwealth Government systems. Its goal is to understand how life action for decades, and constant lobbying begins and evolves, whether life exists has achieved little. In my opinion, the elsewhere in the universe, and what the way to go is to foster and coordinate the Malcolm Walter future holds for life on Earth and beyond. specialist expertise we have, rather than While such broadly interdisciplinary Director, Australian Centre for Astrobiology attempting something grandiose. Biotechnology Research Institute research is not entirely new, the NAI was to Macquarie University NSW 2109 I may be proven wrong, but I do not give it new vigour and new resources. And Tel: (02) 9850 8354 foresee a long-term role for Australia in it has. Fax (02) 9850 8248 launching space vehicles. However, I do E-mail: [email protected] Australia and New Zealand are well-placed Website: http://aca.mq.edu.au see Australian scientists designing and to play a major role in this field. -
Solar Photochemistry - Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez
SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND PHOTOENERGY SYSTEMS – Vol. II - Solar Photochemistry - Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain Keywords: Solar photochemistry, solar technology, UV light, solar collectors, photosynthetic processes, photochemical synthesis, solar photocatalysis, water treatment, air treatment, solar detoxification, titanium dioxide, photo-Fenton process. Contents 1. Solar Chemistry 2. Artificial Solar Photochemical Processes 3. Biological Photosynthetic Processes 4. Photochemical Synthetic Applications 4.1 Photooxygenation of Furfural 4.2 Synthesis of substituted Pyridines 4.3 Solar photo-production of Caprolactam 4.4 Photochemical synthesis of Thiohelicenes 4.5 Photocyclisation of substituted Benzylidenes to annulled Quinolines 4.6 Other solar driven photochemical processes 5. Solar Photocatalytic Processes to Water Contaminants Treatment 5.1 Heterogeneous titanium dioxide solar detoxification 5.2 Homogeneous solar photocatalytic processes 6. Gas Phase Photocatalytic Treatment Processes 7. Pilot Scale Solar Photochemical Facilities 8. Conclusions Appendix Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Fossil fuelsUNESCO are currently the primary – source EOLSS of energy that powers our modern civilization. As the world’s population and energy demand continue to grow however, abundant and inexpensive fossil fuel supplies are dwindling. Use of fossil fuels is not sustainable. OnceSAMPLE they are used there will be CHAPTERSnone left for future generations. We must therefore develop and expand other sources of energy, such as renewable energies, both to help our environment and to supply our energy needs. Solar technologies could provide an adequate solution towards a sustainable future, as there is a general consensus that future energy supply will have to rely increasingly on renewable sources, of which the sun is regarded by many as the most important energy source. -
Solar Energy Perspectives
Solar Energy TECHNOLOGIES Perspectives Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp Renewable Energy Renewable Solar Energy Renewable Energy Perspectives In 90 minutes, enough sunlight strikes the earth to provide the entire planet's energy needs for one year. While solar energy is abundant, it represents a tiny Technologies fraction of the world’s current energy mix. But this is changing rapidly and is being driven by global action to improve energy access and supply security, and to mitigate climate change. Technologies Solar Around the world, countries and companies are investing in solar generation capacity on an unprecedented scale, and, as a consequence, costs continue to fall and technologies improve. This publication gives an authoritative view of these technologies and market trends, in both advanced and developing Energy economies, while providing examples of the best and most advanced practices. It also provides a unique guide for policy makers, industry representatives and concerned stakeholders on how best to use, combine and successfully promote the major categories of solar energy: solar heating and cooling, photovoltaic Technologies Solar Energy Perspectives Solar Energy Perspectives and solar thermal electricity, as well as solar fuels. Finally, in analysing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors – buildings, industry and transport – it explores the leading role solar energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system. Renewable Energy (61 2011 25 1P1) 978-92-64-12457-8 €100 -:HSTCQE=VWYZ\]: Renewable Energy Renewable Renewable Energy Technologies Energy Perspectives Solar Renewable Energy Renewable 2011 OECD/IEA, © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. -
Solar and Fuel Cells Technology Fundamentals & Design
PDHonline Course E512 (8 PDH) _______________________________________________________________________________ Solar and Fuel Cells Technology Fundamentals & Design Instructor: Jurandir Primo, PE 2016 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E512 www.PDHonline.org SOLAR AND FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1 – SOLAR ENERGY I. INTRODUCTION II. SOLAR ENERGY TIMELINE III. SOLAR POWER PANELS IV. LARGE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS V. SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION VI. SOLAR THERMAL PANELS VII. SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS VIII. SOLAR SYSTEMS INSTALLATION IX. BASIC ELECTRICITY – OHM´S LAW AND POWER X. SOLAR PANELS DESIGN XI. HOW TO WIRE THE SOLAR PANELS CHAPTER 2 – FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION II. FUEL CELLS HISTORY III. MAIN FUEL CELLS TYPES IV. OTHER FUEL CELLS DEVELOPMENT V. FUEL CELLS BASIC CHARACTERISTICS VI. FUEL CELLS GENERAL APPLICATIONS VII. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS VIII. HYDROGEN USE IN FUTURE IX. LINKS AND REFERENCES ©2016 Jurandir Primo Page 1 of 76 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E512 www.PDHonline.org CHAPTER 1 - SOLAR ENERGY: 1. INTRODUCTION: Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable, using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as, solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar ar- chitecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy, whose tech- nologies are broadly characterized as, either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. The passive solar techniques include orienting architecture to the sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.