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Solar Fuels – Work Carried out by the German Aerospace Center

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Solar Fuels – Work Carried out by the German Aerospace Center www.DLR.de • Chart 1 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Solar Fuels – work carried out by the German Aerospace Center Christian Sattler DLR Institute of Solar Research Solar Chemical Engineering [email protected] www.DLR.de • Chart 2 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Introduction • Introduction of DLR • Solar Fuels – wide variety with great perspectives • Drivers for solar (thermal) fuels • Synergies with industrial processes • Connections to fossil ressources • Innovative processes • Summary and Outlook www.DLR.de • Chart 3 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 DLR German Aerospace Center Research Institution Research Areas Space Agency • Aeronautics Project Management Agency • Space Research and Technology • Transport • Energy www.DLR.de • Chart 4 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Locations and employees 7700 employees across Stade Hamburg 32 institutes and facilities at Neustrelitz Bremen Trauen 16 sites. Berlin Braunschweig Offices in Brussels, Paris, Tokyo, Washington, and Goettingen Almería. Juelich Cologne Bonn Permanent delegation at the European Solar Test Centre Lampoldshausen Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain Stuttgart Augsburg Oberpfaffenhofen Weilheim DLR.de • Chart 5 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Participation in the Helmholtz Association • Success in obtaining program-oriented funding • Added value from support of the Helmholtz Association • Helping to shape the organisational development process www.DLR.de • Chart 6 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Speaker: R. van de Krol (HZB) HGF POF III - TOPIC: Solar Fuels Deputy: C. Sattler (DLR) Goal: To demonstrate stand-alone, viable systems for the production of chemical fuels with sunlight Sub-Topics: Thermochemical Routes DLR Photoelectrochemical Routes HZB Bioartificial Photosynthesis UFZ Systems Design DLR, HZB, UFZ www.DLR.de • Chart 7 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 DLR Institute of Solar Research Main Topic: Solar Thermal Power Plants 140 Persons 5 Departments, 4 Sites Köln‐Porz, Jülich Stuttgart Plataforma Solar de Almería Jülich (Permanent Delegation) Köln‐Porz and Office in Almería, Spain Stuttgart www.DLR.de • Chart 8 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Competences of the Department of Solar Chemical-Engineering 850 mm Development of components and processes 530 mm 1000 mm 298 100000 and 193 RECDEA 309 298 1500000 1500000 9 298 193 100000 MIX2 CO-OUT CO CO2-OUT 12 298 DEA 1500000 371 DEATOT 298 314 193 200000 DEA FLASH 1500000 1500000 973 500 16 1073 ABSOR BER 13 25 1500000 1500000 353 RECSPLT MIX1 1500000 10 20 20 1500000 STRIPPER 25 LOSS1 COOL1 CO2 CO2TOT 205 Q=-11238142 CO 1 422 398 CO-O2 298 Q=-10978344 8 200000 100000 100000 Q=100000000 QC=0 189 193 Q=-2484963 WATER 4 QR=0 COOL4 MIX3 QC=-21373997 9 D EAREC 1073 QR=87412428 scientific, technologic and 1373 1500000 413 Q=-584 29041 1500000 1373 413 O2 5 1473 100000 6 0 1500000 100000 298 298 1500000 5 RECREG 9 9 SEP 1500000 9 COOL3 1500000 LOSS2 O2, CO2 4 O2,CO2 4 5 7 Temp erature (K) MIX4 REGOUT 413 N2 Q=-938 1091 N2TOT Pressure (N/sq m) Q=-1 100000 Q=-1077572 Mass Flow Rate (kg/sec) N2REC economic evaluation Q=8127743 4 Q Duty (Watt) Solar Fuels H > 20 years experience and 2 H2O MOMOH international cooperation O2 redox Processes Reforming of NG 800 – 1200 °C Thermo-chemical cycles Sulfur metal oxides Solar HT electrolysis ½ O2 O Cracking of methane MOMO2 redox Photo-catalysis Products 1200°C H2, syn-gas, methanol, FT-Synfuels … (Roeb, Müller-Steinhagen, Science, Aug. 2010.) Contact DLR: Dr. Martin Roeb, ([email protected] Tel.: +49(0)2203 601 2673) www.DLR.de • Chart 10 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Development of EU GHG emissions [Gt CO2e] www.DLR.de • Chart 11 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Hydrogen Vision by the CHIYODA Corporation • Import of renewable hydrogen from Australia • Cycling of the liquids Toluen and MCC (Methyle Cyclohexane) • High storage capacity of 3 mols of H2 in 1 mol of MCC www.DLR.de • Chart 12 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Canadian Oil Sands – Vision by Alberta Innovates • In 2011, 3MM bpd of oil from Alberta, 59% from oil sands • Oil sands account for 38.2% of GHG in Alberta (2010) •H2 production is #1 source of CO emissions/bbl 2 GHG sources ‐ synthetic crude • Up to 2000 scf H /bbl needed 2 Hydrogen Steam 37% to turn bitumen into synthetic 27% crude • SMR is the main technology • Solar fuels as GHG mitigation Hot water Power 9% Others 11% alternative to CCS 16% Source: S. Trottier et al., Alberta Innovates, Canada www.DLR.de • Chart 13 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Hydrogen for Mobile Applications - Hyundai • In early 2012, a Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell set a range record for hydrogen cars by driving from Oslo to Monaco using only existing fuelling stations • Production of the Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell began in January 2013, making Hyundai the first automaker to begin commercial production of a hydrogen-powered vehicle. • Hyundai plans to manufacture 1.000 units of the hydrogen-powered ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles by 2015, targeted predominantly at public sector and private fleets, with limited mass production of 10.000 units beyond 2015. www.DLR.de • Chart 14 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Toyota • Successful startup: -30° Celsius • Extended cruising range: 830km (JC08 mode) without refueling • A sedan-type next-generation fuel-cell concept is planned for launch in about 2015. • Toyota says it will be among the first manufacturers to bring hydrogen- powered vehicles to the European market in 2015. The company has also said it will start selling fuel cell vehicles in the US in 2015, first in California. www.DLR.de • Chart 15 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Hydrogen Planes? • Standard for rockets – e.g. ARIANE V • Proven for jet planes in the 1980s e.g. by Tupolev and for small fuel cell aircrafts e.g. DLR Antares • Safety advantage – most casualties because of burning cerosene, hydrogen would be gone instantly (burning batteries are even worse) • But unlikely for mass application in the next decades because of the existing proven and expensive infrastructure, long lifetime of aircrafts Need for liquid fuels with very high quality and reduced carbon foot print - Solar Jet Fuels! www.DLR.de • Chart 16 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Potential of Solar Energy Power/fuel production of solar plant of the size of Lake Assuan equals (energetically) the entire crude oil production of the Middle East!! > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Concentrating Solar Approaches 17 www.DLR.de • Chart 18 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Chemical energy storage = very high energy densities Technology Energy Density (kJ/kg) Hydrogen 142000 Gasoline 45000 Sulfur 12500 Cobalt Oxide Redox‐cycle 850 Lithium Ion Battery 580 Molten Salt (Phase Change) 230 Molten Salt (Sensible) 155 Elevated water Dam (100m) 1 www.DLR.de • Chart 19 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Energy Provision and Storability Thermochemical Storability Processes HIGH Heat Heat High Temperature Photothermochemical Electrolysis Processes Electricity Electricity Light Electrolysis Photochemical Light Processes LOW Photoelectrochemical Processe www.DLR.de • Chart 20 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Solar Chemistry instead of Solar Power • Solar Thermochemistry is efficient bcompared to solar powered Electrochemistry because energy conversion steps are reduced! • Example: Hydrogen production: H2O → H2 + ½ O2 • Solarchemical: 2 conversions • Solar radiation – heat – Chemical reaction • Via solar power: 4 conversions • Solar radiation – heat – mechanical energy – electrical energy – chemical reaction • Solar photo-chemistry uses the light directly without any conversion. Photo-chemistry can be economical if the reaction needs a large amount of photons • Example: Production of Caprolactam an intermediate for Nylon Annual production > 200,000 t (artificial light reduces the efficiency) www.DLR.de • Chart 21 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Efficiency comparison for solar hydrogen production from water (SANDIA, 2008)* Process T Solar plant Solar- η η Optical η η [°C] receiver T/C Receiver Annual + power (HHV) Efficiency [MWth] Solar – H2 Elctrolysis (+solar- NA Actual Molten 30% 57% 83% 14% thermal power) Solar tower Salt 700 High temperature 850 Future Particle 45% 57% 76,2% 20% steam electrolysis Solar tower 700 Hybrid Sulfur- 850 Future Particle 51% 57% 76% 22% process Solar tower 700 Hybrid Copper 600 Future Molten 49% 57% 83% 23% Chlorine-process Solar tower Salt 700 Nickel Manganese 1800 Future Rotating 52% 77% 62% 25% Ferrit Process Solar dish Disc < 1 *G.J. Kolb, R.B. Diver SAND 2008-1900 21 www.DLR.de • Chart 22 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Established High Temperature Industrial Processes • Gasification and reforming of carbonaceous feedstock for the production Roof‐fired industrial of synthesis gas reformer • Natural gas • Coal • Petcoke •Waste •Biomass Goal: Fuels with reduced CO2 emissions for power production but also for air, land, and, sea transportation • Sulfuric acid splitting • Sulfuric acid production Goals: Reduction of emissions, raise of efficiency, production of heat and hydrogen www.DLR.de • Chart 23 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 CO2 Reduction by solar heating of steam methane reforming and coal gasification 30 CG 25 20 CO2 Reduction 20 – 50% 15 SPCR kg/kg SMR 10 SSMR 5 0 SMR SSMR CG SPCR www.DLR.de • Chart 24 > Solar Fuels > 25 Novemberr 2013 Solar Methane Reforming – Technologies decoupled/allothermal indirect (tube reactor) Integrated, direct, volumetric Source: DLR Reformer heated externally Irradiated reformer “tubes” filled with Catalytic active direct
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