DOCSLIB.ORG

Solar Photochemistry: Twenty Years of Progress ,What's Been

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solar Photochemistry: Twenty Years of Progress ,What's Been January 1995 • NRELffP-433-7209 Solar Ph -Twenty Years of Progress, Been Accomplished, an Where Does It Lead? Daniel M. Blake .r1t••�=!.• ·-· • National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, CO 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by the Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy Under Contract No. DE-AC 36-83CH10093 NREL!TP-433-7209 • UC Category: 1400 • DE95004007 &!i!F'' of Progress Whal1�s Been Does It Daniel M. Blake National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by Midwest Research Institute for the Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093 Prepared under Subcontract No. SI41.3040 January 1995 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from: Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available by calling (615) 576-8401 Available to the public from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 (703) 487-4650 t!) Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper and 10% postconsumer waste SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY-TWENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS, WHArs BEEN ACCOMPLISHED, AND WHERE DOES IT LEAD? Daniel M. Blake Industrial Technologies Division National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado ABSTRACT given in Table 1. It has been more than 20 years since the first oil embargo. Table 1. Representative Chemical Reactions That Can Store That event created an awareness of the need for alternative Solar Energy sources of energy and renewed interest in combining sunlight and chemistry to produce the chemicals and materials required by industry. This paper will review approaches that (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) have been taken, progress that has been made, and give some projections for the near and longer term prospects for 286 237 commercialization of solar photochemistry. INTRODUCTION 703 The dramatic increases in the cost of oil beginning in 1974 focussed attention on the need to develop alternative sources 286 237 of energy. It has long been recognized that the sunlight falling on the earth's surface is more than adequate to supply all the energy that human activity requires. The challenge is to collect and convert this dilute and intermittent energy to forms that are convenient and economical or to use the photons in place of those from lamps. The subject of this paper is the 110 use of sunlight as a photon source for photochemical reactions. As a consequence, work on thermal and thermal catalytic reactions such as pyrolysis, and reforming are not covered. Solar photochemistry is broadly defined to include chemical production by both direct photochemistry (abiotic) and via photosynthetic organisms. These processes generally start with substances in low energy, highly oxidized forms. An exception is the last From the outset it was recognized that direct conversion of. example which is a valence isomerization reaction. The light to chemical energy held promise for the production of requirements for viable processes were outlined by Bolton (5], fuels, chemical feedstocks, and for the storage of solar as follows (with some modification by the author): energy. Production of chemicals by reactions that are uphill in the thermodynamic sense can utilize solar energy and store 1. The photochemical reaction must be endergonic it in forms that can be used in a variety of ways. A wide range 2. The process must be cyclic (for energy storage of chemical transformations that illustrate the concept have this must be the case, for carbon based fuels recycle been proposed (1,2,3,4]. A few representative examples are of C02 would reduce greenhouse gases) Daniel M. Blake 3. Side reactions that degrade the photochemical The processes of interest to us in this article are reactants must be absent photochemical hence they require that some component of 4. The reaction should use as much of the solar the reacting system be capable of absorbing a photon in the spectrum as possible solar spectrum. Normally, each photon can initiate at most 5. The quantum yield (moles product/mole of one chemical event hence the efficiency or quantum yield photons absorbed) for the photochemical step defined as moles product/moles photons absorbed can be at should be near unity most one. The exception is if the photon initiated event starts 6. The back reaction should be very slow to allow a free radical chain reaction, in which case the quantum yield storage of the products but rapid when based on moles of product formed per mole of photons triggered to recover the energy content absorbedcan be greater than one. Because photons can be 7. The products of the photochemical reaction treated like any other chemical reagent in the process, their should be easy to store and transport number is a critical element in the consideration of solar 8. The reagents and container material should be photochemistry. The distribution of the number of photons in inexpensive and non-toxic the solar spectrum is given in Rgure 1. It can be seen that" 2 9. The process should operate under aerobic the flux is below a millimole/m sec in any given wavelength conditions band at one-sun light intensities. In general the wavelengths above about 800 nm are Jess likely to contribute to The key feature is that the reactions would raise the energy photochemistry and that portion of the solar spectrum must be content of the chemicals using solar energy. It was dealt with as waste heat in a chemical process. recognized from the outset that this approach is in the realm of long-term research and development. REVIEW OF PROGRESS A second pathway for the use of sunlight in photochemistry Endergonlc Photochemical Reactions is to use solar photons as replacements for those from artificial sources such as arc lamps, fluorescent lamps, and lasers that The archetypal uphill, endergonic, solar photoconversion are powered by electricity . The goal in this case is to provide reaction is photosynthesis, converting water and carbon a costeffective and energy conserving source of light to drive dioxide to glucose and oxygen using sunlight as the energy photochemical reactions that produce useful products. source, which Is shown above. This process has been the subject of intense study for decades because of its key The latter approach can build on the well developed importanceto life on earth. A high level of understanding has understanding of organic and inorganic photochemistry [6,7). unfolded [9]. Photosynthetic plants have evolved to use the Photochemical reactions can be used to carry out a wide visible portionof the solar spectrum where photons are most range of chemical syntheses ranging from the simple to the abundant and of adequate energy to carry out the chemistry complex. For example, (some chemical reactions are shown required. Plants use light with wavelengths shorter than about in schematic, unbalanced form): 700 nm, are adapted to use Jess than one sun of light intensity, and integrate available sunlight over long times [5]. hv, solvent To do this they have evolved a photosynthetic reaction center Mo(C0)6 + C5H5N ---------------- > Mo(C0)5(C5H5N) + CO to absorb the light and store its energy long enough to carry out the chemistry. To generate enough reducing potential the 0 processrequires the absorption of two photons. The complex reaction center structurefunctions to collect light and separate � the positive and negative charges (oxidized and reduced � sites) formed when the photons are absorbed so they can be held long enough for the complexchemical transformations to Processes of this type can start with more complex occur. compounds than would fuel producing or energy storage reactions and convert them to substances where the Because of nature's demonstrated success with photochemical step adds to the value to the chemical photosynthesis a significant amount of R&D continues to be products. The principles of photochemistry are well directed toward an artifiCial analog. A defining feature of this understood and examples of a wide range of types of approach is understanding the mechanisms of electron synthetic transformations known. Therefore the problem transfer and developing methods to separate charge [10,1 1 ]. becomes one of identifying applications where using solar The concept can be illustrated in a schematic way as follows photons is possible and makes economic sense. for a chemical structure that includes a photosensitizer, P; a linking component. L; and a quencher, a. In this example the The third path for using sunlight In chemical production Is to excited state P* plays the role of electron donor [11]: utilize photosynthetic organisms to produce high value chemical products. A wide range of chemicals are available P-L-Q + hv � *P-L-Q (excitation) from the biomass produced by simple or complex plants [8]. *P-L-Q � P-L-Q* (energy transfer) *P-L-Q � p•-L-a· (electron transfer) 2 Daniel M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Project Final Report
    Project Final Report Grant Agreement Number: FP7 - 285098 Project acronym: SOLAR-JET Project title: Solar chemical demonstration and Optimization for Long-term Availability of Renewable JET fuel Funding Scheme: Collaborative Project (Small or medium-scale focused research project) Name, title and organisation of the scientific representative of the project's coordinator: Dr Andreas Sizmann, Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V.(BHL), Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 85521 Ottobrun, Germany Tel: +49 89 307 4849-38 Fax: +49 89 307 4849-20 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Final Publishable Summary Report ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................6 1.2 Context and Objectives .............................................................................................................7 1.3 Main Results / Foreground .................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Potential Impact ..................................................................................................................... 34 1.5 SOLAR-JET Consortium ........................................................................................................ 39 2. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Review on Thermal Energy Storage Materials and Systems for Solar Applications
    AIMS Energy, 7(4): 507–526. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2019.4.507 Received: 05 July 2019 Accepted: 14 August 2019 Published: 23 August 2019 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/energy Review A critical review on thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar applications D.M. Reddy Prasad1,*, R. Senthilkumar2, Govindarajan Lakshmanarao2, Saravanakumar Krishnan2 and B.S. Naveen Prasad3 1 Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam 2 Department of Engineering, College of Applied Sciences, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman 3 Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Abstract: Due to advances in its effectiveness and efficiency, solar thermal energy is becoming increasingly attractive as a renewal energy source. Efficient energy storage, however, is a key limiting factor on its further development and adoption. Storage is essential to smooth out energy fluctuations throughout the day and has a major influence on the cost-effectiveness of solar energy systems. This review paper will present the most recent advances in these storage systems. The manuscript aims to review and discuss the various types of storage that have been developed, specifically thermochemical storage (TCS), latent heat storage (LHS), and sensible heat storage (SHS). Among these storage types, SHS is the most developed and commercialized, whereas TCS is still in development stages. The merits and demerits of each storage types are discussed in this review. Some of the important organic and inorganic phase change materials focused in recent years have been summarized. The key contributions of this review article include summarizing the inherent benefits and weaknesses, properties, and design criteria of materials used for storing solar thermal energy, as well as discussion of recent investigations into the dynamic performance of solar energy storage systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Reactions: Flying on Sunshine
    Chemistry Chemical Reactions: Flying on sunshine Can we make jet fuel from industrialised photosynthesis? In this lesson you will explore this question and others such as: • What molecules are involved in the process of photosynthesis? • How can the similarities between photosynthesis and syngas production be used to make clean, green jet fuel? • What is syngas and how is it made? • What do the public think about alternative energies? So, let’s take off on a jet propelled investigation into the latest and greatest alternative energy investigation! This is a print version of an interactive online lesson. To sign up for the real thing or for curriculum details about the lesson go to www.cosmosforschools.com Introduction: Reactions (P1) The Sun could be the source of a huge amount of the energy we use here on Earth. But usually when we talk about “solar power” we mean the electricity that is generated using solar panels that convert the Sun’s energy to electricity. Now scientists have come up with a brand new way of using sunlight to make fuel to drive aeroplanes and cars, and the inspiration comes from nature. Plants convert sunshine to usable energy in a process called photosynthesis. In a process that is similar, scientists have combined carbon dioxide and water, driving the reaction with concentrated energy from the Sun, to make carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a combination known as syngas, that can be used to make jet fuel. At the moment the process is too expensive to be used by airlines, but the important thing is that it has been proven possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Photochemistry - Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez
    SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND PHOTOENERGY SYSTEMS – Vol. II - Solar Photochemistry - Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez SOLAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY Julián Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez Plataforma Solar de Almería. CIEMAT, Spain Keywords: Solar photochemistry, solar technology, UV light, solar collectors, photosynthetic processes, photochemical synthesis, solar photocatalysis, water treatment, air treatment, solar detoxification, titanium dioxide, photo-Fenton process. Contents 1. Solar Chemistry 2. Artificial Solar Photochemical Processes 3. Biological Photosynthetic Processes 4. Photochemical Synthetic Applications 4.1 Photooxygenation of Furfural 4.2 Synthesis of substituted Pyridines 4.3 Solar photo-production of Caprolactam 4.4 Photochemical synthesis of Thiohelicenes 4.5 Photocyclisation of substituted Benzylidenes to annulled Quinolines 4.6 Other solar driven photochemical processes 5. Solar Photocatalytic Processes to Water Contaminants Treatment 5.1 Heterogeneous titanium dioxide solar detoxification 5.2 Homogeneous solar photocatalytic processes 6. Gas Phase Photocatalytic Treatment Processes 7. Pilot Scale Solar Photochemical Facilities 8. Conclusions Appendix Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Fossil fuelsUNESCO are currently the primary – source EOLSS of energy that powers our modern civilization. As the world’s population and energy demand continue to grow however, abundant and inexpensive fossil fuel supplies are dwindling. Use of fossil fuels is not sustainable. OnceSAMPLE they are used there will be CHAPTERSnone left for future generations. We must therefore develop and expand other sources of energy, such as renewable energies, both to help our environment and to supply our energy needs. Solar technologies could provide an adequate solution towards a sustainable future, as there is a general consensus that future energy supply will have to rely increasingly on renewable sources, of which the sun is regarded by many as the most important energy source.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Energy Perspectives
    Solar Energy TECHNOLOGIES Perspectives Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp Renewable Energy Renewable Solar Energy Renewable Energy Perspectives In 90 minutes, enough sunlight strikes the earth to provide the entire planet's energy needs for one year. While solar energy is abundant, it represents a tiny Technologies fraction of the world’s current energy mix. But this is changing rapidly and is being driven by global action to improve energy access and supply security, and to mitigate climate change. Technologies Solar Around the world, countries and companies are investing in solar generation capacity on an unprecedented scale, and, as a consequence, costs continue to fall and technologies improve. This publication gives an authoritative view of these technologies and market trends, in both advanced and developing Energy economies, while providing examples of the best and most advanced practices. It also provides a unique guide for policy makers, industry representatives and concerned stakeholders on how best to use, combine and successfully promote the major categories of solar energy: solar heating and cooling, photovoltaic Technologies Solar Energy Perspectives Solar Energy Perspectives and solar thermal electricity, as well as solar fuels. Finally, in analysing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors – buildings, industry and transport – it explores the leading role solar energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system. Renewable Energy (61 2011 25 1P1) 978-92-64-12457-8 €100 -:HSTCQE=VWYZ\]: Renewable Energy Renewable Renewable Energy Technologies Energy Perspectives Solar Renewable Energy Renewable 2011 OECD/IEA, © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar and Fuel Cells Technology Fundamentals & Design
    PDHonline Course E512 (8 PDH) _______________________________________________________________________________ Solar and Fuel Cells Technology Fundamentals & Design Instructor: Jurandir Primo, PE 2016 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E512 www.PDHonline.org SOLAR AND FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1 – SOLAR ENERGY I. INTRODUCTION II. SOLAR ENERGY TIMELINE III. SOLAR POWER PANELS IV. LARGE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS V. SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION VI. SOLAR THERMAL PANELS VII. SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS VIII. SOLAR SYSTEMS INSTALLATION IX. BASIC ELECTRICITY – OHM´S LAW AND POWER X. SOLAR PANELS DESIGN XI. HOW TO WIRE THE SOLAR PANELS CHAPTER 2 – FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION II. FUEL CELLS HISTORY III. MAIN FUEL CELLS TYPES IV. OTHER FUEL CELLS DEVELOPMENT V. FUEL CELLS BASIC CHARACTERISTICS VI. FUEL CELLS GENERAL APPLICATIONS VII. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS VIII. HYDROGEN USE IN FUTURE IX. LINKS AND REFERENCES ©2016 Jurandir Primo Page 1 of 76 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E512 www.PDHonline.org CHAPTER 1 - SOLAR ENERGY: 1. INTRODUCTION: Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable, using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as, solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar ar- chitecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy, whose tech- nologies are broadly characterized as, either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. The passive solar techniques include orienting architecture to the sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Energy - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Solar energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.[1] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar Nellis Solar Power Plant in the United States, one of techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting the largest photovoltaic power plants in North materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. America. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, Renewable energy inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Chemistry Using Concentrating Solar Facilities
    SOLAR CHEMISTRY USING CONCENTRATING SOLAR FACILITIES Karl-Heinz Funken German Aerospace Research Establishment, DLR, Linder Höhe, D-51170 Köln 1. Introduction In the long term serious changes may occur for both the availability and the proper distribut- ion of fossil energy and material ressources. During the next decades a drastic increase of the primary energy demand can be expected worldwide which will result in increasing CO2- emissions as well [1]. In the today's hydrocarbon-based economy carbonaceous fuels play a dual role as the most important primary energy carrier and as the feedstock for the production of numerous user goods. The use of solar energy in industrial processes may help to extend the availability of fossil hydrocarbons and to mitigate CO2-emissions. Research and development in SOLAR CHEMISTRY intends to establish useful applications of concentrated solar radiation for the processes of the chemical, oil and gas processing, smelting and ceramic industries. The ultimate goal is the chemical storage of solar energy to make that energy source available regardless of time and location. In the long term future also fossil fuels as required for the conversion of crude feedstocks or the production of basic chem- icals could be substituted by solar energy if the costs are acceptable [2,3]. The technical feas- ibility of solar reforming of methane has already been demonstrated at an engineering scale applying different reactor concepts [4,5]. For the short to mid term future some market niches can already be identified today [6]. These include the solar photochemical production of specialty chemicals and the solar detoxification of polluted water and hazardous wastes.
    [Show full text]
  • OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE of a 5 Kw SOLAR CHEMICAL REACTOR for the CO-PRODUCTION of ZINC and SYNGAS
    33 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF A 5 kW SOLAR CHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE CO-PRODUCTION OF ZINC AND SYNGAS S. Kraupl, A. Steinfeld (ETH Zurich and PSI) We report on the operational performance of a 5 kW solar chemical reactor for the combined ZnO- reduction and CH4 -reforming “SynMet” process. The reactor features a pulsed vortex flow of CH4 laden with ZnO particles, which is confined to a cavity-receiver and directly exposed to solar power fluxes ex­ ceeding 2000 kW/m2. Reactants were continuously fed at ambient temperature, heated by direct irradia­ tion to above 1350 K, and converted to Zn(g) and syngas during mean residence times of 10 seconds. Typical chemical conversion attained at the reactor outlet was 100% to Zn and up to 70% to syngas. The thermal efficiency was in the 15-22% range. The experimental results indicate that the solar chemical re­ actor technology can be further up-scaled and developed for an industrial application. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 REACTOR DESIGN The solar chemical reactor technology for the Figure 2 shows schematically the SynMet-reactor. It “SynMet ”-process, i.e. the solar co-production of zinc consists of a 240 mm-length 110 mm-diameter cylin ­ and synthesis gas (syngas) by the combined drical cavity that contains a 6 cm-diameter windowed reduction of ZnO and reforming of CH4 , is being aperture to let in concentrated solar energy. The developed for converting solar energy into storable quartz window is cooled and protected from condens­ and transportable fuels [1]. The overall reaction can able gases by an auxiliary gas flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Energy Conversion Technologies and Research Opportunities
    STANFORD UNIVERSITY Global Climate & Energy Project Technical Assessment Report An Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion Technologies and Research Opportunities GCEP Energy Assessment Analysis Summer 2006 Abstract The solar energy flux reaching the Earth’s surface represents a few thousand times the current use of primary energy by humans. The potential of this resource is enormous and makes solar energy a crucial component of a renewable energy portfolio aimed at reducing the global emissions of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the current use of this energy resource represents less than 1% of the total electricity production from renewable sources. Even though the deployment of photovoltaic systems has been increasing steadily for the last 20 years, solar technologies still suffer from some drawbacks that make them poorly competitive on an energy market dominated by fossil fuels: high capital cost, modest conversion efficiency, and intermittency. From a scientific and technical viewpoint, the development of new technologies with higher conversion efficiencies and low production costs is a key requirement for enabling the deployment of solar energy at a large scale. This report summarizes the state of the research in some mature and emerging solar technologies with high potential for large- scale energy production, and identifies fundamental research topics that are crucial for improving their performance, reliability, and competitiveness. Issued by the Global Climate and Energy Project http://gcep.stanford.edu Table
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Chemical Heat Pipe
    INIS-mf—13904 k^.r.sjrc? j ^PUBLICATIO^ N DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Publication No. 3- Recipient Accession No. MOEI - RD -14 - 91 . Title and Subtitle 5- Publication Date Solar Chemical Heat Pipe. August 1991 Closed-Loop . Reformer/Methanator at the Solar Furnace of the Weizmann Institute. 6. Performing; Organiz. Code 7. Author(s) 8. Perform. Organiz. Rep. No M. Levy 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10.Project/Task/Work Unit No The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 11.Contract No. 90-05-025/90-1-85 12.Sponsoring Organizations) Name and Address 13•Type of Report and Period (a) Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure Covered Division of Research and Development Final Report P.O.Box 13106, 91130 Jerusalem 1987-1991 (b) lA.Sponsoring Organiz. Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 Words) The performance of a solar chemical heat pipe was studied using (X>2 reforming of methane as the vehicle for storage and transport of solar energy. The endothermic reforming reaction was carried out in an Inconel reactor , packed with a Hh catalyst. The reactor was suspended in an insulated box receiver which was placed in the focal plane of the Schaeffer Solar Furnace of the Weizmann Institute of Science. The exothermic methanation reaction was run in a 6-stage adiabatic reactor filled with the same Rh catalyst. Conversions of over 80% were achieved for both reactions. In the closed loop node the products frcm the reformer and from the methanator were ccnpressed into separate storage tanks. The two reactions were run either separately or "on-line".
    [Show full text]
  • Background Materials
    Energy Storage Systems Report File Updated: March 18, 2019 BACKGROUND MATERIALS Index Public Meeting Transcript.........................................................................2 C-46 Industry Expert Meeting Transcript.............................................192 C-10 Industry Expert Meeting Transcript.............................................252 Letters on Behalf of C-46 Industry........................................................293 Letters on Behalf of C-10 Industry........................................................481 Letters. from Elected Officials................................................................845 Electrical Industry Fact Sheet & Petition..............................................855 Social Media Report................................................................................957 Please note: Due to the amount of materials received for the Energy Storage System report, some of these background materials may have inadvertently been placed in the incorrect section of this file. As errors are noted, the file will be updated and reposted on the CSLB website. Updated: 3/18/2019 1 APRIL 25-26, 2018 PUBLIC HEARING TRANSCRIPTS . Updated: 3/18/2019 2 TRANSCRIPTION OF RECORDED MEETING OF CSLB PUBLIC PARTICIPATION HEARING APRIL 25 & 26, 2018 SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA Moderator: Rick Lopes, CSLB Chief of Public Affairs Transcribed by: Wendy K. Sawyer, Foothill Transcription Company May 8, 2018 Elk Grove, California --o0o-- Updated: 3/18/2019 3 Rick Lopes: Good morning. It is now 9 o'clock. We will give you a few more minutes here just to settle in. We do have a number of people still signing in. So we'll get started in just a couple of moments. Hello and good morning. We're going to go ahead and get started. It's about five after 9:00 right now. I know some people are still coming in. We were just going to get going so we can kind of stay on track. We have a number of speakers who are already signed up.
    [Show full text]