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Transit and Urban Form TCRP PROJECT H-1 Transit and Urban Form PUBLIC POLICY AND TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: SIX INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES Prepared for Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board National Research Council Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Dr. Robert Cervero Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. Jeffrey Zupan March 1996 TCRP H-1: Public Policy and Transit Oriented Development TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT........................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 1.2 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES.....................................................................................1 1.3 METHODS .................................................................................................................3 1.4 THE CASE STUDY REGIONS...................................................................................3 1.5 REPORT ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................5 2.0 HOUSTON CASE STUDY.............................................................................................7 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................7 2.2 THE HOUSTON CONTEXT .......................................................................................8 2.3 TRANSIT IN HOUSTON...........................................................................................18 2.4 TRANSIT AND URBAN FORM.................................................................................27 2.5 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................31 3.0 WASHINGTON, D.C. CASE STUDY...........................................................................37 3.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................37 3.2 CONTEXT FOR STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT.................................................38 3.3 STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT ...........................................................................50 3.4 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................65 4.0 PORTLAND CASE STUDY .........................................................................................71 4.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................71 4.2 THE PORTLAND REGION.......................................................................................74 4.3 PORTLAND'S LIGHT RAIL SYSTEM.......................................................................77 4.4 PLANNING IN THE PORTLAND REGION...............................................................79 4.5 STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS ..............................................................83 4.6 STATION AREA STORIES ......................................................................................89 4.7 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................91 5.0 VANCOUVER, BC CASE STUDY ...............................................................................99 5.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................99 5.2 CONTEXT FOR STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT...............................................101 5.3 STATION AREA DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................112 5.4 STATION AREA STORIES ....................................................................................120 5.5 CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................129 6.0 OTTAWA-CARLETON CASE STUDY.......................................................................137 6.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................137 6.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT...........................................................................................140 6.3 THE CURRENT OC TRANSPO SYSTEM .............................................................143 6.4 COORDINATED LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ....................148 6.5 STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT .........................................................................154 6.6 STATION-AREA DEVELOPMENT IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT............................161 6.7 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................166 7.0 CURITIBA CASE STUDY..........................................................................................173 7.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................173 7.2 CONTEXT FOR INTEGRATING TRANSIT AND LAND USE PLANNING .............175 7.3 EVOLUTION OF INTEGRATED PLANNING IN CURITIBA ...................................176 7.4 LAND-USE REGULATIONS AND SUPPORTIVE POLICIES.................................186 7.5 RIDERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE BENEFITS ....................................................190 7.6 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................193 i TCRP H-1: Public Policy and Transit Oriented Development Acknowledgments Robert Cervero, University of California, Berkeley, is the author of the Ottawa-Carleton and Curitiba case studies. Judy Davis, Parsons Brinckerhoff, is the author of the Introduction and the Houston and Portland case studies. Douglas R. Porter, AICP, Growth Management Advisor, is the author of the Washington, D.C. case study. Robert Spillar, Parsons Brinckerhoff, is the author of the Vancouver, B.C. case study. Samuel Seskin, Parsons Brinckerhoff, is the Principal Investigator for the project. Barbara Johnson, Philip Hitt, and others at Parsons Brinckerhoff provided assistance with production and graphics. TCRP H-1: Public Policy and Transit Oriented Development 1.0 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION This report examines the integration of land use and transit planning in station areas and corridors using case studies of six metropolitan areas--three in the United States and three from other nations. Planners and researchers have long debated how, when, and why development occurs around transit stations and in transit corridors. Planners want to know how much development will occur if an investment in transit is made. They also need to know what institutions, policies, and development tools will assist development near transit stations. These case studies allow identification of the factors that facilitate transit supportive development at the station area. The objectives of the case studies are to: • Identify the role of transit, in combination with supportive public policies and institutions, in influencing the built environment at transit stations and in transit corridors. • Identify the unique cultural and institutional issues and barriers in the United States which mediate between transit and urban form. • Furnish case studies of successful and unsuccessful station area development patterns and an analysis of the reasons for these outcomes. Transit oriented development is only an example of outcomes which result from more systemic forces in the region. The culture, institutions, leaders, and policies of the entire region have as much to do with what happens along transit lines as local ordinances and the prerogatives of private land owners. Hence, each case study looks broadly at the characteristics of the region as well as discussing development along particular transit corridors and stations. 1.2 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES The case studies illustrate a number of principles for integrating transit and land in stations areas that are summarized below. Regional Vision. Regions that have successfully integrated transit and land use planning have developed a vision of the preferred future settlement pattern for their region. Local governments share this vision and develop land use regulations that implement the vision. Transit investments are used to support the land use vision. Strong, Respected Institutions. The regions have governmental agencies--transit providers, regional planning bodies, or redevelopment agencies--with the authority (sometimes granted by the state or province, sometimes based on performance) to make transit oriented development work. There are strong working relationships between local and regional government agencies. Parsons Brinckerhoff 1 Transit Oriented Development TCRP H-1: Public Policy and Transit Oriented Development Leadership. A leader who articulates the regional vision and oversees its implementation is often critical to its success. Transit-Supportive Cultures. People in these regions believe that transit is an important component of the urban fabric and an efficient, reliable alternative to the automobile. High Quality Transit Service. All the transit agencies provide efficient, clean, and on-time service, have well managed systems, and use transit technology that fits the particular needs of their region. Many are innovators in transit infrastructure and service delivery. Regional Growth. In the most successful regions, transit investments were made just prior to or during a period of rapid population growth. Development was occurring that could be channeled
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