1 Hume's Argument Against the Miraculous and Theistic Rationality

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1 Hume's Argument Against the Miraculous and Theistic Rationality Hume’s Argument Against the Miraculous and Theistic Rationality. David Hume’s argument in the seminal `Of Miracles’ concludes in stating that it is always irrational for a person to believe in the instantiation of the miraculous. Following from this Hume states that theistic belief can never be epistemically justified and that for person to do so s/he must resort to fideistic strategies.1 Hume’s argument in his essay is in fact a variegated one arguing for the irrationality of belief in any miracle and the second a group of a posteriori arguments arguing for the lack of evidence regarding past purported miracles.2 It will be the claim of the first argument on which this paper will concentrate. This paper will argue that, on the correct reading, Hume’s argument is coherent and that faith in a supernatural power may be foundationless given the assumption that the wise man is external to the events he is evaluating. However, if this assumption is not granted and the wise man is a witness to the alleged miracle then he may be epistemically justified both in his belief in the actuality of the event and his theistic convictions. It should be noted that this paper will have one major limitation. Hume, (127) argues that a “miracle can never be proved, so as to be the foundation of a system of religion”. This must include a study of the arguments of part two of his essay, which, because of space limitations is unfeasible. However, the argument in this would be much the same as the conclusion to this paper. Also, if the argument of this paper is upheld that the principle and the major theoretical obstacle to revealed religion regarding the miraculous will be overcome (Flew: 1997: 46). Hume’s argument in `Of Miracles’ is an ambiguous one and that two different readings appear feasible (Geisler, 1997: 75). The author will refer to these as the a priori and a posteriori arguments. However, prior to exploring these arguments in any detail the author will delineate Hume’s conception of the miraclulous.3 1 Elsewhere in his dialogues Hume writes that in the realm of religion “A total suspense of judgement is here our only reasonable resource” Humes, Dialogues concerning natural Religion cited in Charlesworth, 2002: 99). 2 These arguments are given in part two of Hume’s work. The overall argument is that no historical miracle- claim is believeable because a) people love to sensationalise and gossip about extraordinary events, b) some religious people are prepared to deceive to advance their truth-claims, c) these miracles often appear to occur in “ignorant and barborous nations” and finally d) miracles occur within the context of different miracles and are inter-mutally discredited by members of these religions. In this paper the author will refer the the a posteriori argument, however, in this paper the reader should understand that this refers to what will be shown as a alternate reading of Hume’s first argument and not one of the a posteriori delineated here. 3 There are, in the author’s opinion, serious inadequecies in Hume’s concept of Miracle. However, to establish the level of the argument’s self-referential cogency Hume’s concept of the miraculous will be be granted. 1 The fullest explication Hume, (115 n.1) gives on what constitutes a miracle is “a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent”. Immediately prior to this statement Hume, (115) noted that nothing “is esteemed a miracle, if it ever happen in the common course of nature”. Foundational to Hume’s definition is a) the belief that there are laws of Nature, b) the conviction that these laws of nature are immutable4 and, c) that the truth or falsity of the God-hypothesis is immaterial to the continued operation of these laws.5 The a priori Argument. The a priori argument against the very possibility of the miraculous can be formularised as follows: 1. A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature (Hume, 114). 2. These laws have been established on the basis of “firm and unalterable experience” (Hume, 114) Therefore, 3. Miracle cannot occur.6 It is clear that for many such a syllogism has proved convincing; for instance, John Hick, (1973: 46) can declare that “if a miracle is defined as a breach of natural law, one can declare a priori that there are no miracles”. To this argument in its humean formulation, however, the author would like to posit an objection. Hume’s argument seems to beg the question. The crucial point of discussion must concern premiss 2. Since a law of nature is defined as unalterable experience and a miracle is a violation of these laws, then a miracle is a violation of what cannot be altered (Geisler, 1997: 75). Hence, were it the case that the sun not rising tomorrow were in fact a special act of God, this could still not be a miracle. Instead of the proposition X = Y (where X is the regular occurrence of the sun rising in the morning and Y is the law of nature) one could 4 Hume, (114 emphasis added) notes that “a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws”. It remains the case that one’s understanding of what these Laws actually are is mutable as the contingencies of scientific knowledge continue to advance. 5 Hume has not offered any proof that these Laws of Nature will in the future continue to determine the conditions of life. Logically the proposition ‘the sun has risen every morning for the last X millenia’ does not definitively prove that `the sun will rise tomorrow morning’. This is a logical conclusion from the first two propositions (if A and B then C). 6 Hume, (115) seems to argue this way when he writes: There must, therefore, be a uniform experience against every miraculous event, otherwise the event would not merit that appelation [premiss 1 and 2]. And as a uniform experience amounts to a proof, here is a direct and full proof, from the nature of the fact, against the existence of any [a priori] miracle; nor can such a prrof be destroyed (Emphasis added). 2 justifiably posit Y = X + 1(day) because Y corresponds to regular experience.7 In short, since the very notion of an actual miracle, within the strict confines of the syllogism, is both physically and logically impossible any event that would seem be such an event necessititates a readjustment to Y for the argument to remain valid. Given that Hume has defined a miracle as a violation of natural law and secondly declared that everything that occurs in this world is determined and explained by these natural laws then the way Hume begs the question is made clear. Hume assumes the truth of metaphysical naturalism. Given that Hume’s argument is an attempt to argue for the non-ocurrence of a miracle the prior assumption that everything must be explainable by purely natural means with no space for supernatural agency is unreasonable. Of course, metaphysical naturalism may be true, however, for Hume’s argument to avoid begging the question he must at least grant that it might not be (Nash, 1997: 119-123; Reppert, 1998: paragraphs 10 -15).8 The a priori Argument and Theistic Rationality. Were it the case that the a priori argument were true then Hume would have reached a proof not only for the non-existence of the miraculous but also the non-existence of a deity that intervenes in human affairs vis-à-vis the falsity of orthodox Christianity. If laws of nature were absolute and immutable in the fashion Hume argued then claims of Jesus being born of a virgin, living on the earth as the hypostatic union of deity and humanity and rising from the dead never again to die are a priori erroneous. Reason would dictate as absurd anyone who would countenance such beliefs. The a posteriori Argument A far more significant humean argument against epistmeology of theistic belief Hume’s a posteriori argument. A distinction should here be made between the possibility of the occurrence of a miracle and the reasonableness of an agent’s belief in the occurrence of this same alleged miracle (Davis, 1993: 3; Flew, 1997: 49). Hume’s a posteriori argument is an attempt to argue that there have never been the circumstances present, and there it is unlikely that the necessary epistemic environment will ever be actualised to make belief in a 7 Of course Y in this context is not synonymous with a law of nature but rather humanity’s understanding what are the laws of nature. It would be the case that the agents would understand X + 1 better corresponds to Y than X did. 8 Metaphysical naturalism is defined as the a priori exclusion of any supernatural entity whereas methodological naturalism is taken to refer to the reasonable presumption against a supernatural incursion into the natural. 3 particular miracle reasonable. Given the question-begging present in the a priori argument, one may restate the first two premises as follows: 4. A miracle is by definition uncommon and not in accord with natural law. 5. Natural Law is the description of regular occurrences. Premiss (4) solves the previous question-begging flaw in the a priori argument by admitting the theoretical possibility of the miraculous.9 Likewise, premiss (5) maintains that collective human experience is important for discovering the nature and content of natural laws.
Recommended publications
  • The Revelation of God, East and West: Contrasting Special Revelation in Western Modernity with the Ancient Christian East
    Open Theology 2017; 3: 565–589 Analytic Perspectives on Method and Authority in Theology Nathan A. Jacobs* The Revelation of God, East and West: Contrasting Special Revelation in Western Modernity with the Ancient Christian East https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0043 Received August 11, 2017; accepted September 11, 2017 Abstract: The questions of whether God reveals himself; if so, how we can know a purported revelation is authentic; and how such revelations relate to the insights of reason are discussed by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, G. W. Leibniz, and Immanuel Kant, to name a few. Yet, what these philosophers say with such consistency about revelation stands in stark contrast with the claims of the Christian East, which are equally consistent from the second century through the fourteenth century. In this essay, I will compare the modern discussion of special revelation from Thomas Hobbes through Johann Fichte with the Eastern Christian discussion from Irenaeus through Gregory Palamas. As we will see, there are noteworthy differences between the two trajectories, differences I will suggest merit careful consideration from philosophers of religion. Keywords: Religious Epistemology; Revelation; Divine Vision; Theosis; Eastern Orthodox; Locke; Hobbes; Lessing; Kant; Fichte; Irenaeus; Cappadocians; Cyril of Alexandria; Gregory Palamas The idea that God speaks to humanity, revealing things hidden or making his will known, comes under careful scrutiny in modern philosophy. The questions of whether God does reveal himself; if so, how we can know a purported revelation is authentic; and how such revelations relate to the insights of reason are discussed by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, G.
    [Show full text]
  • PHILOSOPHY of RELIGION Philosophy 185 Spring 2016
    PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Philosophy 185 Spring 2016 Dana Kay Nelkin Office: HSS 8004 Office Hours: Monday 11-12, Friday 11-12, and by appointment Phone: (858) 822-0472 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.danakaynelkin.com Course Description: We will explore five related and hotly debated topics in the philosophy of religion, and, in doing so, address the following questions: (i) What makes something a religion? (ii) Is it rational to hold religious beliefs? Should we care about rationality when it comes to religious belief? (iii) Could different religions be different paths to the same ultimate reality, or is only one, at most, a “way to God”? (iv) What is the relationship between science and religion? (v) What is the relationship between morality and religion? Must religious beliefs be true in order for morality to exist? As we will see, the philosophy of religion leads naturally into just about every other area of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and the history of philosophy, and into particular central philosophical debates such as the debate over the nature of free will. This means that you will gain insight into many fundamental philosophical issues in this course. At the same time, the subject matter can be difficult. To do well in the course and to benefit from it, you must be willing to work hard and to subject your own views (whatever they may be) to critical evaluation. Evaluating our conception of ourselves and of the world is one of the distinguishing features of philosophy. Requirements: Short reading responses/formulations of questions (150-200 words for each class meeting; 20 out of 28 required) 30% 1 paper in two drafts (about 2200 words) o first draft 10% (Due May 13) o second draft, revised after comments 25% (Due May 23) 1 take-home final exam (35%) (Due June 4, 11 am) up to 5% extra credit for participation in class group assignments and discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Expanded Conception of Philosophy of Religion
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Int J Philos Relig DOI 10.1007/s11153-016-9597-7 ARTICLE Thickening description: towards an expanded conception of philosophy of religion Mikel Burley1 Received: 30 March 2016 / Accepted: 29 November 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract An increasingly common complaint about philosophy of religion— especially, though not exclusively, as it is pursued in the “analytic tradition”—is that its preoccupation with questions of rationality and justification in relation to “theism” has deflected attention from the diversity of forms that religious life takes. Among measures proposed for ameliorating this condition has been the deployment of “thick description” that facilitates more richly contextualized understandings of religious phenomena. Endorsing and elaborating this proposal, I provide an over- view of different but related notions of thick description before turning to two specific examples, which illustrate the potential for engagement with ethnography to contribute to an expanded conception of philosophy of religion. Keywords Thick description · Expanding philosophy of religion · Radical pluralism · Ethnography · Interdisciplinarity · Animal sacrifice · Buddhism [I]f one wants to philosophize about religion, then one needs to understand religion in all its messy cultural-historical diversity. Insofar as one considers only a limited set of traditions or reasons, one’s philosophy of religion is limited. (Knepper 2013, p. 76) What’s ragged should be left ragged. (Wittgenstein 1998, p. 51) A common and thoroughly understandable complaint about much contemporary philosophy of religion is that its scope remains abysmally restricted.
    [Show full text]
  • Craig, William Lane. "Religious Epistemology"
    verified, positivistic philosophers held them to be literally meaningless, as if one had asserted, “’t was brillig, and the slythey toves did gyre and gimble in the wabe.” Under criticism, the Verification Principle underwent a number of changes, including its permutation into the Falsification Principle, which held that a meaningful sentence must be capable in principle Religious epistemology of being empirically falsified. The fate of religious William Lane Craig language was thought to be no brighter under falsificationism than under verificationism, as became evident at a famous Oxford University symposium on “Theology and Falsification” held in 1948. "Enlightenment critiques of the reasonableness of religious belief point to defects not so much in At the symposium Antony Flew borrowed a story religious belief as in the conceptions of told several years earlier by John Wisdom knowledge uncritically adopted as the basis of concerning two explorers who came upon a patch these critiques. Maybe religious knowledge looks of flowers in a jungle clearing. One explorer was dubious because we have the wrong idea about convinced that the flowers were tended by a what it is to know something and how we know gardener. In the ensuing days, however, despite what we know." --C. Stephen Evans and Merold the explorers’ every effort to find him, no gardener Westphal, Christian Perspectives on Religious was ever detected. To save his hypothesis, the Knowledge. one explorer was progressively forced to qualify his original hypothesis to the point that the Introduction hypothesized gardener must be invisible, intangible, and undetectable. To which the other In Religious Epistemology we encounter the finally replied, “Just how does what you call an intersection of traditional epistemology with the invisible, intangible, eternally elusive gardener newly burgeoning field of Philosophy of Religion.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechteld Jansen
    JOHN SOBERT SYLVEST AND AMOS YONG REASONS AND VALUES OF THE HEART IN A PLURALISTIC WORLD Toward a Contemplative Phenomenology for Interreligious Dialogue Introduction Our present postmodern situation is characterized by radical pluralism. There is resistance to essentialism in religion and insistence on religious pluralism as a fact, a suspicion about theological metanarratives as opposed to thinking about theological systems or worldviews, and a rejection of any type of philo- sophic synthesis in favor of epistemological perspectivism and axiological re- lativism. Yet the quest for unity—philosophic, theological, and even religious —will probably never subside, perhaps in large part because there is a com- monality of human experience, as difficult as that might be to identify discur- sively. The key may be to be suggestive rather than definitive about the hu- man condition, proposing a speculative vision that is simultaneously pragmat- ically guided. We are bold enough to suggest yet another way forward, although also chas- tened enough by late modernity to do so tentatively. In brief, the hypothesis we propose is an axiological one concerning human life as a quest for value- realization. The task of axiological discernment, however, will need to pro- ceed along various lines, some confined within a particular community of inquirers and others engaged across various communities of inquiry. More precisely put, if we adopt a contemplative phenomenology that more broadly conceives religious epistemology beyond the traditional philosophical
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of Religion
    Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy of Religion INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION BEAU BRANSON, MARCUS WILLIAM HUNT, TIMOTHY D KNEPPER, ROBERT SLOAN LEE, STEVEN STEYL, HANS VAN EYGHEN, BEAU BRANSON (BOOK EDITOR), AND CHRISTINA HENDRICKS (SERIES EDITOR) Rebus Community Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy of Religion by Beau Branson, Marcus William Hunt, Timothy D Knepper, Robert Sloan Lee, Steven Steyl, Hans Van Eyghen, Beau Branson (Book Editor), and Christina Hendricks (Series Editor) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. DEDICATION To Roger Branson — the best dad I ever had. For all the sacrifices I know ouy made. And for all the ones I don’t. CONTENTS What is an Open Textbook? ix Christina Hendricks How to Access and Use the Books xi Christina Hendricks Introduction to the Series xiii Christina Hendricks Praise for the Book xvi Acknowledgements xviii Beau Branson and Christina Hendricks Introduction to the Book 1 Beau Branson 1. The Intertwining of Philosophy and Religion in the Western Tradition 7 Beau Branson 2. Reasons to Believe – Theoretical Arguments 18 Marcus William Hunt 3. Non-Standard Arguments for God’s Existence 30 Robert Sloan Lee 4. Reasons Not to Believe 49 Steven Steyl 5. Debunking Arguments against Theistic Belief 62 Hans Van Eyghen 6. From Philosophy of (Mono)theism to Philosophy of Religions 74 Timothy D Knepper Glossary 87 About the Contributors 91 Feedback and Suggestions 94 Adoption Form 95 Licensing and Attribution Information 96 Review Statement 98 Accessibility Assessment 99 Version History 101 WHAT IS AN OPEN TEXTBOOK? CHRISTINA HENDRICKS An open textbook is like a commercial textbook, except: (1) it is publicly available online free of charge (and at low-cost in print), and (2) it has an open license that allows others to reuse it, download and revise it, and redistribute it.
    [Show full text]
  • Inscrutable Evils, Skeptical Theism, and the Epistemology of Religious Trust
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2013 Inscrutable Evils, Skeptical Theism, and the Epistemology of Religious Trust John David McClellan [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Epistemology Commons Recommended Citation McClellan, John David, "Inscrutable Evils, Skeptical Theism, and the Epistemology of Religious Trust. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2459 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by John David McClellan entitled "Inscrutable Evils, Skeptical Theism, and the Epistemology of Religious Trust." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Philosophy. E. J. Coffman, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Richard E. Aquila, John E. Nolt, Carl G. Wagner Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Inscrutable Evils, Skeptical Theism, and the Epistemology of Religious Trust A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville John David McClellan August 2013 Copyright © 2013 by John David McClellan All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Epistemic Humility Threaten Religious Beliefs?
    PTJ0010.1177/0091647118807186Journal of Psychology and TheologyDormandy 807186research-article2018 JPT Special Issue Article Journal of Psychology and Theology 1 –13 Does Epistemic Humility © Author(s) 2018 Article reuse guidelines: Threaten Religious Beliefs? sagepub.com/journals-permissions https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118807186DOI: 10.1177/0091647118807186 journals.sagepub.com/jpt Katherine Dormandy Department of Christian Philosophy, Innsbruck University, Austria Abstract In a fallen world fraught with evidence against religious beliefs, it is tempting to think that, on the assumption that those beliefs are true, the best way to protect them is to hold them dogmatically. Dogmatic belief, which is highly confident and resistant to counterevidence, may fail to exhibit epistemic virtues such as humility and may instead manifest epistemic vices such as arrogance or servility, but if this is the price of secure belief in religious truths, so be it. I argue, however, that even in a world full of misleading evidence against true religious beliefs, cultivating epistemic humility is the better way to achieve believers’ epistemic aims. The reason is that dogmatic belief courts certain epistemic dangers, including to the true religious beliefs themselves, whereas epistemic humility empowers believers to counter them. Keywords fundamentalism, existential, epistemic humility, intellectual humility, virtue, religious epistemology, religious belief, dogmatism Introduction Dogmatic beliefs are highly confident and resilient in “unfavorable epistemic circumstances” (Kelly, 2011, p. 108), including situations in which the believer receives counterevidence. It is fair to say that religious beliefs are prime candidates for being held dogmatically, for there is much at stake emotionally for their truth—and religious communities have indeed been known to shield members from counterevidence and to encourage epistemic obedience.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of the 1St World Congress on Logic and Religion
    2 Handbook of the 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion 3 HANDBOOK OF THE 1ST WORLD CONGRESS ON LOGIC AND RELIGION João Pessoa, Abril 1-5. 2015, Brazil EDITED BY RICARDO SOUSA SILVESTRE JEAN-YVES BÉZIAU 4 Handbook of the 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion 5 CONTENTS 1. The 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion 6 1.1. Aim of the 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion 6 1.2. Call for Papers 1 1.3. Organizers 9 1.3.1. Organizing Committee 9 1.3.2. Scientific Committee 9 1.4. Realization 11 1.5. Sponsors 11 2. Abstracts 12 2.1 Keynote Talks 12 2.2 Contributed Talks 31 3. Index of names 183 3.1. Keynote Speakers 183 3.2. Contributed Speakers 183 6 Handbook of the 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion 1. THE 1ST WORLD CONGRESS ON LOGIC AND RELIGION 1.1. Aim of the 1st World Congress on Logic and Religion Although logic, symbol of rationality, may appear as opposed to religion, both have a long history of cooperation. Philosophical theology, ranging from Anselm to Gödel, has provided many famous proofs for the existence of God. On the other side, many atheologians, such as Hume, for example, have developed powerful arguments meant to disproof God’s existence. These arguments have been scrutinized and developed in many interesting ways by twentieth century analytic philosophy of religion. Moreover, in the Bible the logos is assimilated to God, which has been reflected in western philosophy in different ways by philosophers such as Leibniz and Hegel.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Compatibility of Christian Faith and Theological Agnosticism
    religions Article On the Compatibility of Christian Faith and Theological Agnosticism Emil B. Nielsen 1 and Michael A. Mørch 2,* 1 Department of Systematic Theology, Lutheran School of Theology Aarhus, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; [email protected] 2 Department of Systematic Theology, MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, 0363 Oslo, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Agnosticism is often understood as being in opposition to religious faith. This article examines the two concepts “agnosticism” and “Christian faith” and their interrelated character. We argue that agnosticism and Christian faith are compatible, although agnosticism has some negative consequences for Christian faith seen from a Christian perspective. Keywords: agnosticism; Christian faith; belief; theism; atheism; evidence; emotions; God; Christian practice; religious epistemology 1. Introduction In public discourse, the terms “Christian” and “agnostic” are often used as incompat- ible alternatives. Either you are a Christian or you are an agnostic—you cannot be both. Citation: Nielsen, Emil B., and Atheism and agnosticism, on the other hand, are often conflated so that people are not sure Michael A. Mørch. 2021. On the whether they are atheists or agnostics but, and that is often the decisive part, they do not Compatibility of Christian Faith and go to church. A few years ago, in a public debate, the spokesman of the Danish atheist Theological Agnosticism. Religions 12: society (“Ateistisk Selskab”), the journalist Anders Stjernholm, admitted that he was not an 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel atheist but an agnostic, that is, he claimed that neither he nor anyone else knows whether 12030155 or not God exists (Konnekt 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Scientific Study of Religious Activity Compatible with a “Religious Epistemology”?
    Scientific Models for Religious Knowledge: Is the Scientific Study of Religious Activity Compatible With a “Religious Epistemology”? by Andrew Ralls Woodward A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Divinity of the University of Trinity College and the Theological Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology awarded by the University of Trinity College and the University of Toronto © Copyright by Andrew Ralls Woodward 2016 Scientific Models for Religious Knowledge: Is the Scientific Study of Religious Activity Compatible With a “Religious Epistemology”? Andrew Ralls Woodward Doctor of Theology The University of Trinity College and the University of Toronto 2016 Abstract Epistemologies of tested beliefs (knowledge claims) in scientific practice and non-tested yet faith-imbued beliefs (belief claims) in religious life are compared and contrasted. A study of models of rationality in contemporary philosophy of science and religion is completed with the purpose to assess possible compatibility systems in “science and religion” literature. Myths are re-contextualized in the modern scientific cosmos via the igmythicist conception of myths—myths are neither mere delusions nor reflections of an ontological reality for the gods, but myths are the application of meaning-enclaves enclosed in the world of natural human experience. It is argued that, if a compatibility system is successful in mapping shared epistemic territory between knowledge claims and belief claims, the compatibility system will be based on a theory of rationality which consistently tests knowledge claims and belief claims. While the cognitive values of a scientific epistemology provide an epistemic benchmark for testing many beliefs, the problem of constructing a “religious epistemology” in a modern, Western university is analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Metaphysical Naturalism and the Ignorance of Categorical Properties
    Copyright © 2017 by Lok-Chi Chan Thesis supervisor: Professor David Braddon-Mitchell Department of Philosophy, The University of Sydney Cover design: Chan Man Yuk i Declaration I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work. Assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Lok-Chi Chan ii Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the connections between metaphysical naturalism and the categorical ignorance thesis – offered by Rae Langton (1998), David Lewis (2009), Frank Jackson (1998), and Simon Blackburn (1990) – and determine whether the latter will challenge the former. According to metaphysical naturalism, the actual world contains only metaphysically natural things. According to the categorical ignorance thesis, all we can know about things are their dispositional properties, but the categorical properties that bear these properties remain in principle unknowable. In this dissertation, I will determine whether the ignorance of categorical properties – as Rae Langton (1998), David Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson (2007), John Foster (1993) and Alyssa Ney (2007) argue (or worry about) – is consistent with metaphysical naturalism (or physicalism), and whether it will lead to a scepticism about the metaphysical naturalness of categorical properties, which will, in turn, significantly decrease the probability that metaphysical naturalism is true. Being attracted to metaphysical naturalism, the categorical ignorance thesis, and also the philosophical position that the two theses are consistent, I will argue that the answer to the former question is yes, and that the answer to the latter question is no. Russellian Monism, an influential doctrine in philosophy of mind that is relevant to the topic, will also be considered.
    [Show full text]