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MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami Paulraj and H Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information MIMO Wireless Communications Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology constitutes a breakthrough in the design of wireless communication systems, and is already at the core of several wireless standards. Exploiting multi-path scattering, MIMO techniques deliver significant performance enhancements in terms of data transmission rate and interference reduction. This book is a detailed introduction to the analysis and design of MIMO wireless systems. Beginning with an overview of MIMO technology, the authors then examine the fundamental capacity limits of MIMO systems. Transmitter design, including precoding and space–time coding, is then treated in depth, and the book closes with two chapters devoted to receiver design. Written by a team of leading experts, the book blends theoretical analysis with physical insights, and highlights a range of key design challenges. It can be used as a textbook for advanced courses on wireless communications, and will also appeal to researchers and practitioners working on MIMO wireless systems. Ezio Biglieri is a professor in the Department of Technology at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona. Robert Calderbank is a professor in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Mathematics at Princeton University, New Jersey. Anthony Constantinides is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London. Andrea Goldsmith is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, California. Arogyaswami Paulraj is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, California. H. Vincent Poor is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, New Jersey. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information MIMO Wireless Communications EZIO BIGLIERI Universitat Pompeu Fabra ROBERT CALDERBANK Princeton University ANTHONY CONSTANTINIDES Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine ANDREA GOLDSMITH Stanford University AROGYASWAMI PAULRAJ Stanford University H. VINCENT POOR Princeton University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521137096 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Reprinted with corrections 2007 This digitally printed version 2010 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-87328-4 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-13709-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information To our families. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information Contents List of contributors page ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Notation xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 MIMO wireless communication 1 1.2 MIMO channel and signal model 4 1.3 A fundamental trade-off 8 1.4 MIMO transceiver design 11 1.5 MIMO in wireless networks 15 1.6 MIMO in wireless standards 18 1.7 Organization of the book and future challenges 19 1.8 Bibliographical notes 20 References 20 2 Capacity limits of MIMO systems 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Mutual information and Shannon capacity 25 2.3 Single-user MIMO 29 2.4 Multi-user MIMO 49 2.5 Multi-cell MIMO 66 2.6 MIMO for ad hoc networks 69 2.7 Summary 75 2.8 Bibliographical notes 77 References 77 3 Precoding design 88 3.1 Transmit channel side information 89 3.2 Information-theoretic foundation for exploiting CSIT 95 3.3 A transmitter structure 100 3.4 Precoding design criteria 103 3.5 Linear precoder designs 109 3.6 Precoder performance results and discussion 122 3.7 Applications in practical systems 127 3.8 Conclusion 132 3.9 Bibliographical notes 133 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information viii Contents Appendix 3.1 133 References 135 4 Space–time coding for wireless communications: principles and applications 140 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Background 141 4.3 Space–time coding principles 149 4.4 Applications 161 4.5 Discussion and future challenges 174 4.6 Bibliographical notes 176 Appendix 4.1 Algebraic structure: quadratic forms 177 References 180 5 Fundamentals of receiver design 186 5.1 Introduction 186 5.2 Reception of uncoded signals 186 5.3 Factor graphs and iterative processing 190 5.4 MIMO receivers for uncoded signals 202 5.5 MIMO receivers for coded signals 206 5.6 Some iterative receivers 223 5.7 Bibliographical notes 226 References 227 6 Multi-user receiver design 230 6.1 Introduction 230 6.2 Multiple-access MIMO systems 231 6.3 Iterative space–time multi-user detection 245 6.4 Multi-user detection in space–time coded systems 256 6.5 Adaptive linear space–time multi-user detection 271 6.6 Summary 288 6.7 Bibliographical notes 289 References 289 Bibliography 293 Index 315 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information Contributors 1 Introduction ROHIT U. NABAR Marvell Semiconductor, Inc., Santa Clara, California 2 Capacity limits of MIMO systems SYED ALI JAFAR University of California, Irvine NIHAR JINDAL University of Minnesota, Minneapolis SRIRAM VISHWANATH University of Texas at Austin 3 Precoding design MAI VU Stanford University, California 4 Space–time coding for wireless communications: principles and applications NAOFAL AL-DHAHIR University of Texas at Dallas SUHAS N. DIGGAVI École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 5 Fundamentals of receiver design GIORGIO TARICCO Politecnico di Torino, Italy ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information x Contributors 6 Multi-user receiver design HUAIYU DAI North Carolina State University, Raleigh SUDHARMAN JAYAWEERA University of New Mexico DARYL REYNOLDS West Virginia University XIAODONG WANG Columbia University, New York © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13709-6 - MIMO Wireless Communications Ezio Biglieri, Robert Calderbank, Anthony Constantinides, Andrea Goldsmith, Arogyaswami paulraj and H. Vincent Poor Frontmatter More information Preface Facies non omnibus una, Nec diversa tamen (Ovid, Metamorphoses) Wireless is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in our time, with dazzling new products and services emerging on an almost daily basis. These developments present enormous challenges for communications engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grows explosively. Indeed, the discipline of wireless communications presents many challenges to designers that arise as a result of the demanding nature of the physical medium and the complexities in the dynamics of the underlying network. The dominant technical issue in wireless communications is that of multipath-induced fading, namely the random fluctuations in the channel gain that arise due to scattering of transmitted signals from intervening objects between the transmitter and the receiver. Multipath scattering is therefore commonly seen as an impairment to wireless communication. However, it can now also be
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