BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING and SOCIETY Future Manufacturing: Bracing for and Embracing the Postpandemic Era Jennie S
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Spring 2021 POSTPANDEMIC ENGINEERING The BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Future Manufacturing: Bracing for and Embracing the Postpandemic Era Jennie S. Hwang The Role of the Digital Thread for Security, Resilience, and Adaptability in Manufacturing Thomas R. Kurfess and Howard D. Grimes The Local Factory of the Future for Producing Individualized Products Yoram Koren Telefacturing: A New Manufacturing Paradigm for Worker Safety and Other Benefits Behrokh Khoshnevis Next-Generation IIoT: A Convergence of Technology Revolutions Barbara L. Goldstein and Kate A. Remley University Makerspaces and Manufacturing Collaboration: Lessons from the Pandemic James D. McGuffin-Cawley and Vincent Wilczynski Designing the Global Supply Chain in the New Normal Hau L. Lee A Case for Frugal Engineering and Related Manufacturing for Social Equity Ajay P. Malshe, Dereje Agonafer, Salil Bapat, and Jian Cao The mission of the National Academy of Engineering is to advance the well-being of the nation by promoting a vibrant engineering profession and by marshalling the expertise and insights of eminent engineers to provide independent advice to the federal government on matters involving engineering and technology. The BRIDGE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Donald C. Winter, Chair John L. Anderson, President Corale L. Brierley, Vice President Carol K. Hall, Home Secretary James M. Tien, International Secretary Martin B. Sherwin, Treasurer Editor in Chief: Ronald M. Latanision Managing Editor: Cameron H. Fletcher Production Associate: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Acad emy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 51, No. 1, Spring 2021 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418. Changes of address or requests to unsubscribe should be sent to [email protected]. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and timeliness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. C © 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Mission Statement of The Bridge The Bridge publishes articles on engineering research, education, and practice; science and technology policy; and the interface between engineering and technology and society. The intent is to stimulate debate and dialogue both among members of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and in the broader community of policymakers, educators, business leaders, and other interested individuals. The Bridge relies on its editor in chief, NAE members, and staff to identify potential issue topics and guest editors. Invited guest editors, who have expertise in a given issue’s theme, are asked to select authors and topics, and inde- pendent experts are enlisted to assess articles for publication. The quarterly has a distribution of about 7000, including NAE members, members of Congress, libraries, universities, and interested individuals all over the country and the world. Issues are freely accessible at www.nae.edu/TheBridge. A complete copy of The Bridge is available in PDF format at www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 51, Number 1 • Spring 2021 BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY A Word from the NAE Chair 3 Linking Engineering and Society Donald C. Winter Guest Editor’s Note 5 Digitization to Transform Manufacturing Jennie S. Hwang Features 7 Future Manufacturing: Bracing for and Embracing the Postpandemic Era Jennie S. Hwang “Never let a crisis go to waste.” What are the lessons from the pandemic crisis to benefit manufacturing? 14 The Role of the Digital Thread for Security, Resilience, and Adaptability in Manufacturing Thomas R. Kurfess and Howard D. Grimes The digital thread makes it possible to digitally verify products, deploy the latest technologies for manufacturing, and strengthen the workforce. 20 The Local Factory of the Future for Producing Individualized Products Yoram Koren Mass individualization factories will create local manufacturing jobs and novel research areas in manufacturing operations. 27 Telefacturing: A New Manufacturing Paradigm for Worker Safety and Other Benefits Behrokh Khoshnevis Telefacturing is based on telecontrol and telerobotics, and effectively utilizes most components of Industry 4.0. 33 Next-Generation IIoT: A Convergence of Technology Revolutions Barbara L. Goldstein and Kate A. Remley Through measurements and standards, NIST aims to facilitate the postpandemic adoption of efficient, secure, and decentralized technology for the industrial sector. 41 University Makerspaces and Manufacturing Collaboration: Lessons from the Pandemic James D. McGuffin-Cawley and Vincent Wilczynski Academic makerspaces can quickly create holistic complementary teams and execute complicated projects under significant time pressure. 48 Designing the Global Supply Chain in the New Normal Hau L. Lee Considerations for designing manufacturing supply chains to be resilient in the face of likely future disruptions. 54 A Case for Frugal Engineering and Related Manufacturing for Social Equity Ajay P. Malshe, Dereje Agonafer, Salil Bapat, and Jian Cao Urgent and continued work in frugal engineering and manufacturing is essential for addressing technosocioeconomic inequity in the United States. 63 ESR Column: What the Digital-Industrial Revolution Means for Manufacturing Companies’ Social Responsibility Marco Annunziata In the postpandemic environment, corporations should prioritize elements of social responsibility that are naturally aligned with corporate profitability. 67 Op-ed: Undergraduate Engineering Education: How Can We Do Better? Hancheng Huang and James C. Williams 69 An Interview with… Marty Cooper (NAE), Father of the Cell Phone News and Notes 73 Class of 2021 Elected 79 NAE Newsmakers 82 Message from Vice President Corale L. Brierley 83 2020 Honor Roll of Donors 94 Calendar of Meetings and Events 94 In Memoriam 95 Invisible Bridges: Tinker, Taylor, Soldiering, Spy: Escaping Efficiency Traps The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an emy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongov- Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to ernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objec- The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 tive analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected Academies also encourage education and research, recognize out- by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John standing contributions to knowledge, and increase public understand- L. Anderson is president. ing in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Acad- and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. A Word from the Chair Linking Engineering and Society be further expanded and accelerated by developments in robotics and artificial intelligence, extending the domains impacted to the agricultural and manufactur- ing communities as well. As these impacts unfold, responses by private indus- try and various levels of government will need to keep pace. While private industry may be able to fund its responses through existing mechanisms, government- Donald C. Winter, funded efforts will need to accommodate the budgetary Chair, NAE implications and recognize the opportunity costs associ- ated with new initiatives. Furthermore, the initiatives “Linking engineering and society” is both the tag line of both private industry and government will need the of The Bridge and, I believe, an appropriate title for this development of supportive public policy. column as I reflect on the role of the NAE at this time Public policy development is a complex process that of rapid societal change. is inherently political, not necessarily in the sense of Societal changes precipitated by technology are political parties but simply in reflecting multiple con- nothing new, dating back at least to the original stituencies that have diverse, and often conflicting, pri- Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th orities and agendas. As I noted in my remarks at the centuries. What is arguably new today is the pace of NAE annual meeting last October,1 the challenge of transformation. decision making constitutes a significant dilemma for While the first Industrial Revolution took decades to federal, state, and local governments as few politicians develop, today we are seeing exceedingly rapid changes have the formal training to fully comprehend the tech-