2019

Annual Report CONTENTS

Special Insert: Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Letter from the President 5 2019–2020 Governing Council 7 Organizational Chart 8 The IOM/NAM 50th Anniversary Celebration 9 Program Highlights 10 Responding to Critical & Pressing Issues Confronting the U.S. Opioid Epidemic, 11 Promoting Clinician Well-Being & Resilience, 13 Human Germline Genome Editing, 15 Climate Change & Human Health, 16 Advising the Nation & the World on Health & Health Care Advancing Health Equity, 17 Artificial Intelligence in Health Care, 19 Understanding Heterogeneous Treatment Effects, 20 Vital Directions in Health & Health Care, 21 The Future of Nursing, 22 Leading & Inspiring for the Future Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge, 23 Committee on Emerging Science, Technology, & Innovation, 25 Member Highlights 26 Inaugural Election of NAM Officers, 27 Members Inducted in 2019 (Class of 2018), 28 Members Elected in 2019 (Class of 2019), 30 2019 Nobel Laureates, 33 2019 Annual Meeting, 34 In Memoriam, 36 Fellowships & Leadership Programs 37 Awards 42 Finances 47 Donor Appreciation 48 Contact Us 65

2 SPECIAL INSERT

Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic As this document entered its final stages of production, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) began to spread around the world—quickly becoming the most destructive pandemic in a century. The National Academy of Medicine quickly initiated a short-term reorientation of its existing programs to respond to the diverse and far-reaching health impacts of the pandemic, including in the areas of equity, workforce, aging, vulnerable populations, health system strengthening, and scientific and technological innovation. An “impact map” that guides the NAM’s role and priorities with regard to the COVID-19 response appears below.

Advise the nation

Coordinate across the Serve as a reliable National Academies source of information

Broker progress Advance global among external priorities organizations

Engage and leverage Support NAM staff and the expertise of ensure an effective work NAM members environment Reorient NAM programs and content to inform and advance COVID-19 response

3 3 Highlights of the NAM and the broader National Academies’ response to date appear below. For a complete list of COVID-19 resources and activities, visit NAM.edu/coronavirus.

Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats At the request of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the National Academies convened an expert standing committee to advise on science and policy issues related to COVID-19. The committee has delivered rapid expert consultations on topics including transmission, testing, treatment, and more.

COVID-19 Conversations: A Scientific Webinar Series from the NAM and the American Public Health Association This weekly series explores the state of the science on the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and globally, with a focus on the emerging evidence on how to best mitigate its impact. Topics include the science of social distancing, treatment, crisis standards of care, testing, and more. Learn more at COVID19Conversations.org.

Resources to Support the Health and Well-Being of Clinicians During the COVID-19 Outbreak Even before the COVID-19 outbreak, many clinicians faced burnout, as well as stress, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and even suicidality. The current crisis presents even greater workplace hardships and moral dilemmas likely to exacerbate existing challenges. The NAM Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being and Resilience has compiled resources and strategies to support clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learn more at NAM.edu/CW.

4 4 LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT

We have commenced an important year of reflection and celebration to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Institute of Medicine (IOM).* In the two- part theme we have adopted for our commemorative activities—Celebrating a legacy of impact. Forging a healthier future—the latter half is most important. This is no time to rest on our laurels. We must turn our focus to the critical challenges of the future.

That is why our anniversary activities include a medicine, policy, and health equity domestically and symposia series to examine priorities for the next globally; 2) diversify and activate the membership 50s year in health and medicine, as well as the of the Academy and engage emerging leaders and kickofff o a major capital campaign to support new scholars to enhance our leadership capacity and efforts in healthy longevity, global health equity, artificial intelligence and big data, and fostering the next generation of leaders. For more on our plans, see page 9. The year ahead will also mark 5 years since the IOM’s reconstitution as the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), a historic shift that yielded greater autonomy and expanded leadership within the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Astf par o this transformation, NAM members voted in their first-ever elections for governing officers, including Home address new contexts and challenges; and 3) build Secretary, Foreign Secretary, and President. In leadership capacity across diverse disciplines to January 2020, it was a tremendous honor to be shape the future of health and medicine. elected for my second term as NAM President, The f first o these strategic goals sustains our after having been appointed as IOM President in foundational role as a trusted, evidence-based 2014. I am humbled and grateful for a continued advisor to decision makers in the United States opportunity to serve this uniquely impactful and abroad. Our long-term advisory programs— organization. including the Leadership Consortium for a Value & In, 2019 we also continued progress toward Science-Driven Learning Health System; the Culture our 5-year Strategic Plan (available at NAM. of Health Program; the Action Collaborative on edu/2018StrategicPlan). The plan sets out three Clinician Well-Being & Resilience; and the Action overarching goals for the Academy: 1) actively Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid identify and address critical issues with balanced Epidemic—all gather multidisciplinary stakeholders and authoritative scientific evidence; and lead and to advance solutions to some of the most important inspire action on bold ideas to impact science, challenges for U.S. health and health care.

*As of May 2020, the NAM’s planned anniversary activities have been shifted to 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we launched two new initiatives to Leaders Forum in July. Planned by appointed ELHM address emerging challenges. In May, followng news Scholars, the Forum gathered approximately 70 that a Chinese scientist had edited the genomes exceptional early-career professionals and 30 NAM of twin baby girls against the recommendations members for an inspiring two days of networking, of the international scientific community, we mentoring, and interdisciplinary collaboration. established the International Commission on Continuing the develop the ELHM Program as well Clinical Use of Heritable Human Genome Editing as other NAM fellowships and leadership programs alongside the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) will be a significant focus of our upcoming capital and the United Kingdom’s Royal Society. Building campaign. on resources from the NAM-NAS Human Genome Finally, our third strategic goal looks beyond our Editing Initiative, the Commission will issue a fast- Academy to focus on preparing our field for a future track report delineating the state of the science with in which rapid advances in science and technology regard to clinical applications of human germline require increasing discplinary convergence and genome editing. Due for publication in summer vigilance with regard to their social and ethical 2020, the report will inform the recommendations implications. In January 2020, we hosted the first of the World Health Organization’s Expert Advisory meeting of the Committee on Emerging Science, Committee on Developing Global Standards for Technology, and Innovation (CESTI). The program Governance and Oversight of Human Genome will bring together experts in diverse fields to assess Editing (chaired by outgoing NAM Foreign the landscape of emerging scientific advances and Secretary Peggy Hamburg). technologies in health and medicine and address Another issue of urgent global concern is the the potential societal, ethical, legal, and workforce rapid aging of the world’s populations. In just 30 implications of such technologies, with the goal years, 1 in 6 people will be over the age of 65. of developing a multisectoral governance policy Innovation across sectors is crucial to promote framework. the health, well-being, and productivity of older In addition to these programs and special adults—as well as to ensure the sustainability of our activities related to the IOM/NAM 50th Anniversary, health systems, the vibrancy of our communities, exciting announcements are in store for the year and the stability of our economies. To that end, ahead, including the publication of the Future of in October 2019, the NAM launched the Healthy Nursing 2030 consenus report; the kickoff of the Longevity Global Grand Challenge. The Grand Healthy Brains Financing Initiative, a historic effort Challenge has two components—a first-of-its-kind to improve global mental health; and the launch of global competition to accelerate multidisciplinary a crucial new program examining the intersection of research and innovation through a series of climate change and human health. monetary prizes and awards; and the Global Since its founding 50 years ago, our organization Roadmap for Healthy Longevity, an international has stayed true to its mission of seeking evidence- effort to assess the opportunities and challenges based solutions to the challenges that matter most presented by population aging and provide for society. Our work would not be possible without evidence-based guidance for national and regional the unmatched expertise and volunteer spirit of our leaders. We expect important milestones for both members, the energy and dedication of our staff, components in the year ahead; see page 24 for the generosity of our donors, or the vast knowledge more information. brought to bear by the broader National Academies Our second strategic goal relates to strengthening network. Thank you all, and cheers to a productive leadership capacity within our Academy and its year ahead. networks, including NAM members as well as the next generation of leaders in health, medicine, and biomedical science. In 2019, we significantly expanded Victor J. Dzau, MD our Emerging Leaders in Health and Medicine President (ELHM) program, hosting the inaugural Emerging National Academy of Medicine

6 2019–2020 GOVERNING COUNCIL

Victor J. Dzau, MD Susan J. Curry, PhD Story Landis, PhD Chair Dean Emeritus and Scientist Emeritus, National President, National Academy of Distinguished Professor of Institute of Neurological Medicine Health Management and Disorders and Stroke Policy, College of Public Jane E. Henney, MD Health, The University of Juanita L. Merchant, PhD, MD Home Secretary Iowa Chief, Division of National Academy of Medicine Gastroenterology and Angela Diaz, MD, MPH Hepatology, University of Margaret A. Hamburg, MD Jean C. and James W. Crystal Arizona, College of Medicine Foreign Secretary Professor of Adolescent Health, National Academy of Medicine Department of Pediatrics and Stuart H. Orkin, MD Department of Preventive Investigator, Howard Hughes J. Sanford (Sandy) Schwartz, Medicine, Icahn School of Medical Institute (Children’s MD Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital) Vice Chair David G. Nathan Distinguished Leon Hess Professor of Medicine, Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Health Management and Dean and DeLamar Professor Medical School Economics, Perelman School of Public Health, Joseph L. of Medicine and Wharton Mailman School of Public E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, School of Business, University Health, Columbia University MBA of Pennsylvania Professor of Epidemiology Executive Vice President for and Medicine; Senior Vice Medical Affairs, University of Jeffrey R. Balser, MD, PhD President, Columbia University Maryland President and CEO, Vanderbilt Medical Center John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers University Medical Center Distinguished Professor and Dean, School of Medicine, Elena Fuentes-Afflick, MD, Dean, University of Maryland Vanderbilt University MPH School of Medicine Professor of Pediatrics; Vice Dean Claire Brindis, DrPH for Academic Affairs, University Christine E. (Kricket) Caldwell B. Esselstyn Chair in of California, San Francisco Seidman, MD Health Policy Studies; Director, Investigator, Howard Hughes Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Eve J. Higginbotham, MD, SM Medical Institute Policy Studies; Professor of Vice Dean, Inclusion and T.W. Smith Professor of Medicine Pediatrics and Health Policy, Diversity; Senior Fellow, and Genetics, Harvard Medical University of California, San Leonard Davis Institute of School, Brigham and Women’s Francisco Health Economics; Professor Hospital of Ophthalmology, Scheie R. Alta Charo, JD Eye Institute, Perelman School Warren P. Knowles Professor of of Medicine, University of Law & Bioethics, School of Law Pennsylvania and Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School Raynard Kington, MD, PhD of Medicine and Public Health, President, Grinnell College University of Wisconsin– Madison Note: This list is accurate through June 30, 2020

7 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

ORGANIZATIONALEXECUTIVE OFFICE CHART HOME SECRETARY FOREIGN SECRETARY Victor J. Dzau, President Jane Henney Margaret Hamburg J. Michael McGinnis, Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer Morgan Kanarek, Chief of Staff

ADMINISTRATION & FINANCE COMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT Adrienne Anzanello, Director Laura DeStefano, Director Dawn Abel, Director

PROGRAM OFFICE LEADERSHIP CONSORTIUM Collaboration for a Value & Science-Driven Learning Health System Elizabeth Prescott, Director J. Michael McGinnis, Executive Director

ACTION COLLABORATIVE ON CLINICIAN WELL-BEING AND RESILIENCE CULTURE & INCLUSIVENESS ACTION COLLABORATIVE

ACTION COLLABORATIVE ON COUNTERING EVIDENCE MOBILIZATION ACTION COLLABORATIVE THE U.S. OPIOID EPIDEMIC

DIGITAL HEALTH ACTION COLLABORATIVE CLIMATE CHANGE & HUMAN HEALTH INITIATIVE

VALUE INCENTIVES & SYSTEMS ACTION COLLABORATIVE COMMITTEE ON EMERGING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION HEALTH POLICY FELLOWSHIPS & LEADERSHIP CULTURE OF HEALTH PROGRAM PROGRAMS Gregg Margolis, Director

FUTURE OF NURSING 2020-2030 ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION HEALTH POLICY FELLOWS PROGRAM HEALTHY LONGEVITY GLOBAL GRAND CHALLENGE

HUMAN GENOME EDITING INITIATIVE FDA TOBACCO REGULATORY SCIENCE FELLOWSHIP

VITAL DIRECTIONS FOR HEALTH & HEALTH CARE NAM FELLOWSHIPS

DISTINGUISHED NURSE SCHOLAR-IN-RESIDENCE MEMBER STEWARDSHIP Meg McCoy, Director INTERNATIONAL FELLOWSHIPS

MEMBER SERVICES

NAM COUNCIL

EMERGING LEADERS IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE The IOM/NAM 50th Anniversary Celebration

Celebrating a legacy of impact. Forging a healthier future.

The National Academy of Medicine was founded Throughout 2020, we will highlight examples of in 1970 as the Institute of Medicine under the the IOM/NAM’s impact in the past half-century and congressional charter of the National Academy of thank the members, volunteers, sponsors, and staff Sciences to provide independent, evidence-based who make our work possible.* As we celebrate our health advice to the nation at a time of rapid social legacy, we will also examine the critical challenges change. In the ensuing decades, the IOM/NAM of the future and redouble our commitment to established an enduring reputation as a trusted serve the health of the public for decades to come. and influential advisor with, as the New York Times Highlights of activities planned for the anniversary put it, the power “to transform medical thinking year include: around the world.” • “The Next 50 Years in Health and Medicine” Among its many historic impacts, the IOM/NAM regional scientific symposia series established the public health research agenda • Toward a Healthier Future: A History of the for HIV/AIDS; catalyzed the quality and patient National Academy of Medicine (edited by safety movement in U.S. health care; established Evelynn Hammonds, Howard Markel, David dietary reference intakes for Americans; upheld Rosner, and Rosemary Stevens; forthcoming) the safety of childhood vaccinations; helped shape • Advancing Human Health: Celebrating 50 the implementation of the Patient Protection Years of Discovery & Progress (coffee table and Affordable Care Act; and advised global book; forthcoming) organizations’ response to outbreaks of Ebola and • Celebratory 50th Anniversary Gala and special Zika. In 2017, the NAM debuted a new mission scientific symposium statement: To improve health for all by advancing science, accelerating health equity, and providing For more information, visit NAM.edu/50years. independent, authoritative, and trusted advice nationally and globally.

*As of May 2020, the NAM’s planned anniversary activities have been shifted to 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Program Highlights Three core priorities guide the NAM’s work: 1) responding to critical and pressing issues; 2) advising the nation and the world on health and health care; and 3) leading and inspiring for the future. In the sections that follow, learn about our recent progress toward each of these goals.

10 RESPONDING TO CRITICAL & PRESSING ISSUES

Confronting the U.S. Opioid Epidemic

Since the launch of this one-of-a-kind public-private partnership in 2018, the Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic has gathered significant momentum toward elevating evidence- based solutions and catalyzing action to reverse the deadly trends of the U.S. opioid epidemic.

The United States is in the throes of a devastating Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid opioid addiction crisis—the deadliest addiction Epidemic in 2018 as a 2-year, public-private crisis of our time. The epidemic continues to impact partnership to foster greater coordination and individuals, families, and communities across collective action across the health system and the country, and will have a lasting impact on beyond in addressing the opioid addiction crisis. The generations to come. Drug overdose is currently the Action Collaborative uses a systems approach to leading cause of accidental death in the U.S., with convene and catalyze public, private, and non-profit an estimated 130 Americans dying every day from stakeholders to develop, curate, and disseminate an opioid overdose. Extensive and multifactorial in multi-sector solutions designed to reduce opioid nature, the epidemic will require a multi-sectoral misuse, and improve outcomes for individuals, and multi-pronged response to be successfully families, and communities affected by the opioid overcome; no organization, government agency, or crisis. The Action Collaborative is co-chaired by the sector can solve this crisis on its own. NAM, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Recognizing the need for a cohesive and at The U.S. Department of Health and Human collaborative response to the nation’s opioid Services, HCA Healthcare, and the Aspen Institute, epidemic, the NAM established the Action and includes participating members from across

11 the public, private, and non-profit sectors, including and judiciously implementing pain guidelines into individuals with lived experience. practice. This working group is developing an expert- In its first year, the Action Collaborative has made authored discussion paper on tapering opioids for an important and unique contribution in convening chronic, non-cancer pain that will build on a public and aligning over 60 key players and entities within webinar of experts held in July 2019. The discussion the health system to address some of the highest- paper will summarize the state of the evidence with priority elements of the nation’s response to the respect to opioid tapering, highlighting existing best opioid crisis, including: health professional education practices, as well as priority areas for further research. and training; pain management guidelines and The group is also conducting a series of listening evidence standards; prevention, treatment, and sessions to better understand the state of chronic recovery services; and research, data, and metrics pain management, featuring the perspectives of needs. patients and the clinicians who care for them. Data The Health Professional Education and Training gathered from these sessions will inform a person- working group is focused on creating a coordinated, centered visual journey map that is anticipated to interprofessional, patient- and family-centered highlight existing practice and system-level gaps in framework for the continuum of health professional chronic pain management and key opportunities to education that addresses acute and chronic address these gaps. pain management and substance use disorders. The Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Recognizing that education and training gaps are Services working group is focused on curating a key contributor to the current crisis, the working and disseminating best practices and integrated group is first conducting a comprehensive literature approaches to prevention, treatment, and recovery review to identify the practice gaps that persist, services for opioid use disorder, with guidance for and surveying accrediting, licensing, and certifying how to implement, scale, and sustain them. To this bodies to determine what educational requirements end, the group is producing a comprehensive series are currently in place across the health professions of whitepapers and commentaries addressing a and across the education continuum. No such effort range of critical issues across prevention, treatment, has been conducted to date, and the results will be and recovery services—all with the aim of advancing used to inform the creation of an interprofessional a continuum of care for opioid use disorder. framework to help align educational requirements The Research, Data, and Metrics Needs working and programming for pain management and group includes representatives from the three other substance use disorders across the education working groups, and is creating a comprehensive continuum. research agenda that will collate and prioritize the The Pain Management Guidelines and Evidence evidence gaps, research questions, and data and Standards working group is focused on highlighting metrics needs identified throughout the Action and advancing opportunities to strengthen critical Collaborative’s work. aspects of pain management, including patient- To read more about the Action Collaborative’s centered and evidence-based tapering guidance, work, visit NAM.edu/OpioidCollaborative. multidisciplinary pain management approaches,

Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence The opioid overdose epidemic combined with the need to reduce the burden of acute pain poses a public health challenge. To address how evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain might help meet this challenge, this National Academies report presents a framework to evaluate existing clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain indications, recommends indications for which new evidence-based guidelines should be developed, and recommends a future research agenda. 12 12 RESPONDING TO CRITICAL & PRESSING ISSUES

Promoting Clinician Well-Being & Resilience

Clinician well-being is essential for safe, high-quality patient care. However, burnout is a problem among all clinical disciplines and across diverse care settings.

Studies estimate that between 35 percent and clinician burnout and foster professional well-being 54 percent of U.S. nurses and physicians have to ultimately help health systems improve patients’, substantial symptoms of burnout, and the range families’, and clinicians’ experiences and outcomes. for medical students and residents is between As a commitment to reversing trends in burnout, 45 percent and 60 percent. Clinician burnout is the NAM launched the Action Collaborative on a workplace syndrome resulting from a chronic Clinician Well-Being and Resilience (Clinician Well- imbalance of high job demands and inadequate Being Collaborative) in January 2017. The Clinician job resources. Well-Being Collaborative has had the following As the drivers of burnout stem from the work accomplishments under four primary goals. environment, health care should apply a framework 1. Raise the visibility of clinician anxiety, that views and addresses burnout as a systems burnout, depression, stress, and suicide issue, rather than as a personal mental health diagnosis. While individually targeted interventions • Marshaling a network of more than 210 may help individual clinicians and learners, they organizations publicly committed to reversing will not address the systemic issues that drive the trends in clinician burnout and improving burnout problem in the first place. clinician well-being Health system leaders, accreditors, regulators, • Raising awareness about the challenges to legislators, policymakers, insurers, health IT clinician well-being via multiple publications vendors, researchers, educators, clinicians, trainees, and stakeholder events and patients must all work together to reduce • Collecting insights on well-being directly from

13 clinicians and their loved ones, as well as and burnout patients, via an art show • Providing actionable guidance for 2. Improve baseline understanding of organizations to implement well-being challenges to clinician well-being initiatives through case studies • Developing a comprehensive conceptual In July 2019, the Action Collaborative released model to characterize the factors that clinician well-being case studies of The Ohio State influence clinician well-being University and the Virginia Mason Kirkland Medical • Creating and generating engagement around Center to highlight organizational initiatives that an award-winning online Clinician Well-Being have demonstrated success in supporting well- Knowledge Hub that shares resources being and reducing burnout among practicing • Compiling validated instruments to assess the clinicians, trainees, and students. The case studies work-related dimensions of well-being are intended to inform and inspire organizations facing similar challenges and seeking similar 3. Advance evidence-based, outcomes. Although there is no one-size-fits- multidisciplinary solutions to improve all solution for improving clinician well-being, patient care by caring for the caregiver techniques and resources described in the case • Engaging the Centers for Medicare and studies may provide a useful starting point for Medicaid Services (CMS) to better align others. To learn more, visit NAM.edu/CaseStudies. Evaluation and Management coding and Over the next year, the Action Collaborative will documentation guidelines with the current focus on engaging leadership; reducing barriers practice of medicine to address mental health needs; establishing • Engaging electronic health record (EHR) organizational standards, best practices, and vendors to make modifications to reduce metrics to improve clinician well-being; reforming burden and improve clinician well-being documentation and the digital health environment; planning for the sustainability of clinician well-being 4. Lay the foundation for long-term culture efforts once current funding ends; and furthering change the recommendations from the consensus report • Influencing national trends, such as Chief Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Wellness Officers, integration of clinician well- Approach to Supporting Professional Well-Being. being into the culture of health professions To access resources from the Action Collaborative, education, and measurement of well-being please visit NAM.edu/CW.

In October 2019, the NAM released Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Supporting Professional Well-Being. The consensus report calls for the prioritization of major system-level improvements in clinical work and learning environments in all settings, and for all disciplines, to prevent and mitigate clinician burnout and foster professional well-being at the systems level for the overall health of clinicians, patients, and the nation.

To learn more, visit NAM.edu/ClinicianWellBeingStudy

14 14 RESPONDING TO CRITICAL & PRESSING ISSUES

Human Germline Genome Editing

Clinical applications of germline genome editing are now possible, and there is an urgent need to examine the potential of this new technology.

Many scientific and medical questions about technical, scientific, medical, regulatory, and ethical the procedures remain to be answered, and requirements for germline genome editing, should determining the safety and efficacy of germline society conclude such applications are acceptable. genome editing will be necessary but not sufficient The NAM, the National Academy of Sciences, and conditions for possible future clinical usage. the UK Royal Society serve as the commission’s There is a need for a framework to inform the secretariat. Overseeing the commission will be development of a potential pathway from research an international oversight board, comprised of to clinical use, recognizing that components of this leaders from public and private sectors including framework may need to be periodically revised in representative leadership of academies of sciences response to our rapidly evolving knowledge. In and medicine. addition, other important discussions are ongoing The commission has held three meetings and an internationally about the implications for society international workshop. After the first meeting a call of human germline genome editing and include for public input was issued. The results of this call issues such as access, equity, and consistency with informed the second meeting and the international religious views. workshop. The third meeting was used to develop The International Commission on the Clinical the commission’s findings and recommendations. Use of Human Germline Genome Editing was A final report providing the commission’s findings convened with the participation of National and recommendations is expected in summer Academies of Sciences and Medicine throughout 2020. the world to develop a framework for considering

15 Climate Change & Human Health

Climate change represents one of the most significant threats to human health in the 21st century.

The NAM will lead a multiyear, multi-million- promising ideas at the intersection of climate dollar strategic initiative to accelerate evidence- change and human health. Funded projects will informed activities at the intersection of health and explore topics including but not limited to: climate, and to catalyze multi-sectoral action and • Safe drinking water commitment to advancing the most promising • Mental health impacts for vulnerable solutions. An international, multi-sectoral, expert populations and those who experience planning committee has been appointed to guide wildfires the initiative’s vision, goals, and programmatic • Children’s health and development activities. The initiative will be launched in fall 2020 • Extreme weather events in collaboration with units and divisions from across • Nutrition and food safety the National Academies. • Reducing the carbon footprint of the health In December 2019, laying the groundwork for care sector this new initiative, the National Academies hosted an expert meeting to present the latest science and Visit NAM.edu/ClimateChange to learn more. new opportunities for research and investment at the intersection of climate change and human health. Co-funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF) and the NAM, the meeting was designed to inform programmatic directions for the National Academies. Following the meeting, the NAM partnered with the BWF to provide funding for “opportunity grants” to interdisciplinary teams across the National Academies to explore

16 ADVISING ON HEALTH & HEALTH CARE

Advancing Health Equity

“Health equity” means that everyone has a fair shot at living the healthiest life possible.

The NAM’s Culture of Health Program (CoHP) resources. It identified structural inequities and is a multi-year collaborative effort to identify unequal allocation of power and resources as the strategies to create and sustain conditions that root causes of health inequity. The report also support equitable good health for everyone in emphasized the power of communities to address America. With the oversight of an expert advisory the social determinants of health. To learn more, committee, the CoHP is working toward four visit nationalacademies.org/HealthEquityHub. primary goals. In 2019, the CoHP released three additional Lead: Build a knowledge base to inform actions consensus reports: and partnerships that will advance health equity • Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Engage: Strengthen capacity in communities Equity. and inform legal, policy, and system reform The preconception, prenatal, and early childhood periods are critical phases Sustain: Transform culture to accelerate of development that help set the odds for progress in areas that still have significant health lifelong health and well-being. This report disparities outlines steps needed to move children Translate: Bridge science to action for impact who are at risk for negative outcomes on health equity and optimal health for all toward positive health trajectories and reduce health disparities. To learn more, visit In 2017, the CoHP published its first consensus Communities in Action: Pathways to nationalacademies.org/VibrantHealthyKids. report, • The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Health Equity. The report highlighted that health Opportunity for All Youth. There is ample equity is crucial and health inequity is costly evidence that the changes in brain in terms of both financial and human capital structure and connectivity that happen

17 in adolescence present young people with unique opportunities for positive, • Community-Driven Health Equity Action life-shaping development, and for Plans. The program has done ongoing work recovery from past adversity. This report with five exemplary communities across the provides recommendations for policy United States to develop actionable plans to and practice that capitalize on these advance health equity at the community level. developmental opportunities and that Each team worked with their communities address inequities that undermine the and learned from field experts and well-being of many adolescents and leave researchers to develop implementation plans them less able to take advantage of the based on community-identified priorities. promise offered by this stage of life. To • Communities Driving Health Equity. A learn more, visit nationalacademies.org/ short documentary series shares lessons from AdolescentDevelopment. three community organizations working to • Integrating Social Care into the Delivery of advance health equity at the local level. Health Care: Moving Upstream to Improve • Visualize Health Equity (VHE) and Young the Nation’s Health. Health care systems are Leaders Visualize Health Equity (YLVHE). paying increased attention to the upstream The program’s nationwide art shows inspire social conditions that shape people’s health communities around the country to partake because they affect both the delivery and in similar art-inspired events and to host the the outcomes of health care. This report related traveling exhibition at conferences, identifies and assesses current and emerging events, and organizations. Launched in approaches and recommends ways to expand August 2017, VHE called on artists of all and optimize social care in the health care kinds to illustrate what health equity looks, setting to achieve better and more equitable sounds, and feels like to them. Thirty pieces health outcomes. To learn more, visit were selected for an in-person visiting gallery nationalacademies.org/SocialCare. at the National Academies, and 125 are Other notable accomplishments of the CoHP featured in an online gallery. Building on the since its launch include: success of VHE, the NAM launched Young Leaders Visualize Health Equity in November • Stakeholder convenings. The program 2019 after calling on people between the has hosted five public meetings and two ages of 5 and 26 to imagine a world where webinars to further the scientific evidence everyone has the same chance to live a base, encourage cross-sector dialogues, healthy life. Young leaders illustrated how and explore ways to advance a culture of the social determinants of health shape their health. Meeting topics ranged from building lives and the lives of those closest to them. a movement to effectively communicating To accompany the over 175 pieces of art, about health equity and the social the CoHP also developed resources to help determinants of health. Each convening others put art in action and include the voices activity placed equity principles at the center of young people in ongoing dialogues about and offered an opportunity to engage diverse health equity. perspectives and elevate the stories of those with lived experience. To learn more, visit NAM.edu/CultureofHealth.

18 ADVISING ON HEALTH & HEALTH CARE

Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

Artificial intelligence is poised to make transformative advances in health care, but must be balanced by reducing potential unintended consequences.

The emergence of artificial intelligence as a tool for scalable success. Ethical health care, equity, and for better health care offers unprecedented inclusivity must be prioritized, as there are already opportunities to improve patient and clinical team high-profile examples of biased AI tools that have outcomes, reduce costs, and impact population damaged the public’s trust in these systems. The health. Despite this promise, it is imperative to authors of the Special Publication believe that proceed with caution, or the health care system the near-term focus should be on augmented risks user disillusionment or further exacerbation of intelligence rather than full automation, as the existing health and technology-driven disparities. public’s tolerance for machine error is extremely This Special Publication synthesizes current low, and human override of AI systems is important knowledge to offer a reference document for for building back this user trust. Finally, that existing relevant health care stakeholders; outlines the frameworks and best practices within the learning current and near-term AI solutions; highlights the health system, human factors research, and challenges, limitations, and best practices for AI implementation science should be leveraged to development, adoption, and maintenance; offers support AI development and roll out. an overview of the legal and regulatory landscape AI tools could potentially address known for AI tools; prioritizes the need for equity, challenges in health care delivery and achieve the inclusion, and a human rights lens; and outlines key vision of the continuously learning health system, considerations for moving forward. but should be rolled out thoughtfully and in The Special Publication notes that population- collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders. representative data accessibility, standardization, Read the Special Publication at nam.edu/AIPub. and quality is vital to the future of AI, as this data is necessary to achieve performance levels necessary 19 Understanding Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

Better population-based outcomes will only be realized when we understand more completely how to treat patients as the unique individuals that they are.

Despite broad acceptance of evidence-based methods for prediction that permit inferences medicine, a fundamental issue remains unsolved: about which particular patients are likely to benefit evidence is derived from groups of people but and which are not. Reaching this potential will medical decisions are made for and by individuals. require deep collaboration between researchers, Clinicians have persistently asserted that determin- clinicians, patients, and their families. Not only ing the best therapy for each individual patient is a will patient cooperation be critical in the design more complicated endeavor than just picking the and performance of clinical trials that aim to best treatment on average. However, traditional understand these effects, the patients themselves approaches continue to rely on the average effects will be partners with clinicians in making treatment estimated from the outcomes of clinical trials. decisions about their care. This Special Publication is based on a workshop By understanding the reasons for treatment held on May 31, 2018 that considered patient and effect heterogeneity and developing ways to stakeholder perspectives on the importance of predict how patients will respond to a treatment, understanding heterogeneous treatment effects medical researchers and clinicians should be able and best practices for implementing clinical to personalize medicine to a far greater degree programs that take heterogeneous treatment than is possible today—treating each patient as effects into account. For evidence to be most the individual that they are. applicable to individual patients, we need to Read the Special Publication at nam.edu/ combine methods for strong causal inference with IndividualPatient.

20

What can be more vital to each of us than our health? Practical and accessible steps can be taken at the federal, state, and local levels to address the issues that matter most to improving health. Vital Directions for Health & Health Care

What can be more vital to each of us than our health? Practical and accessible steps can be taken at the federal, state, and local levels to address the issues that matter most to improving health.

In its Vital Directions for Health and Health Care care providers and community organizations initiative, the NAM marshaled the wisdom of developing and implementing new population more than 150 of the nation’s top researchers and health innovations. health policy experts to assess opportunities for This symposium brought together various substantially improving the health and well-being stakeholders to better understand actions that of Americans, the quality of care delivered, and the are being taken at the state-level to achieve, and contributions of science and technology. barriers in the pursuit of, more affordable, value- In 2019, the NAM turned to the state level, driven, quality care and health outcomes. While beginning with a symposium in North Carolina. the focus was primarily on state-based innovations While national policies can have great influence and challenges, the initiative also included national- on care delivery and outcomes, progress also level perspectives and insights. The symposium depends on, and can be further propelled by, was a ripe opportunity to examine state-based actions at the state and local level. The NAM chose capacity and lessons-learned for guiding health North Carolina as it is at the forefront of health care policy, as well as synergies among institutions and transformation, and illustrates the promise of, and organizations that could lead to a more equitable the challenges facing, U.S. health and health care. health future for all. In May 2020, the North North Carolina has some of the premier health Carolina Medical Journal published a special issue systems and health care innovators capable of on the Vital Directions North Carolina experience. delivering state-of-the-art care as well as health To learn more, visit NAM.edu/VitalDirections.

21 The Future of Nursing 2020–2030

The 2010 consensus report The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health transformed the field by endorsing expanded scope of practice for nurses. In 2021, the NAM will publish the next volume in this groundbreaking series.

An expert committee will extend the vision for the in the United States, the Committee on the Future nursing profession into 2030 and chart a path for of Nursing 2020-2030 will draw from domestic and the nursing profession to help our nation create global examples of evidence-based models of care a culture of health, reduce health disparities, and that address social determinants of health and help improve the health and well-being of the U.S. build and sustain a culture of health. population in the 21st century. The committee The committee hosted a public meeting in will examine the lessons learned from the Future March 2019, information-gathering town halls over of Nursing Campaign for Action as well as the the summer, and a technical panel in November current state of science and technology to inform 2019. The final report is expected in spring 2021. their assessment of the capacity of the profession Visit NAM.edu/FutureofNursing2030 for more to meet the anticipated health and social care information. demands from 2020 to 2030. In developing its recommendations for the future decade of nursing

22 LEADING & INSPIRING FOR THE FUTURE

Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge

Dramatic breakthroughs in medicine, public health, and social and economic development have resulted in unprecedented extensions of the human lifespan across the world over the past century.

The Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge health systems, and science and technology. The is a worldwide movement to improve physical, Commission’s work will be informed by three pub- mental, and social well-being for people as they lic workshops in the United States, Singapore, and age. The initiative aims to 1) comprehensively Japan. The Commission’s final report is expected in address the challenges and opportunities mid-2021. presented by global population aging; 2) catalyze The Healthy Longevity Global Competition is a breakthrough ideas and research that will extend multiyear, multi-million-dollar international compe- the human healthspan; 3) generate transformative tition that will accelerate breakthroughs in healthy and scalable innovations worldwide; 4) and longevity through a series of monetary awards and build a broad ecosystem of support by enabling prizes. The competition is open to innovators of scientists, engineers, innovators, entrepreneurs, any background, including science, medicine, pub- health leaders, policy makers, and the public to lic health, technology, entrepreneurship, public work together to achieve the promise of healthy policy, social engineering, and beyond. At its annu- longevity. al meeting in October 2019, the NAM launched the The Grand Challenge has two parts.The Global competition simultaneously with eight global col- Roadmap for Healthy Longevity will assemble an laborator organizations, including Academia Sinica independent International Commission to author of Taiwan; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; an evidence-based report with recommendations EIT Health; Japan Agency for Medical Research and for societies worldwide to foster healthy longevity Development; Ministry of Health and National Re- by through strategies related to the social and be- search Foundation of Singapore; UK Research and havioral enablers of health, health care and public Innovation; and the National Institute on Aging, 23 U.S. National Institutes of Health. The NAM and to $1 million USD or more will be issued to meri- its global collaborators have mobilized more than torious Catalyst awardees who have demonstrated $30 million in funding so far. Innovators from near- significant progress, in order to support the further ly 50 countries and territories will have the oppor- advancement of their bold ideas (starting in 2021). tunity to compete for the awards. Grand Prize: One or more grand prize(s) of up to The competition consists of three phases inter- $5 million USD will be awarded for achievement of nationally. Catalyst Phase: Over 3 rounds, approx- a breakthrough innovation that extends the human imately 450 awards worth $50,000 USD each will healthspan (starting in 2023). be issued globally as seed funding to advance Learn more at NAM. edu/HealthyLongevity. new, innovative ideas. The first cycle of the- Cat alyst Phase opened in January 2020 and winners will be announced in fall 2020. Awardees will be invited to attend an annual Innovator Summit— the first of which is set for summer 2021—to share their work with policymakers, researchers, potential investors, and fellow innovators from around the world. Accelerator Phase: Awards worth $500,000

24 LEADING & INSPIRING FOR THE FUTURE

Committee on Emerging Science, Technology, & Innovation

The benefits of scientific advancements could be enormous, but so could the risks. To prepare the profession, policy makers, and society for the future, the NAM has established a committee to evaluate the complex impacts of breakthroughs.

Advances in biomedical science, data science, (CESTI) will consider not only the positive but also engineering, and technology are leading to high- the potentially negative implications of these pace innovation with tremendous potential to developments. The committee is charged with: 1) transform health and medicine. At the same time, identifying emerging developments in biological these innovations carry risks that have important and medical research and technology; 2) identifying implications for society related to access, cost, attendant social, ethical, regulatory, and workforce equity, social norms and ethics, and more. There is ramifications; 3) identifying opportunities for the a need for society to understand the implications independent examination of such questions; and of such advances and to be prepared for them. The 4) developing a national/international framework National Academy of Medicine’s 5-year strategic to proactively and collectively address the impact plan includes an important goal to provide of developments, both positive and negative. leadership and engage broad communities in The Committee includes leaders from an inter- developing a framework to proactively address disciplinary assortment of fields and is co-chaired these impending challenges. by Atul Butte, George Daley, and Alondra Nelson. The NAM Committee on Emerging Science, For more information, please visit NAM.edu/ Technology, and Innovation in Health and Medicine CESTI.

25 Member Highlights The NAM has more than 2,200 members elected in recognition of professional achievement and commitment to volunteer service in activities of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. In 2019, the NAM elected 90 regular members and 10 international members. For those at the top of their field, NAM membership reflects the height of professional achievement and commitment to service.

26 Inaugural Election of NAM Officers In 2019, the membership of the National Academy of Medicine elected its president, home secretary, and foreign secretary for the first time. Election of officers is a central tenet of the NAM’s governing structure following the 2015 reconstitution of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as an Academy alongside the National Academy of Sciences and the National Acad- emy of Engineering.

Victor J. Dzau, MD, was elected to a second, 6-year term as NAM President beginning in July 2020. Following a national search, Dzau was originally appointed as president of the IOM in 2014. During his first term, Dzau guided the organization through a complex transformation that entailed the establishment of novel operational and programmatic infrastructure for the NAM. He oversaw the development of a 5-year strategic plan and champi- oned the development of innovative program models within the NAM and the National Academies—including the international commission and action collaborative models. He also launched major initiatives to increase member engagement, advance diver- sity and inclusion, and build the leadership pipeline.

Jane Henney, MD, was elected to a second, 4-year term as NAM Home Secretary. In this role, she oversees the conduct of all membership affairs, including elections; promotes engage- ment of members in NAM and National Academies activities; and provides guidance and consultation for the staff of the NAM Office of Membership and Governance, among other responsibilities. Subsequent to her election, Dr. Henney decided to step down from the role of Home Secretary as of June 30, 2020. Elena Fuentes-Afflick, MD, MPH, was appointed by the NAM Council to serve the remainder of the term.

Carlos del Rio, MD, was elected to a 4-year term beginning July 1, 2020, as NAM Foreign Secretary, succeeding Margaret Hamburg, who assumed the role in 2015. In this role, he has responsibility for planning and conduct of the international affairs of the Academy, including liaising with international organizations; consulting with the U.S. government on matters of international health; and promoting the nomination and engagement of international NAM members, among other duties.

27 Members Inducted in 2019 (Class of 2018)

Hanan Mohamed S. Al-Kuwari, Richard E. Besser, MD Elias Campo, MD, PhD PhD Robert Wood Johnson Foundation University of Barcelona and State of Qatar and Hamad Richard S. Blumberg, MD Institute of Biomedical Research Medical Corp. Harvard Medical School and August Pi i Sunyer Bruce Aylward, MD Brigham and Women’s Hospital Yang Chai, DMD, PhD, DDS World Health Organization Azad Bonni, MD, PhD University of Southern California Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, PhD Washington University School of Giselle Corbie-Smith, MD, MSc Institut Pasteur Medicine University of North Carolina Linamara Rizzo Battistella, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, MB, BS, PhD, Peter Daszak, PhD MD, PhD FCPS, FRCP, FRCPCH, FAAP EcoHealth Alliance São Paulo State Secretariat for the The Hospital for Sick Children and Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD Rights of Persons with Disabilities The Aga Khan University Washington University School of and University of São Paulo Andrea Califano, Dr Medicine Yasmine Belkaid, PhD Columbia University Susan M. Domchek, MD National Institute of Allergy and Michael A. Caligiuri, MD University of Pennsylvania Infectious Diseases, National City of Hope National Medical Institutes of Health Francesca Dominici, PhD Center Harvard T.H. Chan School of James M. Berger, PhD Clifton Watson Callaway, MD, Public Health and Harvard Data Johns Hopkins University PhD Science Initiative University of Pittsburgh 28 CLASS OF 2018

Benjamin Levine Ebert, MD, Robert E. Kingston, PhD Ann Carolyn McKee, MD PhD Massachusetts General Hospital Boston University School Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System Jennifer Hartt Elisseeff, PhD Ophir David Klein, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University University of California, San Barbara J. Meyer, PhD Robert L. Ferrer, MD, MPH Francisco Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of California, University of Texas Health Alexander H. Krist, MD, MPH, Berkeley Science Center FAAFP Robert M. Friedlander, MD, Virginia Commonwealth University Matthew Langer Meyerson,

MA John Kuriyan, PhD MD, PhD University of Pittsburgh Medical University of California, Berkeley Harvard Medical School and Center DanaFarber Cancer Institute Joy Elizabeth Lawn, MBBS, Ying-Hui Fu, PhD MPH, FRCP (Paeds), PhD, Terrie E. Moffitt, PhD Duke University University of California, San FMedSci Francisco London School of Hygiene and Sean J. Morrison, PhD William A. Gahl, MD, PhD Tropical Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center National Human Genome Ellen Leibenluft, MD Research Institute, National National Institute of Mental Charles Alexander Nelson III, Institutes of Health Health, National Institutes of PhD Joshua A. Gordon, MD, PhD Health Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard University National Institute of Mental Gabriel Matthew Leung, MD Health, National Institutes of University of Hong Kong Kunle Odunsi, MD, PhD, Health Linda M. Liau, MD, PhD, MBA FRCOG, FACOG Scott Gottlieb, MD University of California, Los Roswell Park Comprehensive U.S. Food and Drug Administration Angeles Cancer Center David Allen Hafler, MD, MSc Keith Douglas Lillemoe, MD Lucila Ohno-Machado, MD, Yale School of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital PhD University of California, San Diego Evelynn Maxine Hammonds, and Harvard Medical School PhD Xihong Lin, PhD Jordan Scott Orange, MD, Harvard University Harvard T.H. Chan School of PhD Public Health Columbia University and New David Newcomb Herndon, York Presbyterian/Morgan MD, FACS Catherine Reinis Lucey, MD Stanley Children’s Hospital University of Texas Medical Branch University of California, San and Shriners Hospitals for Children Francisco Beverley Anne Orser, MD, PhD, FRCPC Steven M. Holland, MD Ellen J. MacKenzie, PhD, MSc University of Toronto and National Institute of Allergy and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sunnybrook Health Science Infectious Diseases, National School of Public Health Centre Institutes of Health Martin A. Makary, MD, MP.H, Lori J. Pierce, MD Amy Houtrow, MD, PhD, MPH FACS University of Michigan University of Pittsburgh Johns Hopkins University Daniel E. Polsky, PhD Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, PhD Bradley A. Malin, PhD, FACMI University of Pennsylvania University of Chicago Vanderbilt University Carol Propper, PhD John P. A. Ioannidis, MD, DSc George Mashour, MD, PhD Imperial College Business School Stanford University University of Michigan 29 MEMBER HIGHLIGHTS

Josiah “Jody ” Rich, MD, MPH Marie Celeste Simon, PhD Peter Walter, PhD Brown University and The Miriam University of Pennsylvania Howard Hughes Medical Institute Hospital Albert L. Siu, MD, MSPH and University of California, San Gene Ezia Robinson, PhD Icahn School of Medicine at Francisco University of Illinois at Urbana Mount Sinai Xiaobin Wang, MD, MPH, Champaign Claire Sterk, PhD ScD Hector P. Rodriguez, PhD Emory University Johns Hopkins University and University of California, Berkeley Children’s Center Susan Stone, DNSc, CNM, Charles N. Rotimi, PhD FACNM, FAAN Ronald John Weigel, MD, National Human Genome Frontier Nursing University and PhD Research Institute, National American College of Nurse- University of Iowa Institutes of Health Midwives Rachel M. Werner, MD, PhD Ralph Lewis Sacco, MD, MS, Sylvia Trent-Adams, PhD, RN, University of Pennsylvania FAAN, FAHA FAAN Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD University of Miami Office of the Surgeon General, Harvard Medical School; Judith A. Salerno, MD, MS U.S. Department of Health and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; New York Academy of Medicine Human Services and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Nanette Frances Santoro, MD Kara Odom Walker, MD, University of Colorado MPH, MSHS Teresa Woodruff, PhD Delaware Department of Health Northwestern University Stuart L. Schreiber, PhD and Human Services Harvard University King-Wai Yau, PhD Johns Hopkins University School Arlene Sharpe, PhD, MD of Medicine Harvard Medical School

Members Elected in 2019 (Class of 2019)

Edwin (Ted) G. Abel, PhD Julia Adler-Milstein, PhD Carol J. Baker, MD University of Iowa University of California, San University of Texas Health Science Denise R. Aberle, MD Francisco Center University of California, Los Nita Ahuja, MD, MBA Colleen L. Barry, PhD, MPP Angeles Yale School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Charles S. Abrams, MD Ama de-Graft Aikins, PhD of Public Health University of Pennsylvania University College London Elaine E. Batchlor, MD, MPH Anthony P. Adamis, MD C. David Allis, PhD Martin Luther King Jr. Community Genentech/Roche and Harvard The Rockefeller University Hospital Medical School David G. Amaral, PhD Peter S. Bearman Adaora Alise Adimora, MD, University of California, Davis Columbia University MPH Vineet Arora, MD, MAPP Sangeeta Bhatia, MD, PhD University of North Carolina, University of Chicago Massachusetts Institute of Chapel Hill Technology

30 CLASS OF 2019

L. Ebony Boulware, MD, MPH Deborah Estrin, PhD Julia A. Haller, MD Duke University School of Cornell University and Cornell Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Medicine Tech Jefferson University Charles C. Branas, PhD Bartholomeus C.J.M. Fauser, M. Elizabeth Halloran, MD, Columbia University MD, PhD, FRCOG DSc Marina Cavazzana, MD, PhD University of Utrecht University of Washington Paris University Medical School; Neil M. Ferguson, DPhil, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, FMedSci Research Center Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Imperial College London Diane Havlir, MD Paris; and Imagine Institute Betty R. Ferrell, PhD, FAAN University of California, San David Cella, PhD City of Hope Francisco Northwestern University Jorge E. Galán, DVM, PhD Debra Elaine Houry, MD, MPH Deborah J. Cohen, PhD Yale School of Medicine National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, Oregon Health & Science Tejal Kanti Gandhi, MD, MPH University Centers for Disease Control and Institute for Healthcare Prevention Dorin Comaniciu, PhD Improvement Siemens Healthineers Akiko Iwasaki, PhD George Fu Gao, DVM, DPhil Yale School of Medicine Rui Costa, DVM, PhD Chinese Center for Disease Columbia University Control & Prevention and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, MD Johns Hopkins University Rebecca Miriam Chinese Academy of Sciences Cunningham, MD Sharon Gerecht, PhD S. Claiborne (Clay) Johnston, University of Michigan Johns Hopkins University MD, PhD The University of Texas at Austin Hongjie Dai, PhD Margaret Anne Goodell, PhD Stanford University Baylor College of Medicine Rainu Kaushal, MD, MPH Weill Cornell Medicine and New James Tilmon Dalton, PhD Laura M. Gottlieb, MD, MPH York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell University of Michigan University of California, San Medical Center Francisco Beverly L. Davidson, PhD K. Craig Kent, MD University of Pennsylvania Stephan A. Grupp, MD, PhD The Ohio State University and Children’s Hospital of University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Adrian R. Krainer, PhD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory George Demiris, PhD Sanjay K. Gupta, MD, FACS University of Pennsylvania Grady Memorial Hospital; Emory Peter Kihwan Lee, PhD Microsoft Corp. Raymond N. DuBois Jr., MD, University School of Medicine; PhD and CNN Richard S. Legro, MD Penn State College of Medicine The Medical University of South J. Silvio Gutkind, PhD Carolina University of California, San Diego Michael Lenardo, MD James H. Eberwine, PhD Daphne Adele Haas-Kogan, National Institute of Allergy and University of Pennsylvania MD Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Elizabeth C. Engle, MD Harvard Medical School; Brigham Howard Hughes Medical and Women’s Hospital; Dana- Ernst Robert Lengyel, MD, Institute; Harvard Medical Farber Cancer Institute; and PhD School; Boston Children’s Boston Children’s Hospital University of Chicago Hospital; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 31 MEMBER HIGHLIGHTS

Scott W. Lowe, PhD Krzysztof Palczewski, PhD Beth Stevens, PhD Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, Irvine Boston Children’s Hospital and and Memorial Sloan Kettering Julie Parsonnet, MD Harvard Medical School; Howard Cancer Center Stanford University School of Hughes Medical Institute; and Jan De Maeseneer, MD, PhD Medicine Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Ghent University Jonathan Alan Patz, MD, MPH Carol M. Mangione, MD, University of Wisconsin-Madison Jacquelyn Taylor, PhD, PNP- MSPH BC, RN, FAHA, FAAN Rafael Perez-Escamilla, PhD NYU Rory Meyers College of University of California, Los Yale University Angeles Nursing Susan E. Quaggin, MD, Elaine R. Mardis, PhD, FAACR Mehmet Toner, PhD FRCP(C), FASN Massachusetts General Hospital Nationwide Children’s Hospital Northwestern University and The Ohio State University and Harvard Medical School Scott L. Rauch, MD Peter Margolis, MD, PhD Peter A. Ubel, MD McLean Hospital and Harvard Duke University Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical School Medical Center Sir Nicholas Wald, FRS, FRCP, Stuart W.J. Reid, CBE, PhD, FMedSci, D.Sc. (Med) Ellen R. Meara, PhD FRSE, FRCVS Dartmouth College University College London; St. University of London Georges University of London; David Meyers, MD, FAAFP John A. Rogers, PhD and Brown University, London Agency for Healthcare Research Northwestern University and Quality John Eu-Li Wong, MBBS Anil K. Rustgi, MD National University of Singapore Guo-li Ming, MD, PhD Columbia University and National University Health University of Pennsylvania System, Singapore David G. Schatz, PhD Paul S. Myles, MBBS, MPH, Yale School of Medicine Catherine S. Woolley, PhD MD, DSc Northwestern University Alfred Hospital and Monash Dorry L. Segev, MD, PhD University Johns Hopkins University Catherine J. Wu, MD Harvard Medical School and Julie A. Segre, PhD Kathleen M. Neuzil, MD, MPH Dana-Farber Cancer Institute University of Maryland School of National Human Genome Medicine Research Institute, National Joseph C. Wu, MD Institutes of Health Stanford University School of Craig D. Newgard, MD, MPH, Medicine FACEP Nenad Sestan, MD, PhD Yale Oregon Health & Science School of Medicine Kristine Yaffe, MD University of California, San University Peter L. Slavin, MD Francisco Luigi D. Notarangelo, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Rachel Yehuda, PhD National Institute of Allergy and Benjamin D. Sommers, MD, Icahn School of Medicine at Infectious Diseases, National PhD Mount Sinai Institutes of Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Gabriel Nuñez, MD Public Health and Brigham & Richard Allen Young, PhD University of Michigan Women’s Hospital Massachusetts Institute of Technology Andre Nussenzweig, PhD National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health

32 2019 Nobel Laureates

William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Kaelin and Semenza both received one-third of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.” Kaelin was elected to the NAM in 2007, and Semenza was elected in 2012. Both Kaelin and Semenza are also members of the National Academy of Sciences.

33 2019 Annual Meeting The Evolution of Technology in Biomedical Science: Promises and Challenges

The 49th NAM Annual Meeting took place October Using Artificial Intelligence”; and “Human Genome 19–21, 2019. The meeting featured a public scientific Editing: Navigating Ethics and Global Governance.” symposium titled “The Evolution of Technology in The meeting also included the 2019 President’s Biomedical Science: Promises and Challenges.” Forum, on the topic “Realizing the Potential of Keith Wailoo of Princeton University delivered Science and Technology in Health & Medicine: a keynote address on “Technology, Diversity and Navigating the Implications for Society.” NAM the Future of Health: The Social Predicament of president Victor J. Dzau led a dynamic discussion Genetic Innovation” (pictured below). Three panels between panelists Robert Cook-Deegan from of distinguished scientists followed the keynote, on Arizona State University, Scott Gottlieb from the the topics: “Data Sharing and the Individual: The American Enterprise Institute, Alondra Nelson Tension between Privacy and Open Source Data of the Social Science Research Council, and Elias in Science”; “Shaping Next Generation Delivery Zerhouni of Johns Hopkins University.

34 The NAM is grateful to the 2019 scientific program • Suchi Saria, MSc, PhD, John C. Malone planning committee: Assistant Professor, Department of Computer • Angela Diaz, MD, PhD, MPH (Chair), Jean Science, Johns Hopkins University C. and James W. Crystal Professor, • William W. Stead, MD, Chief Strategy Offi Department of Pediatrics and Department of cer, McKesson Foundation and Professor of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Vanderbilt University Medical Center Director, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health • Keith R. Yamamoto, PhD, Vice Chancellor Center for Science Policy and Strategy, University of • Jeffrey R. Balser, MD, PhD, President and California, San Francisco (UCSF); UCSF CEO, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Precision Medicine; and Professor, Cellular and Dean, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF University • Jeffrey Kahn, PhD, MPH, Andreas C. Dracopoulos Director, and Levi Professor of Bioethics and Public Policy, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University • Story C. Landis, PhD, Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke • Robert S. Langer, ScD, David Koch Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 35 In Memoriam

The National Academy of Medicine honors the life and work of members who passed away between January 1, 2019, and April 30, 2020.

Wayne C. Bardin Waun K. Hong John Mendelsohn Ben D. Barker Kurt J. Isselbacher Fitzhugh Mullan Elizabeth Barrett-Connor Richard Janeway Robert M. Nerem Lionel M. Bernstein Thomas M. Jessell James G. Nuckolls Robert L. Black Wolfgang K. Joklik John W. Owen Clara D. Bloomfield Donald Kennedy Arthur B. Pardee Sydney Brenner Anne K. Kibrick Dominick P. Purpura Charles C.J. Carpenter Sung Wan Kim John B. Robbins Johna A. Downey Luella Klein Peter Rosen Ronald S. Duman Walter F. Leavell Edward Rubenstein Mitzi L. Duxbury Philip Leder Judith S. Stern Neil J. Elgee LaSalle D. Leffall James E. Strain Martin S. Feldstein Donald A. Lindberg Walter J. Wadlington Maurice S. Fox Floyd J. Malveaux Bailus Walker Yuan-Cheng B. Fung Paul A. Marks James B. Wyngaarden Robert J. Genco James O. Mason Edward Zigler Paul Greengard Ruth McCorkle David A. Hamburg Bruce S. McEwen

36 Fellowships & Leadership Programs The National Academy of Medicine administers five national and international fellowship programs, as well as the Emerging Lead- ers in Health and Medicine Program. Together, the NAM’s growing portfolio of fellowships and leadership programs is intended to position the next generation for leadership, innovation, and impact in health, medicine, and biomedical science.

37 Fellowships

The NAM administers five fellowships designed to program, and seven subject specific NAM cultivate the next generation of leaders in health Fellowships for Health Science Scholars. and medicine, and engage them in the work of In 2018, the NAM launched two new the NAM and the National Academies. These international fellowships: the International Health include the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Policy Fellowship in partnership with the Chinese (RWJF) Health Policy Fellows Program—which University of Hong Kong, and the Fellowship in for nearly 50 years years in operation is the Global Health Leadership in partnership with the Academy’s longest-standing program—as well as Hong Kong University School of Public Health. the FDA Tobacco Regulatory Science Fellowship, the Distinguished Nurse Scholar-in-Residence

2019-2020 Robert Wood NAM Fellowships Johnson Foundation Health for Health Science Scholars Policy Fellows 2019-2021 Norman F. Gant/American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fellow Sharron Crowder, PhD, RN, ATSF Indiana University Saul D. Rivas, MD, MPH Kristen Dillon, MD University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of PacificSource Medicine 2019-2021 James C. Puffer, M.D./American Charles Mathias, PhD Board of Family Medicine Fellow University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio Lars Peterson, MD, PhD Michelle Morse, MD, MPH American Board of Family Medicine; Harvard Medical School/ University of Kentucky Brigham and Women’s Hospital; 2019-2021 Gilbert S. Omenn Fellow Social Medicine Consortium Anaeze Offodile II, MD, MPH Joseph Sakran, MD, MPH, MPA MD Anderson Cancer Center Johns Hopkins University 2019-2021 American Board of Emergency Liliane Windsor, PhD, MSW Medicine Fellowship Arjun Venkatesh MD, MBA, MHS Yale University; Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation 2019-2021 Greenwall Fellow Rachel Fabi, PhD SUNY Upstate Medical University 2018-2020 Pharmacy Fellow Dima M. Qato, PharmD, MPH, PhD University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy 2018-2020 Osteopathic Medicine Fellow Michelle Kvalsund, DO, MS 38 Michigan State University FELLOWSHIPS & LEADERSHIP PROGRAMS

2019-2020 2019-2020 FDA Tobacco Nurse Scholar-in-Residence Regulatory Science Fellows Allison Squires, PhD, RN, FAAN Ravi Choudhuri, MPH NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing Public Health Professional Reema Goel, PhD, MS International Fellowships Pennsylvania State University Marzena Spindle, PhD, MHS 2018-2020 International Health Policy Fellow Behavioral Pharmacologist Roger Chung, PhD, MHS Deeba Syed, PhD, MBBS Chinese University of Hong Kong University of Wisconsin-Madison 2019-2020 NAM-HKU Fellow in Global Health Leadership Pictured (left to right): Rivas, Fabi, Offodile, Chinmoy Sarkar, BSc, Msc, PhD Venkatesh, Peterson, Squires University of Hong Kong

39 Emerging Leaders in Health and Medicine

The Emerging Leaders in Health and Medicine leadership, to provide opportunities to present (ELHM) program facilitates opportunities for and build upon their own work, identify novel and mentorship, collaboration, and innovation among inventive strategies of tackling commonly shared emerging leaders, NAM members, and experts personal and professional challenges, and network across sectors. Program scholars also provide with NAM members and each other. The forum valuable input and feedback to help shape the featured interactive panel sessions developed by priorities of the NAM and sustain the NAM’s impact the emerging leaders; lunches with NAM members; and reputation as a national leader in advancing a fireside chat with Francis Collins, Director of the knowledge and accelerating progress in science, National Institutes of Health; and small group medicine, policy, and health equity. discussions about cross-cutting areas of interest. On July 17-18, 2019, approximately 70 emerging A summary of the forum is available online at leaders and 35 National Academy of Medicine NAM.edu/EmergingLeaders. (NAM) members gathered in Washington, DC, for the inaugural Emerging Leaders Forum. A planning committee made up of ELHM Scholars designed the 2019 Forum, with input from NAM

40 FELLOWSHIPS & LEADERSHIP PROGRAMS

2019–2020 Emerging Leaders in Health and Medicine Scholars

Maria Elena Bottazzi, PhD Minal Patel, PhD, MPH Baylor College of Medicine University of Michigan Paul P. Christopher, MD Brea Perry, PhD Brown University Indiana University Deidra C. Crews, MD, ScM Nathan Price, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institute for Systems Biology Adaeze Enekwechi, PhD, MPP Suchi Saria, PhD, MSc Impaq, LLC Johns Hopkins University Oluwadamilola “Lola” Fayanju, MD, MA, Margaret (Gretchen) L. Schwarze, MD, MPP MPHS University of Wisconsin Duke University Julie Segre, PhD Lori Freedman, PhD National Institutes of Health University of California, San Francisco Jacob Sherkow, JD, MA Christopher Friese, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN New York Law School University of Michigan Hanni Stoklosa, MD, MPH Jordan Green, PhD Harvard Medical School Johns Hopkins University Sohail Tavazoie, MD, PhD Marcia Haigis, PhD The Rockefeller University Harvard Medical School Hassan A. Tetteh, MD, MBA, MPA, MS Leora Horwitz, MD United States Navy; Uniformed Services University New York University School of Medicine of the Health Sciences Mark Huffman, MD, MPH Y. Claire Wang, MD, ScD, MS Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medi- New York Academy of Medicine cine; The George Institute for Global Health Jonathan Watanabe, PharmD, MS, PhD, Ning (Jenny) Jiang, PhD BCGP University of Texas at Austin University of California, San Diego Sandeep Kishore, MD, PhD, MSc Jeffrey K. Wickliffe PhD, MS Mount Sinai Health Tulane University Raina Merchant, MD, MSHP Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD Penn Medicine/Digital Health; University of Penn- Stanford School of Medicine sylvania Ramnik Xavier, MD, ChB Mark Neuman, MD Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical University of Pennsylvania School

41 Awards

The National Academy of Medicine issues two major public awards annually: the Gustav O. Lienhard Award for Advancement of Health Care and the Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Men- tal Health. In addition, the NAM issues awards to NAM members and staff in recognition of exceptional service to the NAM and the National Academies.

42 Gustav O. Lienhard Award for Advancement of Health Care

The 2019 Lienhard Award was presented to trolyte disorders and genetic kidney disorders has Patricia Gabow, formerly of Denver Health and culminated in over 170 publications. For 15 years, professor emerita of the University of Colorado Gabow served as principal investigator for the Na- School of Medicine. tional Institutes of Health’s largest clinical project Throughout her almost 50-year career, Gabow on polycystic kidney disease. She was also a pro- has led a multiyear, multiphase transformation at a fessor of medicine at the University of Colorado public hospital system; served as a leading clinical School of Medicine for 30 years. investigator; and advocated for improving health Issued annually, the Lienhard Award recognizes care delivery through her writing, professorship, outstanding national achievement in improving and board service. Gabow was the third woman personal health care in the United States. Nomi- in Denver Health’s 150-year history to become its nees are eligible for consideration without regard CEO, a role she held for 20 years. Under Gabow’s to education or profession, and award recipients leadership, Denver Health achieved extraordinary are selected by a committee of experts convened quality outcomes and financial stability, while staying true to its mis- sion to preserve access to care for the most vulnerable. During her tenure, Denver Health became recognized as the pre- mier Level-One trauma system in Colorado, achieved an 80 per- cent immunization rate among low-income children, and had the lowest observed to ex- pected mortality rate among 117 academic health centers nationwide. by the Academy. The award is accompanied by a Gabow also shepherded the system to financial medal and $40,000, and the recipient is invited to stability, while enabling it to provide over $4.7 deliver a lecture hosted by the NAM. The 2019 se- billion of care to the uninsured without increased lection committee was chaired by Don Berwick, City of Denver financial support. Because of her President Emeritus and Senior Fellow, Institute for expertise in the care of vulnerable populations and Healthcare Improvement. The Lienhard Award is safety net systems, she was appointed as a found- funded by an endowment from the Robert Wood ing member of the federal Medicaid and Children’s Johnson Foundation. Gustav O. Lienhard was chair Health Insurance Program Payment and Access of the foundation’s board of trustees from the or- Commission. ganization’s establishment in 1971 to his retirement Gabow began her career at Denver Health in in 1986—a period in which the foundation moved 1973, when she started the health system’s ne- to the forefront of American philanthropy in health phrology service. Her research on fluid and elec- care. Learn more at NAM.edu/Lienhard.

43 Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health

The 2019 Sarnat Prize was awarded to Daniel In addition, Weinberger pioneered the applica- Weinberger in honor of his fundamental role in tion of neuroimaging in psychiatry research, and elucidating the biological origins and genetic ex- many of today’s major, enduring findings on neu- pressions of schizophrenia, and for transforming roimaging in schizophrenia have emerged from how clinicians, researchers, and the public under- Weinberger’s laboratory. His research discoveries stand mental illness. on prefrontal cortex function have been widely Weinberger’s research challenged conventional replicated, and they are largely responsible for the scientific thought focused on neurochemical caus- prefrontal cortex being considered the main re- es of schizophrenia and changed the research par- gion of interest in many imaging and brain tissue adigm to make brain science the centerpiece of studies related to schizophrenia. In addition, his schizophrenia research. He was the first to show that pioneering research on gene mechanisms of brain the genetics of schizophrenia involves early brain circuit function spurred the creation of the National development and complications during pregnancy, Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Cri- including the resilience of the placenta to obstetri- teria program, which aims to develop a system for cal stress. The results of his work have suggested how mental health disorders are classified and di- that risk factors for schizophrenia, both genetic and agnosed. epigenetic, are more strongly linked to early brain Since 1992, the Sarnat Prize has been presented to individuals, groups, or organizations that have demonstrated outstand- ing achievement in im- proving mental health. The prize recognizes —without regard for professional discipline or nationality—achieve- ments in basic science, clinical application, and public policy that lead to progress in the under- standing, etiology, pre- vention, treatment, or cure of mental disorders, or to the promotion of development than to the time of life when the di- mental health. The Sarnat Prize is accompanied agnosis is made. His studies have also led to cog- by a medal and $20,000. The award is supported nition being an outcome measure in most current by an endowment created by Rhoda and Bernard treatment strategies for schizophrenia. In 2014, he Sarnat of Los Angeles. The 2019 selection commit- was part of a landmark study that identified more tee was chaired by Karen Berman, Johns Hopkins than 100 regions in human DNA that can increase University. Learn more at NAM.edu/Sarnat. someone’s risk for developing the condition.

44 NAM Member Awards Walsh McDermott Medal Cato Laurencin received the Walsh McDermott Award in recognition of distinguished service to the National Academies of Sciences, En- gineering, and Medicine over an extended period. Since his election to NAM in 2004, Laurencin has served on more than 20 committees and has held several leadership positions, including serving as a sec- tion chair on the NAM’s Membership Committee. A devoted mentor and champion of early career and underrepresented minority scientists, Laurencin is currently a member of the Advisory Committee for New Voices in Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Laurencin is known in- ternationally for his research in biomaterials, drug delivery, nanotech- nology, stem cell science, and a field he has pioneered, regenerative engineering.

David Rall Medal David Savitz received the David Rall Award for distinguished leadership as chair of a study committee or other such activity, showing commitment that far exceeds the position’s responsibilities. During his 26 years of service to NAM, he has served on the Board on the Health of Select Populations and more than a dozen committees, five of which he chaired. Savitz’s reputation as a skilled judge of evidence, a rigorous critical thinker, and a careful communicator of scientific findings and their implications have made him a highly sought committee chair. His committees have often taken on contentious, scientifically challenging issues, including electromagnetic radiation, Agent Orange and burn pit exposures among veterans, contaminated drinking water at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, and the public health ramifications of e-cigarettes.

Adam Yarmolinksy Medal Gail Wilensky received the Adam Yarmolinsky Award, which honors a member from a discipline outside the health and medical sciences who has contributed to the mission of the NAM over a significant period. Wilensky is a nationally renowned health economist whose research focuses on Medicare reform, comparative effectiveness, and military health care. She has served on the NAM Council for two terms, as well as on the Boards on Health Care Services; Children, Youth, and Families; and Health Sciences Policy; and on the Policy and Global Affairs Division’s Committee. She has served on nine consensus studies and steering committees. For 6 years, Wilensky was a member of the advisory board for NAM’s Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Health Policy Fellowships and now serves on the Advisory Committee for the Culture of Health Program, providing leadership and insight for these distinguished programs.

45 45 Staff Awards

Each year, the NAM presents three Cecil Awards recognizing and celebrating current and/or recent staff whose sustained service has contributed importantly to progress toward the NAM Mission—to improve health for all by advancing science, accelerating health equity, and providing independent, authoritative, and trusted advice nationally and globally. Each award is accompanied by $4,000 and a commemorative medal.

2019 Sandra H. Matthews Cecil Award for Administrative Excellence Meg McCoy Director of Membership and Governance National Academy of Medicine

2019 Cecil Award for Individual Excellence Erin Balogh Senior Program Officer Health and Medicine Division

2019 Cecil Award for Excellence of a Group Laura Aiuppa Rajbir Kaur Imani Rickerby Charlee Alexander Heather Kreidler Toby Warden Kyra Cappelucci Marc Meisnere Mariana Zindel Ivory Clarke Sharyl Nass

Clinician Well-Being Team National Academy of Medicine & Health and Medicine Division

46 46 Finances

2019 Revenues

59% of NAM revenues were from grants and 18% contributions by external donors $2.7M

23% of NAM revenues are from the indirect 59%59% cost pool of the National Research Council, 23% $8.9M8.9 the primary source of funds supporting $3.4M Operations

18% of revenue is from endowment payout, which supports both Operations and Programs Grants, NRC Endowment Contributions, Indirects Payout

& Other

2019 Expenses

58% of expenses support program activities 32% $4.8M 32% of expenses support General 38% Operations, including the President’s, $5.6M Executive, Development, Foreign Secretary, and Home Secretary offices 19% 10% 10% of expenses support Membership and $2.8M $1.5M NAM Council activities

44 total staff at the close of the fiscal year with Programs Membership 2 additional positions under recruitment & Council Health Operations Policy Fellowships

The NAM budget supports two main areas of activity: General Operations and Program. General Operations includes the Executive Office as well as Development, Communications, Finance, Program Development, Membership and Council Services, and joint National Academies expenses. Program includes Culture of Health, Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being and Resilience, Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic, Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge, Vital Directions, and the Leadership Consortium for a Value and Science-Driven Health System, among other projects and activities. Fellowships are a distinct program and are reflected separately in the chart above.

47 Donor Appreciation

We gratefully acknowledge the support of private contributors to the National Academy of Medicine. The collective, private philanthropy of our members and friends helps to enhance the NAM’s mission to lead, inspire innovation, and impact the health of all people.

48 2019 Donor Appreciation

In 2019, contributions from private donors helped the National Academy of Medicine provide expert advice to the nation, inspire bold ideas around the globe, and build leadership capacity for the future of health and health care. We are deeply grateful for the generous support. Every gift helps the NAM promote its core mission and respond to urgent priorities. Highlights from the year include:

• $4.4 million in new commitments • $28.2 million through Global Collaborators in the Healthy Longevity Global Competition • $37,500 for the Action Collaborative on Responding to the U.S. Opioid Epidemic • 573 NAM members and friends contributed $571,075 to the Annual Fund • 30 percent of NAM members made a gift to the Academies • 11 new NAM Society Members (cumulative giving of $20,000– $100,000) • 1 new Heritage Society Member (estate gift)

Philanthropic gifts and grants make it possible for the NAM to fulfill its mission. We greatly appreciate all of the support received from our many members and friends.

49 49 DONOR APPRECIATION

Lifetime Giving The Einstein Society In recognition of members and friends who have made lifetime contributions of $100,000 or more to the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, or National Academy of Medicine. Boldfaced names are NAM members.

$1 Million or more Bruce and Betty Alberts Irwin and Joan Jacobs Martine A. Rothblatt Richard and Rita Atkinson Robert L. and Anne K. James Jack W. and Valerie Rowe Norman R. Augustine Kenneth A. Jonsson* Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Craig and Barbara Barrett Fred Kavli* Prize Fund of the Russ Jordan* and Rhoda Baruch Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.* College of Engineering Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. Tillie K. Lubin* and Technology at Ohio Arnold and Mabel Beckman* Whitney* and Betty MacMillan University Leonard Blavatnik John F. McDonnell Dame Jillian Sackler Harry E. Bovay, Jr.* George P. Mitchell* Raymond* and Beverly Sackler Donald L. Bren The Ambrose Monell Bernard and Rhoda Sarnat* Harvey V. Fineberg and Foundation Leonard D. Schaeffer Mary E. Wilson Gordon and Betty Moore Sara Lee and Axel Schupf Bernard M. Gordon Philip and Sima Needleman James H. and Marilyn Simons Cecil H. Green* Peter O’Donnell, Jr. John and Janet Swanson Michael and Sheila Held* Robert* and Mayari Pritzker Anthony J. Yun and Kimberly William R. and Rosemary B. Richard L. and Hinda G. A. Bazar Hewlett* Rosenthal* Ming and Eva Hsieh $500,000 to $999,999 Rose-Marie and Jack R. Eugene Garfield Foundation Dane* and Mary Louise Miller Anderson* Theodore Geballe Oliver E. and Gerda K. Nelson* John and Elizabeth Armstrong Penny and Bill George, George Gilbert S. Omenn and Kenneth E. Behring Family Foundation Martha A. Darling Gordon Bell Christa and Detlef Gloge Shela and Kumar Patel Elkan R.* and Gail F. Blout William T.* and Catherine William J. Rutter Carson Family Charitable Trust Morrison Golden Henry and Susan Samueli Charina Endowment Fund Alexander Hollaender* Herbert A. and Dorothea P. Ralph J.* and Carol M. Thomas V. Jones* Simon* Cicerone Cindy and Jeong Kim Raymond S. Stata James McConnell Clark Ralph and Claire Landau* Roy and Diana Vagelos Henry David* Asta and William W. Lang* Andrew and Erna* Viterbi Richard Evans* Ruben F.* and Donna Mettler Alan M. Voorhees*

* = deceased DONOR APPRECIATION

$250,000 to $499,999 The Agouron Institute Jerome H.* and Barbara N. Anne and Walt Robb W.O. Baker* Grossman Matthew L. Rogers and Swati Warren L. Batts John O. Hallquist Mylavarapu Elwyn* and Jennifer Berlekamp John L. Hennessy Stephen* and Anne Ryan Daniel Branton Chad and Ann Holliday H.E. Simmons* George* and Virginia William R. Jackson* Judy Swanson Bugliarello Anita K. Jones Marci and James J. Truchard Clarence S. Coe* Mary and Howard* Kehrl Ted Turner Rosie and Stirling A. Colgate* Kent Kresa Leslie L. Vadasz W. Dale and Jeanne C. Robin K. and Rose M. McGuire Martha Vaughan* Compton* Janet and Richard M.* Morrow Charles M.* and Rebecca M. Lance and Susan Davis Clayton Daniel and Patricia L. Vest David and Miriam Donoho Mote Wm. A. Wulf Ruth and Victor Dzau Ralph S. O’Connor* Anonymous (1) Dotty and Gordon England Kenneth H. Olsen* George and Christine Ann and Michael Ramage Gloeckler Simon Ramo*

$100,000 to $249,999 John and Pat Anderson Erich Bloch* Ross and Stephanie Corotis Laura E. and John D. Arnold Barry W. Boehm Ruth David and Stan Dains Holt Ashley* Gopa and Arindam Bose Roman W. DeSanctis Nadine Aubry and John L. David G. Bradley Robert* and Florence Deutsch Batton Lewis M. Branscomb Nicholas M. Donofrio Francisco J. and Hana Ayala Sydney Brenner* Paul M. Doty* William F. Ballhaus, Sr.* Malin Burnham Charles W. Duncan, Jr. David Baltimore Ursula Burns and Lloyd Bean George and Maggie Eads Thomas D.* and Janice H. Chau-Chyun and Li-Li Chen Robert and Cornelia Eaton Barrow John and Assia Cioffi The Eleftheria Foundation H.H. and Eleanor F. Barschall* Paul Citron and Margaret James O. Ellis, Jr. and Elisabeth Donald and Joan Beall Carlson Citron Paté-Cornell Daniel and Frances Berg A. James Clark* Emanuel and Peggy Epstein Diane and Norman Bernstein G. Wayne Clough Thomas E. Everhart Bharati and Murty Bhavaraju Barry and Bobbi Coller Peter Farrell Chip and Belinda Blankenship John D. Corbett* Michiko So* and Lawrence

51 DONOR APPRECIATION

Michiko So* and Lawrence John W. Landis* Julie and Alton D. Romig, Jr. Finegold Janet and Barry Lang Henry M. Rowan* Tobie and Daniel J.* Fink Ming-wai Lau Joseph E. and Anne P. Rowe* George and Ann Fisher Gerald and Doris Laubach Jonathan J. Rubinstein Delbert A. and Beverly C. David M.* and Natalie Maxine L. Savitz Fisher Lederman Walter Schlup* Robert C.* and Marilyn G. Bonnie Berger and Frank Wendy and Eric Schmidt Forney Thomson Leighton David E. Shaw Harold K.* and Betty Forsen Thomas M. Leps* Richard P. Simmons William L. and Mary Kay Friend Frances and George Ligler Harold C. and Carol H. Sox Christopher Galvin R. Noel Longuemare Robert F. and Lee S. Sproull William H. and Melinda F. Asad M., Gowhartaj, and Jamal Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr. Gates III Madni Arnold and Constance Stancell Nan and Chuck Geschke Davis L. Masten and Richard J. and Bobby Ann Jack and Linda Gill Christopher Ireland Stegemeier Martin E. and Lucinda Roger L. McCarthy Edward C. Stone Glicksman Michael and Pat McGinnis F. William Studier Avram Goldstein* William W. McGuire Thomas and Marilyn Sutton Robert W. Gore Burt* and Deedee McMurtry Charlotte and Morris Paul and Judy Gray Marcia K. McNutt Tanenbaum Corbin Gwaltney Rahul Mehta Peter and Vivian Teets Margaret A. Hamburg and G. William* and Ariadna Miller Hemant K. and Suniti Thapar Peter F. Brown Ronald D. Miller James M. Tien and Ellen S. William M. Haney III Stanley L. Miller* Weston Wesley L. Harris Sanjit K. and Nandita Mitra Gary and Diane Tooker George* and Daphne Joe and Glenna Moore Katherine K. and John J. Tracy Hatsopoulos David* and Lindsay John C. Wall Jane E. Henney and Robert Morgenthaler Robert and Joan Wertheim Graham Narayana and Sudha Murty Robert M.* and Mavis E. White Lyda Hill Jaya and Venky Narayanamurti John C. Whitehead* Jane Hirsh Ellen and Philip Neches Jean D. Wilson Michael W. Hunkapiller Ronald and Joan Nordgren Ken Xie Jennie S. Hwang Susan and Franklin M. Orr, Jr. Tachi and Leslie Yamada M. Blakeman Ingle David Packard* Adrian Zaccaria Richard B. Johnston, Jr. Charles and Doris Pankow* Alejandro Zaffaroni* Trevor O. Jones Larry* and Carol Papay Peter Zandan Thomas Kailath Jack S. Parker* Janet and Jerry Zucker Yuet Wai and Alvera Kan Arogyaswami J. Paulraj Anonymous (3) John and Wilma Kassakian Edward E. Penhoet Leon K. and Olga Kirchmayer* Allen E.* and Marilynn Puckett Frederick A. Klingenstein Richard F. and Terri W. Rashid William I. Koch Alexander Rich* Gail F. Koshland Arthur D. Riggs Jill Howell Kramer Ronald L. Rivest

* = deceased DONOR APPRECIATION

The NAM Society In recognition of members and friends of the NAM who have made lifetime contributions totaling $20,000 to $99,999. We acknowledge contributions made as personal gifts or as gifts facilitated by the donor through a donor advised fund, matching gift program, or family foundation. Names in bold font are NAM members.

$75,000 to $99,000 Jack D. Barchas Catherine Adams Hutt and Jacqueline K. Barton and Paul Berg Peter Barton Hutt Peter B. Dervan Kenneth I. Berns Steven E. Human John K. Castle Mary and Dennis Bier Nancy S. and Thomas S. Inui Rudi* and Sonja Schmid Maureen Bisognano The Henry J. Kaiser Family Gail L. Warden Floyd E. Bloom Foundation Enriqueta C. Bond Tadamitsu Kishimoto $50,000 to $74,999 Roger J. Bulger Edward A. and Kathryn F. Linda Burnes Bolton Kravitz John R. Ball Christine Cassel and Michael Cato and Cynthia Laurencin Stuart Bondurant* and Susan McCally Ruth Watson Lubic Ehringhaus David R. and Jacklyn A. Patricia and George Peggy and Thomas Caskey Challoner Lundberg Purnell W. Choppin Ellen Wright Clayton and Jay Christy and John Mack Pedro M. Cuatrecasas Clayton James S. and Judith M. Marks William H. Danforth Fred E. Cohen and Carolyn B. Roger O. McClellan Julie H. and Robert J. Desnick Klebanoff Marie McCormick and Bradford H. Gray Graham A. Colditz and Patti Robert Blendon Kathryn S. and Peter S. Kim L. Cox Bruce McEwen* and Karen Woodrow A. Myers, Jr. Mary Sue Coleman Bulloch McEwen Robert M.* and Marilyn R. Molly J. Coye Terry McGuire Nerem Jane and Worth B.* Daniels, Jane Menken Maxine F. Singer Jr. Mortimer Mishkin Joan A. and Thomas A.* Nathaniel E. David Van and Barbara Mow Steitz Johanna T. Dwyer Paul A. Offit Samuel O. Thier Martha P. and Mark C. Roslyn and Stuart H. Orkin Robert E. Tranquada Fishman June E. Osborn Torsten N. Wiesel Norman and Deann Gant Herbert Pardes Ronald A. Williams Richard L. and Lois E. Garwin Thomas and Patty Pollard Elias A. Zerhouni James R. Gavin III E. Albert Reece Anonymous (2) Sid Gilman and Carol Barbour William C. Richardson $20,000 to $49,999 Tony Gotto Emanuel P. Rivers Margie and Larry A. Green Marco A. Royo Francois and Doris Abboud Diane E. Griffin Vinod Sahney Nancy Adler and Arnold Martha N. Hill Charles A. Sanders Milstein Lee Hood and Valerie Logan Charles Sawyers Dyanne D. Affonso Hood Randy Schekman Frances H. Arnold Tony Hunter Donna E. Shalala K. Frank Austen Larry J. Shapiro

53 DONOR APPRECIATION

Phillip A. Sharp Peter K. Vogt C. Kern Wildenthal Charles J. Sherr David Walt and Michele May Owen N. Witte Kenneth I. Shine James N. Weinstein Mary Woolley Rosemary A. Stevens Myron and Linda Weisfeldt Keith R. Yamamoto Jeff Tarr, Sr. Irving L. Weissman Warren and Nikki Zapol Palmer and Susan Taylor Thomas E. Wellems and Michael and Leslee Zubkoff Walter and Marti Unger Marilyn I. Powell Anonymous (1) Harold Varmus Nancy S. Wexler

The Heritage Society In recognition of members and friends who have included the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, or National Academy of Medicine in their estate plans or who have made some other type of planned gift to the Academies. Names in bold are NAM members.

Gene M.* and Marian Amdahl Morrel H. Cohen Nancy S. and Thomas S. Inui Betsy Ancker-Johnson Stanley N. Cohen Richard B. Johnston, Jr. John C. Angus Graham A. Colditz and Patti Anita K. Jones John and Elizabeth Armstrong L. Cox Jerome Kagan Norman R. Augustine Colleen Conway-Welch* Diana S. and Michael D. King Jack D. Barchas Ross and Stephanie Corotis Norma M. Lang Harrison H. and Catherine C. Ellis and Bettsy Cowling Marigold Linton and Robert Barrett Barbara J. Culliton Barnhill Stanley Baum Malcolm R. Currie Daniel P. Loucks Clyde J. Behney Glen T. and Patricia B. Daigger Ruth Watson Lubic C. Elisabeth Belmont David and Susan Daniel R. Duncan* and Carolyn Scheer Daniel and Frances Berg Peter N. Devreotes Luce Paul Berg Gerard W. Elverum Thomas* and Caroline Elkan R.* and Gail F. Blout Dotty and Gordon England Maddock Enriqueta C. Bond Emanuel and Peggy Epstein Asad and Taj Madni Daniel Branton Tobie and Daniel J.* Fink Pat and Jim McLaughlin Robert and Lillian Brent Robert C.* and Marilyn G. Jane Menken Corale L. Brierley Forney Sharon and Arthur Money James A. Brierley William L. and Mary Kay Friend Van and Barbara Mow Lenore and Rob Briskman Arthur and Helen Geoffrion Guido Munch Kristine L. Bueche Paul H. Gilbert Mary O. Mundinger Dorit Carmelli Martin E. and Lucinda Philip and Sima Needleman Peggy and Thomas Caskey Glicksman Norman F. Ness A. Ray Chamberlain George and Christine Gloeckler Ronald and Joan Nordgren Linda and Frank Chisari Christa and Detlef Gloge Gilbert S. Omenn and Martha Rita K. Chow Joseph W. Goodman A. Darling Paul Citron and Margaret Chushiro* and Yoshiko Hayashi Bradford W. and Virgina W. Carlson Citron John G. Hildebrand and Gail D. Parkinson John A. Clements Burd Zack T. Pate D. Walter Cohen* John R. Howell Neil and Barbara Pedersen

* = deceased DONOR APPRECIATION

Frank Press* Rudi* and Sonja Schmid Patricia Bray-Ward and David James J. Reisa, Jr. Susan C. Scrimshaw C. Ward Emanuel P. Rivers Kenneth I. Shine Robert and Joan Wertheim Richard J.* and Bonnie B. Arnold and Constance Stancell Maw-Kuen Wu Robbins H. Eugene Stanley Wm. A. Wulf Eugene* and Ruth Roberts Rosemary A. Stevens Tilahun D. Yilma Julie and Alton D. Romig, Jr. John and Janet Swanson Michael and Leslee Zubkoff James F. Roth Esther Sans Takeuchi Anonymous (4) Esther and Lewis* Rowland Paul* and Pamela Talalay Sheila A. Ryan Walter Unger Paul R. Schimmel John C. Wall Stuart F. Schlossman

Below: Attendees at the 2019 Donor Appreciation Luncheon

55 Tributes

In Memory of Drs. Abelson, Rosenblith, and Bustad – Roger O. McClellan In Memory of Elaine Bollinger – Karen B. DeSalvo In Memory of Henry A. and Eleanor M. Carey – Robert M. Carey In Memory of Stephen E. Fienberg – Alicia L. Carriquiry In Memory of Menek Goldstein – Tomas Hokfelt In Memory of David S. Greer – Vincent Mor In Memory of David and Beatrix Hamburg – Nancy C. Andrews In Memory of Luther Higginbotham – Eve Higginbotham and Frank Williams In Memory of Jon Inouye – Sharon K. Inouye In Memory of Theresa Manson – JoAnn E. Manson In Memory of Walsh McDermott – Walter and Marti Unger In Memory of Walter McNerney – Walter and Marti Unger In Memory of Shirley Michel – Ronald and Paula Weigel In Memory of Malcolm and Leonie Morrison – John H. Morrison In Memory of Fitzhugh Mullan – Lynn R. Goldman In Memory of Lucille Nigh – Peter J. Polverini In Memory of Martin Oudenhoven – Bonnie Oakley In Memory of Julius B. Richmond – Cynthia and Robert Lawrence In Memory of Albert Roos – Walter F. Boron In Memory of Rudi Schmid – Deborah Greenspan, John S. Greenspan In Memory of Geoffrey Shellam– Barry and Adrienne Marshall In Memory of Hilda Yancy – Clyde W. Yancy

In Honor of Purnell W. Choppin – Naomi L. Gerger In Honor of Victor J. Dzau – Barry and Bobbi Coller In Honor of William E. Evans – Julie A. Johnson In Honor of Harvey V. Fineberg – Susan C. Scrimshaw In Honor of Larry A. Green – Andrew and Carolyn Bazemore In Honor of David A. Hamburg – Linda S. and Paul A. Wilson In Honor of Georgia L. Holland – Robert D. Beauchamp In Honor of Scott J. Hultgren – Scott J. Hultgren In Honor of Timothy R. Johnson – John and Barbara DeLancey In Honor of Michael Katz – Jordan S. Orange In Honor of Ruth Kirschtein – Raynard S. Kington In Honor of Davis Lawrence – Diana J. Wilkie In Honor of William Markowitz – David Rosner In Honor of Margaret A. McCoy – Elena and Peter Fuentes-Afflick, Sharon K. Inouye In Honor of Stuart H. Orkin – Scott and Andrea Armstrong In Honor of Alberta Dangle Snyder – Donita Strausbaugh In Honor of Samuel O. Thier – George E. Thibault In Honor of the Food and Nutrition Board’s 80th Anniversary – Johanna T. Dwyer

56 56 DONOR APPRECIATION

The Loyalty Society In recognition of members and friends who have made gifts to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for at least 20 years. We acknowledge contributions made as personal gifts or as gifts facilitated by the donor through a donor advised fund, matching gift program, or family foundation. Names in bold font are NAM members.

Francois M. Abboud Jack E. Buffington Robert C.* and Marilyn G. H. Norman Abramson George* and Virginia Forney Andreas and Juana Acrivos Bugliarello Harold K.* and Betty Forsen William G. Agnew Eugenio Calabi T. Kenneth Fowler Bruce and Betty Alberts William B. Carey Hans and Verena Frauenfelder Clarence R. Allen David R. and Jacklyn A. Carl Frieden Barbara W. Alpert Challoner Theodore V. Galambos Marilynn and Charles A.* Purnell W. Choppin Joseph G. Gall Amann James McConnell Clark Ronald L. Geer Wyatt W. Anderson John L. Cleasby E. Peter Geiduschek John C. Angus Michael and Adriana Clegg Nan and Chuck Geschke Frank F. Aplan John A. Clements David V. Goeddel Edward M. Arnett Linda Hawes Clever Mary L. Good Daniel L. Azarnoff Michael D. Coe Joseph W. Goodman Donald W. Bahr Richard A. Conway Richard M. Goody Howard L. Bailit Max D. Cooper Ronald L. Graham Jack D. Barchas Linda A. Cozzarelli Priscilla and Paul E.* Gray Jeremiah A. Barondess Pedro M. Cuatrecasas Shirley and Harry Gray Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. William H. Danforth Robert B. Griffiths Richard E. Behrman G. Brent and Sharon A. Michael Grossman Gordon Bell Dalrymple Adam Heller Leslie Z. Benet Igor B. Dawid Jane Henney and Robert Paul Berg Mary and Raymond Decker Graham Kenneth I. Berns Roman W. DeSanctis John L. Hennessy Diane and Norman Bernstein Nicholas M. Donofrio Ernest M. Henley* Barry W. Boehm Irwin Dorros John P. Hirth Stuart Bondurant* and Susan Robert M. Epstein David and Susan Hodges Ehringhaus W. G. Ernst Frank Hole Kathleen and H. Kent Bowen Thomas E. Everhart Edward E. Hood, Jr. Lewis M. Branscomb Harold J. Fallon Joseph F. Hoffman John and Sharon Brauman Gary Felsenfeld William N. Hubbard, Jr. W. F. Brinkman Harvey V. Fineberg and Mary Catherine Adams Hutt and Alan C. Brown E. Wilson Peter Barton Hutt Donald D. Brown Tobie and Daniel J.* Fink Andre T. Jagendorf* Harold Brown Samuel C. Florman Robert L. and Anne K. James Kristine L. Bueche G. David Forney, Jr. George W. Jeffs

57 DONOR APPRECIATION

Paul C. Jennings Elaine and Gerald* Nadler F. William Studier James O. Jirsa Jaya and Venky Narayanamurti Norman Sutin Anita K. Jones Philip and Sima Needleman Paul and Pamela Talalay Richard V. Kadison Robert M.* and Marilyn R. Charlotte and Morris Paul and Julie Kaminski Nerem Tanenbaum Samuel L. Katz and Joseph H. Newman Samuel O. Thier Catherine M. Wilfert Elena and Stuart Nightingale Anita and George Thompson K. I. Kellerman Ronald and Joan Nordgren George H. Trilling Charles F. Kennel Peter O’Donnell, Jr. Alvin Trivelpiece Miles V. Klein Gilbert S. Omenn and Martha Roxanne and Karl K.* Turekian Albert S. and Elizabeth M. A. Darling Martha Vaughan Kobayashi Gordon H. Orians Charles M.* and Rebecca M. Max A. Kohler* George W. Parshall Vest Jill Howell Kramer Thomas K. Perkins Raymond Viskanta James S. and Elinor G.A. Langer Gordon H. Pettengill Andrew and Erna* Viterbi Louis J. and M. Yvonne DeWolf Karl S. Pister Peter K. Vogt Lanzerotti Jeffrey L. Platt Peter and Josephine von Hippel Lynn M. Larsen Frank Press* Irv Waaland Joyce C. Lashof William H. Press and Jeffrey David B. and Marvalee H. Wake Gerald and Doris Laubach Howell Gail L. Warden Judith R. Lave Roy Radner and Charlotte Kuh George D. Watkins Cynthia and Robert Lawrence Janet and Lester* Reed John T. and Diane M. Watson Johanna M.H. Levelt Sengers Charles C. Richardson Julia and Johannes Weertman* Robert G. Loewy Jerome G. Rivard Robert J. Weimer J. Ross Macdonald Linda S. Sanford Herbert Weissbach Thomas* and Caroline Maxine L. Savitz Jasper A. Welch, Jr. Maddock R. Duncan* and Carolyn Scheer Robert M. White Anthony P. Mahowald Luce Robert M.* and Mavis E. White Vincent T. Marchesi Joseph E. Scherger Catherine M. Wilfert Rudolph A. Marcus Gerold L. Schiebler Jean D. Wilson Hans Mark Richard M. Schoen Evelyn M. Witkin James F. Mathis William R. Schowalter Owen N. Witte Robert D. Maurer John H. Schwarz Gerald N. Wogan William C. Maurer Robert J. Serafin Wm. A. Wulf Charles A. McCallum F. Stan Settles Anonymous (1) Marie McCormick and Charles J. Sherr Robert Blendon Stephen M. Shortell Christopher F. McKee Maxine F. Singer Mortimer Mishkin Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr. Peter B. Moore Raymond S. Stata Joel Moses Joan A. and Thomas A.* Arno G. Motulsky* Steitz John H. Moxley III Rosemary A. Stevens Earll M. Murman Edward C. Stone Cynthia J. and Norman A. Robert Straus Nadel Lubert and Andrea Stryer

* = deceased DONOR APPRECIATION

Annual Giving Societies The National Academy of Medicine gratefully acknowledges the following members and friends who made charitable contributions during 2019 to support the NAM, and those NAM members who supported the Committee on Human Rights, a joint committee of the three academies. The collective, private philanthropy of these individuals enables the NAM to fulfill its mission to build a healthier future. We acknowledge contributions made as personal gifts or as gifts facilitated by the donor through a donor advised fund, matching gift program, or family foundation.

Catalyst Society Jeffrey R. Balser Philip D. Darney and Uta E. $50,000 or more Jeremiah A. Barondess Landy Friend Angela Barron McBride Carlos M. del Rio Rahul Mehta William G. Barsan Susan Dentzer Howard Bauchner Roman W. DeSanctis Rosette Society Eugene A. Bauer William H. Dietz $25,000 - $49,999 Arthur L. Beaudet Sue K. Donaldson Leslie Z. Benet R. Gordon Douglas, Jr. Ruth and Victor Dzau J. Claude Bennett Jeffrey A. Drebin Margaret A. Hamburg and Paul Berg Deborah Driscoll and Christos Peter F. Brown Bobbie A. Berkowitz Coutifaris Harold C. and Carol H. Sox Kenneth I. Berns James S. Economou Maureen Bisognano Alain C. Enthoven Challenge Society Rena Bizios Anthony S. Fauci $10,000 - $24,999 Marie McCormick and Robert Howard L. Fields Linda Burnes Bolton Blendon Martha P. and Mark C. Fishman Ellen Wright Clayton and Jay Richard S. Blumberg Kathleen M. Foley Clayton Enriqueta C. Bond Julie A. Freischlag Julie H. and Robert J. Desnick W. Thomas Boyce Linda P. Fried Delbert A. and Beverly C. Fisher Lewis M. Branscomb Walter R. Frontera Peter J. Hotez Malcolm K. Brenner Dennis G. Fryback Catherine Adams Hutt and Claire and Ralph Brindis Victor R. Fuchs Peter Barton Hutt John and Denise Carethers Elena and Peter Fuentes-Afflick Steven E. Hyman John and Linda Chae Steven G. Gabbe Charles Sawyers Aravinda Chakravarti Donald E. Ganem James N. Weinstein Lincoln C. Chen Norman and Deann Gant Frank A. Chervenak Patricia A. Ganz Charter Society Andrea L. Cheville James R. Gavin III $1,000 - $9,999 Benjamin K. Chu Naomi Lynn Gerber Graham A. Colditz and Patti L. Sid Gilman and Carol Barbour Francois and Doris Abboud Cox Lewis R. Goldfrank Dyanne D. Affonso Barry and Bobbi Coller Tony Gotto Hanan M. Al-Kuwari Giselle Corbie-Smith Bradford H. Gray Barbara F. Atkinson Pedro M. Cuatrecasas Diane E. Griffin John P. Atkinson Susan and Clifford Curry David S. Guzick K. Frank Austen William H. Danforth Ashley T. Haase

59 DONOR APPRECIATION

Barbara C. Hansen Vincent Mor Myron and Linda Weisfeldt William R. Hazzard James A. Morone Myrna M. Weissman Eve Higginbotham and Frank Harold L. Moses Thomas E. Wellems and Marilyn Williams Robert M.* and Marilyn R. I. Powell Martha N. Hill Nerem Nancy S. Wexler Susan Band Horwitz Robert L. Nussbaum Huntington F. Willard Jeffrey A. Hubbell Margaret E. O’Kane R. Sanders Williams Betsy L. Humphreys Herbert Pardes Owen N. Witte Tony Hunter Edward E. Penhoet James O. Woolliscroft Yasmin L. Hurd Jonathan B. Perlin Tachi and Leslie Yamada Mae C. Jemison Theodore L. Phillips Keith R. Yamamoto Michael M.E. Johns Lori J. Pierce Elias A. Zerhouni Carl June David Piwnica-Worms Michael and Leslee Zubkoff Beth Y. Karlan Helen Piwnica-Worms Friends Robert P. Kelch Thomas and Patty Pollard Gordon Baym and Cathrine Jim Yong Kim Jennifer M. Puck Blom Sung Wan Kim* Daniel J. Rader and Carolyn C. Clyde J. Behney Keith P. Klugman Cannuscio Carol A. Butler Flaura Koplin Winston E. Albert Reece Helen M. Hunt David Korn Wayne J. Riley Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr. Edward A. and Kathryn F. Emanuel P. Rivers Magdalena T. Tosteson Kravitz Vinod K. Sahney Walter and Marti Unger Richard D. Krugman Ismail A. Sallam Story C. Landis Nanette F. Santoro Other Individual Donors Gerald and Doris Laubach Paul R. Schimmel Quarraisha Abdool Karim Judith R. Lave Iris R. Shannon Salim S. Abdool-Karim Cynthia and Robert Lawrence Larry J. Shapiro Evan D. Abel Brendan and Maria Lee Charles J. Sherr Anissa Abi-Dargham Paul and Jennifer Lee Kenneth I. Shine Barbara Abrams Peter K. Lee Henry R. Shinefield Gustavo D. Aguirre John Q. Trojanowski and Stephen M. Shortell Linda H. Aiken Virginia M.-Y. Lee Joe Leigh Simpson Margarita Alegria Alan and Agnes Leshner William and Janet Stead Anita L. Allen Keith D. Lillemoe Donald M. Steinwachs Paula G. Allen-Meares Patricia and George Lundberg Joan A. Steitz David B. Allison JoAnn E. Manson David K. Stevenson Myron Allukian, Jr. Donald R. Mattison Jerome F. Strauss III Robert J. Alpern Laurie K. McCauley Viviane Tabar Lawrence K. Altman Roger O. McClellan George E. Thibault David G. Amaral Bruce McEwen* and Karen Samuel O. Thier Kenneth C. Anderson Bulloch McEwen Reed V. Tuckson Mark Anderson Michael and Pat McGinnis Peter K. Vogt Nancy C. Andrews Elizabeth A. McGlynn David Walt and Michele May Lawrence J. Appel William W. McGuire Xiaobin Wang Scott and Andrea Armstrong Juanita L. Merchant Gail L. Warden Arthur K. Asbury Kelle H. Moley Ronald and Paula Weigel David A. Asch

60 DONOR APPRECIATION

Karen H. Ashe Michael L. Callaham Tejal A. Desai Dennis A. Ausiello Neil S. Calman Karen B. DeSalvo Joan K. Austin Alexander M. Capron Don E. Detmer Daniel L. Azarnoff Diana D. Cardenas Jennifer E. DeVoe Suzanne Bakken Robert M. Carey Angela Diaz Marion Jokl Ball William B. Carey James F. Dickson III Jack D. Barchas Charles C.J. Carpenter* Richard DiMarchi Michele Barry and Mark Cullen Webster and Jill Cavenee Susan M. Domchek Jacqueline K. Barton and Peter David Cella Sharon M. Donovan B. Dervan Yang Chai Kathleen A. Dracup Paul B. Batalden Elliot L. Chaikof Raymond N. Dubois Bruce J. Baum Setsuko K. Chambers Mitzi L. Duxbury* Stanley Baum Leighton Chan Mark R. Dybul Robert Beauchamp R. Alta Charo David and Kathleen Eaton Richard E. Behrman Tina L. Cheng Timothy Eberlein Francine Benes Shu Chien Kathryn M. Edwards Georges C. Benjamin Lynda Chin James Eisenach John A. Benson, Jr. Marshall H. Chin David and Lucy T. Eisenberg Edward J. Benz, Jr. Kathleen R. Cho Neil J. Elgee* Nancy Berliner Zang-Hee Cho Timothy G. Evans Richard A. Berman Rita K. Chow William E. Evans Stefano Bertozzi Francisco G. Cigarroa Ruth R. Faden Andrew B. Bindman James Cimino Claire M. Fagin Diane F. Birt Linda Hawes Clever Stanley Fahn Bruce R. Blazar Anne L. Coleman Diana L. Farmer Dan G. Blazer Mary Sue Coleman Eric R. Fearon Clara D. Bloomfield* Jack M. Colwill Betty R. Ferrell Michael L. Boninger Dorin Comaniciu Donna M. Ferriero Nancy Bonini Roger and Midge Cone Joseph J. Fins Richard J. Bonnie PonJola Coney James G. Fox J. Lyle Bootman Patrick Conway Claire M. Fraser Walter F. Boron Max D. Cooper Ying-Hui Fu L. Thompson Bowles Rebecca M. Cunningham Terry T. Fulmer Allan M. Brandt James W. Curran Fred H. Gage Paula A. Braveman George Q. Daley Mitchell H. Gail Ralph L. Brinster Alan D. D’Andrea Stephen J. Galli Emery N. Brown Nancy E. Davidson John P. Geyman J. Robert Buchanan Barbara de Lateur Irma Gigli Rebecca H. Buckley Lisa DeAngelis Michael and Mary Gimbrone Joseph A. Buckwalter Alan H. DeCherney Linda C. Giudice Kathleen Coen Buckwalter John and Barbara DeLancey Seymour and Brenda Glick Benjamin S. Bunney Patrick H. DeLeon Lynn R. Goldman William E. Bunney, Jr. Joel A. DeLisa Bernard D. Goldstein AWAB, Inc. Mahlon R. DeLong Francisco Gonzalez-Scarano Andrea Califano Ronald A. DePinho Margaret A. Goodell

61 DONOR APPRECIATION

Enoch Gordis Lydia Kavraki Antonios G. Mikos Patricia A. Grady Carol Keehan I. George Miller, Jr. Margie and Larry A. Green Emmett B. Keeler Joan W. Miller Deborah Greenspan Art Kellermann Randolph A. Miller John S. Greenspan Lonnie J. King Lloyd B. Minor Robert C. Griggs Patricia A. King Richard T. Miyamoto Paul F. Griner Raynard S. Kington James W. Mold Jerome E. Groopman Mary Anne Koda-Kimble Thomas W. Moloney Michael Grossman Howard K. Koh Valerie Montgomery Rice Fernando A. Guerra John H. Krystal John Morrison Sanjay Gupta Casimir A. Kulikowski Marsha A. Moses David and Janet Hafler Nathan Kuppermann Van and Barbara Mow Beatrice H. Hahn Michael D. Lairmore John H. Moxley III Paula T. Hammond Nancy E. Lane Louis J. Muglia Charlene A. Harrington Norma M. Lang Cynthia D. Mulrow Florence P. Haseltine Eric Larson Susan A. Murphy Susan Hassmiller Richard S. Legro Mary D. Naylor Jerris R. Hedges Howard Leventhal Jack Needleman Sean Hennessy Myron M. Levine Robert and Kathleen Neumar Arthur L. Herbst Jianan Li Luigi D. Notarangelo George C. Hill and Linda Haire- Tracy Lieu Godfrey P. Oakley Hill Charles J. Lockwood Kenneth Offit Stephen L. Hoffman Daniel H. Lowenstein Olugbenge G. Ogedegbe Tomas Hokfelt Joanne Lynn Suzanne Oparil Debra E. Houry Ann C. Macaulay Jordan S. Orange Amy Houtrow Ellen J. MacKenzie Walter A. Orenstein Peter M. Howley Peter and Marlene MacLeish Joseph P. Ornato James M. Hughes Albert Macovski Harry T. Orr Barbara S. Hulka Beverly Malone Guy H. Palmer Richard and Fleur Hynes Audrey F. Manley Robert E. Patricelli Donald E. Ingber Lynne E. Maquat Nicholas A. Peppas Sharon K. Inouye Eve E. Marder David H. Perlmutter Richard J. Jackson Peter Margolis Edward B. Perrin Elaine Sarkin Jaffe Barry and Adrienne Marshall James M. Perrin Brent C. James Joseph B. Martin Daniel S. Pine Marjorie K. Jeffcoat Ricardo Martinez Vivian W. Pinn Frances E. Jensen Ida M. Martinson Jeffrey L. Platt Dilip V. Jeste Bettie Sue S. Masters Peter J. Polverini Nicholas P. and Debra J. Jewell Jonna Mazet Claire Pomeroy Julie A. Johnson Charles A. McCallum Scott L. Pomeroy Paula Johnson Afaf I. Meleis Jerome B. Posner Timothy Johnson Bernadette Mazurek Deborah E. Powell Albert R. Jonsen David Meltzer and Vineet Arora Donald L. Price Nancy Kass W. Walter Menninger Louis J. Ptacek Michael B. Kastan Edward W. Merrill Thomas C. Quinn

62 DONOR APPRECIATION

Mitchell T. Rabkin Ira Shoulson Jeffrey A. Whitsett Kenneth S. Ramos Robert F. Siliciano Richard S. Wilbur Thomas A. Rando M. Celeste Simon Diana J. Wilkie Marilyn J. Rantz Albert L. Siu James T. Willerson Scott L. Rauch David J. Skorton Michelle Williams Rita Redberg James P. Smith Linda S. and Paul A. Wilson Robert D. Reischauer Jeannette E. South-Paul Ruby L. Wilson Mary V. Relling Frank E. Speizer Phyllis M. Wise Kerry J. Ressler Allen M. Spiegel Nancy F. Woods Lynne D. Richardson Douglas O. Staiger Joseph C. Wu Therese S. Richmond Andy Stergachis Clyde W. Yancy Barbara K. Rimer Claire Sterk Wayne and Lynn Yokoyama Neil J. Risch Rosemary A. Stevens Frank E. Young Gene E. and Julia Robinson Robert Straus Kathryn C. Zoon David Rosner Megan Sykes George D. Zuidema James Roth Joseph S. Takahashi Friends Paul B. Rothman Chorh-Chuan Tan Barbara W. Alpert David R. Rubinow Paul C. Tang Linda Bailit Erkki Ruoslahti Alvin R. Tarlov Tom L. Beauchamp Anil K. Rustgi Craig B. Thompson Bennett M. Brady Ralph L. Sacco Gerald E. Thomson Anthony R. Cashmore Yoel Sadovsky William M. Tierney John A. Dracup William M. Sage Suzanne L. Topalian Teo En Ming Judith A. Salerno Li-Huei Tsai James D. Ettari, Jr. James F. Sallis Roy and Diana Vagelos Christine L. Farquhar Jane E. Salmon Inder M. Verma Elana and Gene Lippa Peter T. Scardino Sten H. Vermund Thomas Louis Randy Schekman Joseph J. Volpe Erika C. Manning Joseph E. Scherger Edward H. Wagner Gregg Margolis Gerold L. Schiebler Mary K. Wakefield Bonnie Oakley Mark A. Schuster Christopher A. Walsh Alison Purvis Alan L. Schwartz Diane W. Wara Donita Strausbaugh Thomas and Jane Schwenk Kenneth E. Warner Marianne Tropp and Chris Edward M. Scolnick Judith Wasserheit Loughner Susan C. Scrimshaw Connie M. Weaver Tulika Tyagi Amita Sehgal Daniel R. Weinberger Sarah Widner-Hess Michael N. Shadlen Arthur Weiss Nirav R. and Nidhi N. Shah Zena Werb Arlene H. Sharpe John B. West Val C. Sheffield Carolyn L. Westhoff Edward H. Shortliffe Raymond P. White, Jr.

63 DONOR APPRECIATION

Foundations, Corporations, and Other Organizations Annual In recognition of foundations, corporations, or other organizations that made gifts or grants to support the National Academy of Medicine in 2019.

Advisory Center for Health The Commonwealth Fund The Rockefeller Foundation Professionals Community Foundation for Ronald McDonald House American Academy of Family Southeast Michigan Charities Physicians CVS HealthOne Sanofi-Aventis American College Charles A. Dana Foundation The SCAN Foundation of Obstetricians & Inc. Schwab Charitable Fund Gynecologists RG & AM Douglas Foundation The Charles Schwab American Endowment Doris Duke Charitable Corporation Foundation Foundation Sierra Health Foundation American Hospital Association Epic Snowy Owl Foundation American Medical Association Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund Society of Academic American Osteopathic The Ford Foundation Emergency Medicine Association Geisinger Health System Southern Medical Association American Society of Health Greater Kansas City Community TIAA Charitable System Pharmacists Foundation The U.S. Charitable Gift Trust AMG Charitable Gift The John A. Hartford United HealthCare Foundation Foundation, Inc. University Health Network Ann Arbor Area Community Healthcare Financial University of Alabama at Foundation Management Association Birmingham Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield Herbst Family Foundation University of California, Los Association of American Hospital Corporation of Angeles Medical Colleges America The University of Hong Kong AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Humana, Inc. University of Maryland Faculty LP International Health Foundation Physicians, Inc. Bank of America Charitable Gift Johnson & Johnson University of Pittsburgh Medical Fund Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Center Baxter International Foundation Kaiser Permanente Vanderbilt University Medical Matching Gift Program W. K. Kellogg Foundation Center Blue Cross Blue Shield North Medtronic, Inc. Vanguard Charitable Carolina The Mehta Family Foundation Endowment Program Blue Shield of California Merck & Company, Inc. Joan and Sanford I. Weill Foundation Microsoft Corporation Medical College & Graduate Branscomb Family Foundation Missouri Foundation for Health School Burroughs Wellcome Fund The Gordon and Betty Moore Zerhouni Family Charitable Marguerite Casey Foundation Foundation Foundation, Inc. Chinese Society for The Philadelphia Foundation Immunology Premier Healthcare Alliance Combined Jewish The Robert Wood Johnson Philanthropies Foundation

64 We have made every effort to list donors accurately and according to their wishes. If we made an error, please accept our apologies and contact the Office of Development at (202) 334-1342 so that we may correct our records.

Contact Us

Office of the President—Morgan Kanarek ([email protected]) Office of the Executive Officer—Therese Lowe ([email protected]) Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being & Resilience—Candace Webb ([email protected]) Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic—Elizabeth Finkelman ([email protected]) 50th Anniversary Celebration—Jessica Marx ( [email protected]) Awards—Donna Duncan ([email protected]) Climate Change and Human Health—Elizabeth Finkelman ([email protected]) Committee on Emerging Science, Technology, & Innovation—Celynne Balatbat ([email protected]) Communications—Laura DeStefano ([email protected]) Council & Membership—Meg McCoy ([email protected]) or Donna Duncan ([email protected]) COVID-19 Pandemic Response—Morgan Kanarek ([email protected]) Culture of Health Program—Ivory Clarke ([email protected]) Development—Dawn Abel ([email protected]) Finance & Administration—Adrienne Anzanello ([email protected]) Emerging Leaders in Health and Medicine—Sara Hitzig ([email protected]) Fellowships and Leadership Programs—Gregg Margolis ([email protected]) Future of Nursing—Cary Haver ([email protected]) Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge—Elizabeth Finkelman ([email protected]) or Ceci Mundaca-Shah ([email protected]) Human Genome Editing Initiative—Katherine Bowman ([email protected]) Leadership Consortium for a Value & Science-Driven Continuously Learning Health System— Ayodola Anise ([email protected]) NAM Perspectives—Jenna Ogilvie ([email protected]) Vital Directions for Health & Health Care—Jessica Marx ( [email protected])

6565 The image on the cover is titled “Stained” by Ruth Sanchez, a student at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin. The artwork was submitted for the NAM’s Young Leaders Visualize Health Equity art show, an activity of the Culture of Health Program. Ruth’s artist statement reads, in part: “In my art, we see such a woman, isolated in her home, surrounded by beauty, but unable to enjoy the wonder that surrounds her. I hope people will see this art and realize that health is not just the care you receive or the money you have. It’s the choices we make day in and day out. It’s the forces around us having effect even when we have no choice. Health equity involves supporting people in the clinic and out, because health happens everywhere.” Copyright remains with the artist.

See more art at nam.edu/YoungLeaders

Connect with Us at NAM.edu

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