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Franco-Prussian War (1871)

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Franco-Prussian War (1871) 1. Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1715 1.1 The Dutch Republic 1.2 The English Revolution 1.3 France under Louis XIV 1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia 1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia 1.1. The Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands • “80 Years War” (1568-1648) • Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • Treaty of Westphalia (1648) 1.2. The English Revolution • James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688) • James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688) English Civil War • “Roundhead” (Parliament) • “Cavalier” (Royalist) • New Model Army • Oliver Cromwell • James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688) Charles II • Whigs and Tories James II • Test Act (1673) • William of Orange Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights 1.3 France Under Louis XIV Absolutism • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan • Bishop Bossuet • “Divine Right” Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Minister of Finance • Mercantilism Wars of Louis XIV • War of Devolution (1667-1668) • Dutch War (1672-1678) • War of the Grand Alliance (1687-1697) • War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) 1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia Prussia • Thirty Years War • Great Elector Frederick William (1640-1688) • Frederick William I (1713-1740) Austria • Thirty Years War • Conflict with the Ottoman Empire • Leopold I (1657-1705) • Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) 1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia 2. Competition for Empire and Economic Expansion 2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century 2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740 2.3 Demographic change in the 18th Century 2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century Mercantilism Mercantilism • Limited Wealth • Trade is Zero-Sum • Governmental Involvement • Colonies: “Trade Benefits the Mother Country” Mercantilism • Jean-Baptiste Colbert (France) • Dutch East India Company (1602) • British East India Company (1600) Competition • New World • Caribbean • Southeast Asia 2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740 Themes • State Building • Mercantilism • Professional Armies After Utrecht • Louis XIV’s Wars • Peace of Utrecht (1713) • Rise of Frederick the Great – War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) The “First World War” • Diplomatic Revolution (1756) – France and Austria – Prussia and Britain • Seven Years War (1756-1763) Treaty of Paris (1763) • Prussia Survives • British Global Empire • Fiscal Burdens – American Revolution – French Involvement 2.3 Demographic Change of the Eighteenth Century Demographic Trends • Agricultural Revolution – Increased life expectancy – Shift from older to earlier marriages Demographic Trends • Population boom after 1750 • Global Diet (Potato) • Medical improvements 3. The Scientific View of the World 3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution 3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society 3.3 Political Theory 3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution Greeks Aristotle - Elements Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe Tycho Brahe Galileo Johannes Kepler 3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Empiricism • Inductive Reasoning René Descartes (1596-1650) • Deductive Reasoning • Discourse on Method (1637) 3.3 Political Theory Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Thomas Hobbes (1558-1679) • Leviathan (1651) John Locke (1632-1704) • Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) • Two Treatises of Government (1690) 4. Period of Enlightenment 4.1 Enlightenment Thought 4.2 Enlightened Despotism 4.3 Partition of Poland 4.1 Enlightenment Thought Enlightenment Catechism 1) Methods of Natural Science à Development of Social Science 2) Belief in Reason 3) Belief in Progress (Optimistic) What is a Philosophe? “One who, trampling on prejudice, tradition, universal consent, authority – in a word, all that enslaves most minds – dares to think for himself, to go back and search for the clearest general principles, to admit nothing except on the testimony of his experience and his reason.” - The Encyclopédie Deism David Hume • Natural History of Religion (1775) Voltaire • Candide (1759) • Treatise on Toleration (1763) 4.2 Enlightened Despotism “Enlightened Despots” Frederick the Great (Prussia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Joseph II (Austria) 4.3 Partition of Poland Partitions of Poland First: 1772 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia) Second: 1793 (Russia and Prussia) Third: 1795 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia) 5. Revolution and Napoleonic Europe 5.1 The Revolution in France 5.2 The Revolution and Europe 5.3 The French Empire 5.4 Congress of Vienna 5.1 The Revolution in France Causes • Debt • Poor Harvests • Enlightenment Ideals Revolution • Estates General – First Estate – Second Estate – Third Estate • Tennis Court Oath Outbreak • Fall of the Bastille • Great Fear • National Assembly – Department System – Banned Strikes/Guilds – Assignats – Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Jul. 1790) • National Assembly (Sept. 1791) • Legislative Assembly (Oct 1791) – Jacobins – Declaration of War (April 1792) • Rise of the Sans- Culottes • September Massacres • National Convention (Sept. 1792) – Alliance with “The Mountain” National Convention • Expands war • Executes Louis XVI (January 1793) • Levee en Mass • Committee of Public Safety “If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, amid revolution it is at the same time virtue and terror. Virtue, without which terror is fatal, terror without which virtue is impotent. Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice, it is therefore an emanation of virtue” – Maximillian Robespierre • Fall of Robespierre • The Directory (1795-1799) • Conquests – Austrian Netherlands (1794) – Dutch Republic (1795) 5.2 The Revolution and Europe • Resistance • Reassessment • Revolution Resistance • Wars of the Coalitions – Great Britain • “Spanish Ulcer” Reassessment • Prussia – Battle of Jena and Auerstadt • Military Reforms • An Mein Volk (17 March 1813) Revolution • Holy Roman Empire • Duchy of Warsaw 5.3 The French Empire The Rise of Napoleon • The Directory • Italian Campaign • Egyptian Campaign • 18 Brumaire 1799 and the Consulate Napoleon in Power • Consulate to Empire (1804) – Concordat with the Catholic Church (1801) – Peace of Amiens (1802) – Civil Code/Napoleonic Code (1804) Napoleonic Wars • War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) • War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) • War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) • Great Britain and Trafalgar • Continental System Fall of Napoleon • Invasion of Russia (1812) • Battle of Leipzig (1813) • Napoleon Exiled: Take One (Elba) • “100 Days” and Waterloo • Napoleon Exiled: Take Two (St. Helena) 6.0 The Industrial Revolution 6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolution 6.2 Causes of Revolution 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.4 British Reform Movement 6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions Second Agricultural Revolution 1) Revolution of technique - Charles “Turnip” Townsend 2) Systematized Agricultural Practices - Enclosure Movement 3) Farming as commercial venture Second Agricultural Revolution From Cottage to Factory 1) Cottage Industry 2) Factories/Textile Industry 3) Power sources Iron England 1740: 17,000 tons 1844: 3,000,000 6.2 Causes of the Industrial Revolution 6.3 Economic and Social Impact 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact – Middle Class Middle Class Developments 1) Jobs 2) Home 3) Sense of Self Cult of Domesticity Home Work 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact – Working Class Factory Mindset 1) Control 2) Clock 3) Cog Family Life 1) Problems 2) Opportunities Working Class Life 1) Urbanization 2) Disease - Cholera 6.4 British Reform Movement Welfare State Causes • Urbanization and Migration • Large new class of poor (Proletariat) • Breakdown of old social structures British Reform Laws • Reform Bill of 1832 • Factory Act of 1833 • Public Health Act of 1848 7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848 7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 7.1 Conservatism Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity: Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity: Congress System, balance of power, existing borders Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church 7.2 Liberalism 1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism 2) Economics • Free markets and Free Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859) Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property Qualifications • Middle Class Bias 7.3 Nationalism • Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose (Levee en Mass) • Romanticism • Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have a nation? • Sense of “Them” 7.4 Socialism 1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism 2) Common Features • Cooperation > Competition • Anti-Private Property Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA) Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party (Britain) • Social Democratic Party (Germany) • Labor Unions 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich Revolutions of 1830 1) France • Charles X to Louis- Phillipe • Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland • Uprising against Russian Rule 3) Italy • National uprising against Austria Revolution of 1848 - France
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