1. Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1715 1.1 The Dutch Republic 1.2 The English Revolution 1.3 France under Louis XIV 1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia 1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia 1.1. The Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands • “80 Years War” (1568-1648) • Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1.2. The English Revolution • James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688)
• James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688) English Civil War • “Roundhead” (Parliament) • “Cavalier” (Royalist) • New Model Army • Oliver Cromwell
• James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution” (1688) Charles II • Whigs and Tories James II • Test Act (1673) • William of Orange Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights 1.3 France Under Louis XIV Absolutism • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan • Bishop Bossuet • “Divine Right”
Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Minister of Finance • Mercantilism Wars of Louis XIV • War of Devolution (1667-1668)
• Dutch War (1672-1678)
• War of the Grand Alliance (1687-1697)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) 1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia Prussia • Thirty Years War • Great Elector Frederick William (1640-1688) • Frederick William I (1713-1740) Austria • Thirty Years War • Conflict with the Ottoman Empire • Leopold I (1657-1705) • Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) 1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia
2. Competition for Empire and Economic Expansion 2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century 2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740 2.3 Demographic change in the 18th Century 2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century Mercantilism Mercantilism • Limited Wealth • Trade is Zero-Sum • Governmental Involvement • Colonies: “Trade Benefits the Mother Country” Mercantilism • Jean-Baptiste Colbert (France) • Dutch East India Company (1602) • British East India Company (1600) Competition • New World • Caribbean • Southeast Asia
2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740 Themes • State Building • Mercantilism • Professional Armies After Utrecht • Louis XIV’s Wars • Peace of Utrecht (1713) • Rise of Frederick the Great – War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) The “First World War” • Diplomatic Revolution (1756) – France and Austria – Prussia and Britain • Seven Years War (1756-1763)
Treaty of Paris (1763) • Prussia Survives • British Global Empire • Fiscal Burdens – American Revolution – French Involvement 2.3 Demographic Change of the Eighteenth Century Demographic Trends • Agricultural Revolution – Increased life expectancy – Shift from older to earlier marriages Demographic Trends • Population boom after 1750 • Global Diet (Potato) • Medical improvements
3. The Scientific View of the World 3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution 3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society 3.3 Political Theory 3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution Greeks Aristotle - Elements Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe
Tycho Brahe
Galileo
Johannes Kepler
3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Empiricism • Inductive Reasoning René Descartes (1596-1650) • Deductive Reasoning • Discourse on Method (1637) 3.3 Political Theory
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Thomas Hobbes (1558-1679) • Leviathan (1651) John Locke (1632-1704) • Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) • Two Treatises of Government (1690) 4. Period of Enlightenment 4.1 Enlightenment Thought 4.2 Enlightened Despotism 4.3 Partition of Poland 4.1 Enlightenment Thought
Enlightenment Catechism 1) Methods of Natural Science à Development of Social Science 2) Belief in Reason 3) Belief in Progress (Optimistic) What is a Philosophe?
“One who, trampling on prejudice, tradition, universal consent, authority – in a word, all that enslaves most minds – dares to think for himself, to go back and search for the clearest general principles, to admit nothing except on the testimony of his experience and his reason.” - The Encyclopédie Deism
David Hume • Natural History of Religion (1775)
Voltaire • Candide (1759) • Treatise on Toleration (1763)
4.2 Enlightened Despotism
“Enlightened Despots”
Frederick the Great (Prussia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Joseph II (Austria) 4.3 Partition of Poland
Partitions of Poland
First: 1772 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia)
Second: 1793 (Russia and Prussia)
Third: 1795 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia) 5. Revolution and Napoleonic Europe 5.1 The Revolution in France 5.2 The Revolution and Europe 5.3 The French Empire 5.4 Congress of Vienna 5.1 The Revolution in France Causes
• Debt • Poor Harvests • Enlightenment Ideals Revolution
• Estates General – First Estate – Second Estate – Third Estate • Tennis Court Oath
Outbreak • Fall of the Bastille • Great Fear • National Assembly – Department System – Banned Strikes/Guilds – Assignats – Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Jul. 1790)
• National Assembly (Sept. 1791) • Legislative Assembly (Oct 1791) – Jacobins – Declaration of War (April 1792) • Rise of the Sans- Culottes • September Massacres • National Convention (Sept. 1792) – Alliance with “The Mountain” National Convention • Expands war • Executes Louis XVI (January 1793) • Levee en Mass • Committee of Public Safety
“If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, amid revolution it is at the same time virtue and terror. Virtue, without which terror is fatal, terror without which virtue is impotent. Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice, it is therefore an emanation of virtue” – Maximillian Robespierre
• Fall of Robespierre • The Directory (1795-1799) • Conquests – Austrian Netherlands (1794) – Dutch Republic (1795) 5.2 The Revolution and Europe • Resistance • Reassessment • Revolution Resistance • Wars of the Coalitions – Great Britain • “Spanish Ulcer” Reassessment • Prussia – Battle of Jena and Auerstadt • Military Reforms • An Mein Volk (17 March 1813) Revolution • Holy Roman Empire • Duchy of Warsaw 5.3 The French Empire
The Rise of Napoleon • The Directory • Italian Campaign • Egyptian Campaign • 18 Brumaire 1799 and the Consulate
Napoleon in Power • Consulate to Empire (1804) – Concordat with the Catholic Church (1801) – Peace of Amiens (1802) – Civil Code/Napoleonic Code (1804)
Napoleonic Wars • War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) • War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) • War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) • Great Britain and Trafalgar • Continental System
Fall of Napoleon • Invasion of Russia (1812) • Battle of Leipzig (1813) • Napoleon Exiled: Take One (Elba) • “100 Days” and Waterloo • Napoleon Exiled: Take Two (St. Helena)
6.0 The Industrial Revolution 6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolution 6.2 Causes of Revolution 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.4 British Reform Movement 6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions Second Agricultural Revolution 1) Revolution of technique - Charles “Turnip” Townsend 2) Systematized Agricultural Practices - Enclosure Movement 3) Farming as commercial venture Second Agricultural Revolution From Cottage to Factory 1) Cottage Industry 2) Factories/Textile Industry 3) Power sources
Iron
England 1740: 17,000 tons 1844: 3,000,000
6.2 Causes of the Industrial Revolution
6.3 Economic and Social Impact 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact – Middle Class Middle Class Developments
1) Jobs 2) Home 3) Sense of Self Cult of Domesticity
Home Work 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact – Working Class Factory Mindset
1) Control 2) Clock 3) Cog Family Life
1) Problems 2) Opportunities Working Class Life
1) Urbanization 2) Disease - Cholera 6.4 British Reform Movement
Welfare State Causes • Urbanization and Migration • Large new class of poor (Proletariat) • Breakdown of old social structures British Reform Laws • Reform Bill of 1832 • Factory Act of 1833 • Public Health Act of 1848 7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848 7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 7.1 Conservatism Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity: Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity: Congress System, balance of power, existing borders Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church
7.2 Liberalism 1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism 2) Economics • Free markets and Free Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism John Stuart Mill
On Liberty (1859) Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property Qualifications • Middle Class Bias 7.3 Nationalism
• Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose (Levee en Mass) • Romanticism • Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have a nation? • Sense of “Them” 7.4 Socialism 1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism 2) Common Features • Cooperation > Competition • Anti-Private Property Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA) Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party (Britain) • Social Democratic Party (Germany) • Labor Unions 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich Revolutions of 1830 1) France • Charles X to Louis- Phillipe • Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland • Uprising against Russian Rule 3) Italy • National uprising against Austria Revolution of 1848 - France • Louis-Phillippe – “Bourgeois Monarch” • February Revolution • Second Republic • Louis Blanc – National Workshops Revolution of 1848 - Austria
• Ferdinand to Franz Joseph • Hungary and Russia • Italy Revolution of 1848 - Germany
• Frankfurt Parliament • What is Germany? Revolution of 1848 – Legacy?
Success or Failure?
Pivot of Nationalism? 8. Politics and Diplomacy in the Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914 8.1 The Unification of Italy and Germany 8.2 Austria-Hungary 8.3 Russia 8.4 France 8.5 Socialism and Labor Unions 8.6 European Diplomacy, 1871-1900 8.1 The Unification of Italy and Germany Italy: • 1848 Revolutions • Charles Albert • Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italy: • Count de Cavour • Piedmont-Sardinia • Victor Emmanuel II Italian Wars of Unification • Second Italian War of Independence (1859) • Creation of Italy (1861) • Third Italian War of Independence (1866) • Rome? Germany: • 1848 Revolutions • Frankfurt Parliament Germany: • Otto von Bismarck • Prussia • William I • “Blood and Iron” German Wars of Unification • War of Schleswig- Holstein (1859) • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Franco-Prussian War (1871)
German Wars of Unification • War of Schleswig- Holstein (1859) • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Franco-Prussian War (1871) • Rome? 8.2 Austria-Hungary Austria: • 1848 Revolutions • Emperor Franz Joseph • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Austria-Hungary • Dual Monarchy • Expansion into the Balkans • 1908 Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 8.3 Russia Prior to 1850: • Decembrist Revolt (1825) • Nicholas I • Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism • Polish Uprising (1830) • 1848?
Alexander II Reforms
• Serfdom Abolished (1861) Alexander II Reforms • Serfdom Abolished (1861) • Judicial and Penal reform • Local Self- Government (zemstvo) • Universal Conscription (1874)
• Crimean War (1853-1856) • Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) • Treaty of San Stefano • Bulgaria • Congress of Berlin of 1878
• Crimean War (1853-1856) • Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) • Treaty of San Stefano • Bulgaria • Congress of Berlin of 1878 • Pan-Slavism
• Narodnaya Volyva (“People’s Freedom”) • Assassination of Alexander II (1880) 8.4 France • 1848 Revolution • Party of Order – Louis Napoleon • Napoleon III
Foreign Policy • Crimean War (1856) • Italy (1859) • Colonial Empire • Maximillian III and Mexico • Southeast Asia • Franco-Prussian War (1871) • Siege of Sedan • Second Republic 8.5 Socialism and Labor Unions 1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism 2) Common Features • Cooperation > Competition • Anti-Private Property
Communism: Origins • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Communist Manifesto (1848) Communism: Beliefs • Capitalism contains seeds of own destruction • “Workers of the World Unite” • Revolution NOT Reform “From each according to his ability to each according to his needs” – Karl Marx Socialist Parties • Labour Party (Britain) • Social Democratic Party (Germany) • Labor Unions • Bismarck’s Social Insurance 8.6 European Diplomacy, 1871-1900 Foreign Policy 1) The Eastern Question 2) Imperial Conquest 3) Alliance System The Eastern Question • Crimean War (1856) • Russo-Turkish War (1877) – Treaty of San Stefano • Congress of Berlin (1878) Imperial Conquest • Imperialism in Africa and Asia • Russia and India • Fashoda Crisis – Entente Cordiale (1904) Alliance System: Pressures • Franco-Prussian War (1871) • Russia and India • Fashoda Crisis – Entente Cordiale (1904) • Wilhelm II and Weltpolitik Alliance System: Solidified • League of the Three Emperors (1887) • Reinsurance Treaty (1887-1890) – Bismarck Dismissed • Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) • Anglo-German Naval Race • Triple Alliance (1892) • Triple Entente (1907) 9. Economy, Culture and Imperialism, 1850-1914 9.1 Demography 9.2 World Economy of the Nineteenth Century 9.3 Technological Developments 9.4 Science, Philosophy and the Arts 9.5 Imperialism in Africa and Asia 9.1 Demography Demographic Trends • Population Increase • Medical improvements • Fertility Crisis • Migration: USA and Empire 9.2 World Economy of the Nineteenth Century World Economic Trends • Capitalism • Imperial Possessions • Second Industrial Revolution Imperialism • New Motive • Africa • Asia • “Development” > Trade First Industrial Revolution • 1740-1850s • Steam • Iron • Textiles Second Industrial Revolution • 1850s-1950 • Electricity • Steel • Chemicals 9.2.1 Mercantilism to Capitalism • A shift from the principles of mercantilism to capitalism. • Mercantilism is typified by the idea of all the wealth of the world is in one circle. • Trade is zero sum • Trade benefits the mother country • The real goal behind all of this is to acquire money • In capitalism we have a different view of the world. • The view of wealth is transformed. • Wealth is relative, not absolute. • Free trade also means little role for government. • Moving from trade as a zero sum gain to trade being mutually beneficial • The purpose of money was about acquisition 9.3 Technological Developments Second Industrial Revolution • 1850s-1950 • Electricity • Steel • Chemicals
Steel • Bessemer Process • Eiffel Tower • Railway Stations • Steamships • Machine Guns
9.4 Science, Philosophy and the Arts Science • Charles Darwin • On the Origin of Species • Albert Einstein and Relativity “Science” • Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer • Eugenics Philosophy • Higher Criticism • Social Gospel • Friedrich Nietzsche • On the Genealogy of Morality Arts • Picasso and Cubism • James Joyce and Ulysses • T.S. Elliot The Waste Land • Rites of Spring • Arnold Schoenberg
Arts • Picasso and Cubism • James Joyce and Ulysses • T.S. Elliot The Waste Land • Rites of Spring 9.5 Imperialism in Africa and Asia “New Imperialism” • 1830-1914 • New Powers • New Purpose Tools of Empire • Steamships • Telegraph • Quinine • Maxim Gun Asia • French Indochina • British India – Opium – British East India Company • Opium Wars
Imperialism in Africa • Algeria (1830) • Suez Canal (1869) • Berlin Conference (1885) • “Scramble for Africa” Meaning of Imperialism • Social Darwinism • Hierarchy of Races • G.F.W. Hegel Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild — Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
10. The First World War and the Russian Revolution 10.1 The Causes of the First World War 10.2 The Economic and Social Impact of the war 10.3 The Peace Settlement 10.4 The Revolution of 1917 and its Effects 10.1 The Causes of the First World War M: Militarism
A: Alliances
I: Industrialization
N: Nationalism Political Crises • Russian Revolution (1905) • Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908) • Balkan Wars (1912-1913) • Pan-Slavism • German Weltpolitik • Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente “The Spark” • Serbia and the “Black Hand” • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand • July Crisis • War Plans – Schlieffen Plan “Before the Leaves Fall” • Invasion of Belgium • “Battle of the Frontiers” • Miracle of the Marne • Trench Warfare
10.2 The Economic and Social Impact of the War • Economics and Total War • Propaganda • Loss of Confidence Economics and Total War • Industrial War • Blockade • Zeppelin Raids • Submarines • Gas • Tanks
Propaganda • War Bonds/Liberty Bonds • Posters • “Hun” • “Gott Strafe England” • “Daddy, What did you do during the war?
Loss of Confidence • Wilfred Owen • Dulce Et Decorum Est • Liberalism? • Technology? • European Civilization? • Progress? 10.3 The Peace Settlements The Peace Settlements
1) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk 2) 14 Points 3) Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • March 3, 1918 • Terms: – Immediate demobilization – Independence of: Finland, Baltic States, Belarus, and Ukraine – Ottoman Empire gains Armenia/Georgia Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russian Losses: • 9/10ths of its coal mines • 1/4 of its Industry • 1/3 of its Territory • 1/4 of its Population • 6 Billion in Reparations
14 Points • Point 1: No Private Treaties • Point 2/3: Freedom of the sea and equality of trade • Point 7: Belgium Restored • Point 13: Creation of an independent Poland • Point 14: A League of Nations
Versailles Treaty 1) Dismemberment of A-H, Russia, and Ottoman Empire 2) Germany • War Reparations • Disarmament • “War Guilt Clause” 3) League of Nations
“This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20 years!” – Ferdinand Foch 10.4 The Revolution of 1917 and its Effects Russia in World War One 1) Battles of Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes (1914) 2) Entrance of the Ottoman Empire 3) Tsar Takes Command (1915) Russian Revolutions
• February Revolution • Kerensky and the Provisional Government
Bolsheviks
• V. I. Lenin • “Vanguard of the Proletariat” • “Peace, Land, Bread”
Bolshevik State • “Peace” – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • “Land” – Land redistribution • Russian Civil War (1917-1922) • Lenin Dies (1924)
11. Europe Between the Wars, The Great Depression 11.1 International Politics, 1919-1939 11.2 Stalin’s Five Year Plans and Purges 11.3 Italy and Germany Between the Wars 11.4 Interwar Cultural Developments 11.1 International Politics, 1919-1939 League of Nations • “Collective Security” Dawes Plan (1924) Locarno Pact (1925) Kellogg-Brian Pact (1929)
Increasing Tensions • Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) • Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936)
Increasing Tensions • Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) • Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936) • Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) • Japanese Invasion of China (1937) • Munich Pact (1938) Setting the Stage • Polish Guarantee • Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) 11.2 Stalin’s Five Year Plans and Purges
Rise of Stalin
• Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin • Russian Civil War and War with Poland • “Socialism in One Country”
• NKVD – “People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs” • Gulag • Purges – Political Opponents – Military • 3 of 5 Marshals • 13 of 15 Army commanders (3-4 star generals) • 8 of 9 Admirals • 50 of 57 Army Corps commanders • 154 of 186 Division commanders • 16 of 16 Army commissars • 25 of 28 Army corps commissars 11.3 Italy and Germany Between the Wars Fascism
• “Core mobilizing myth…is the vision of the nation’s imminent rebirth from decadence” – Roger Griffin • “Third Way” Mussolini • New Roman Empire • Black Shirts • “March on Rome” (1922) • Invasion of Ethiopia Hitler • Volksgemeinschaft • Brown Shirts • Beer Hall Putsch (1923) • Mein Kampf (1925) Hitler’s Rise to Power • Unemployment • Presidential Elections (1932) • Chancellor (1933) Consolidating Power • Enabling Act (1933) • Night of the Long Knives (1934) • Nuremberg Laws (1935)
11.4 Interwar Cultural Developments
Disillusionment • Wilfred Owen • Erich Maria Remarque – All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)
Roaring 20s • Flappers • Jazz • Radio • Movies – Berlin – Los Angeles 12. The Second World War and Contemporary Europe 12.1 The Causes and Course of the Second World War 12.2 Postwar Europe 12.3 Science, Philosophy, the Arts and Religion 12.4 Social and Political Developments 12.1 The Causes and Course of the Second World War Precursors • Japanese Invasion of China (1937) • Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact (1939) • Invasion of Poland (1939) War in the West • Invasion of Norway • Sitzkrieg • Invasion of France (1940)
The War Expands • Rommel in Africa • Operation Barbarossa (1941) • Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) Turning of the Tide • Japanese “Victory Disease” • German Offensive (1942)
Turning of the Tide
• Battle of Midway (1942) • Battle of Stalingrad (1942)
Pacific Theater • Island Hopping • Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945) • Bombing Campaign • “Operation Downfall”
12.2 Postwar Europe War Conferences • Atlantic Charter (1941) • Yalta Conference (1945) • Potsdam Conference (1945) Toward the Cold War • Division of Germany • Marshall Plan/Truman Doctrine – “Containment”
Toward the Cold War • Division of Germany • Marshall Plan/Truman Doctrine • Blockade of Berlin/ Berlin Airlift (1948)
Toward the Brink • De-Stalinization • John F. Kennedy vs. Nikita Khrushchev • Berlin Wall (1961) • Cuban Missile Crisis 12.3 Science, Philosophy, the Arts and Religion Science • Atomic Energy • Three Mile Island/ Chernobyl • OPEC Oil Crisis
Arts • Theater of the Absurd – Waiting for Godot • “Youth Culture” • “Youth Revolt” - 1968 Religion • Second Vatican Council • Birth Control 12.4 Social and Political Developments Social Developments • Birth Control • “Youth Revolt” • Green Parties • Nuclear Disarmament Political Developments • Decolonization • Hungarian Uprising (1956)
Political Developments • Prague Spring (1968) • Détente (1970-1980)
Détente – European Style • Willy Brandt and the SPD • Ostpolitik
Return to the Cold? • Mikhail Gorbachev • Ronald Reagan • Arms Race/SDI
Collapse of the Iron Curtain • Fall of the Berlin Wall • Fall of the Soviet Union – Boris Yeltsin