Chapter 22 War and the American State 1914-1920
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World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria. -
The 1904 Anglo-French Newfoundland Fisheries Convention: Another Look
RESEARCH NOTES/NOTES DE RECHERCHE The 1904 Anglo-French Newfoundland Fisheries Convention: Another Look THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON ANGLO-FRENCH RELATIONS at the turn of the century, as well as that which specifically addresses the 1904 entente cordiale, for the most part makes only passing mention of the Newfoundland fisheries issue. Understandably, the focus of these accounts tends to be on the changing relations between the great powers, and on the most important aspect of the entente itself, which was the definition of boundaries and spheres of influence in North and West Africa. The exceptions are P.J.V. Rolo's study of the entente, which does recognize the crucial place of the fisheries issue in the context of the overall negotiation, and F.F. Thompson's brief account of the Newfoundland settlement from a colonial perspective in his standard work on the French, or Treaty, Shore question. i This note expands these accounts of the evolution of the 1904 Anglo-French Fisheries Convention, reinforces the view that it was vital to the successful completion of the overall package, and looks at the aftermath. This is not the place to discuss in detail the reasons for Anglo-French rapprochement which culminated in the 1904 entente cordiale. At the risk of oversimplification, one can point to several key factors. The Fashoda incident (1898) demonstrated, in time, to many French politicians that there was no hope of ending the resented British occupation of Egypt and the Nile valley. Confrontation with Britain in Africa was clearly futile, and accommodation potentially advantageous. Increasingly, the parti colonial urged the French government to consider giving up its financial and economic influence in Egypt, recognizing British predominance there, in return for British acceptance of France's ambition to establish a protectorate over Morocco and concessions elsewhere.2 Once this reasoning had been accepted and advanced by the French government, the British government eventually proved willing to respond positively (if carefully). -
The American Attitude Toward the First Moroccan Crisis and the Algeciras Conference Betty Mullen Loyola University Chicago
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1952 The American Attitude Toward the First Moroccan Crisis and the Algeciras Conference Betty Mullen Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Mullen, Betty, "The American Attitude Toward the First Moroccan Crisis and the Algeciras Conference" (1952). Master's Theses. Paper 1174. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1174 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1952 Betty Mullen THE AMEllIOAlf ATTItuDE TOWARD TIlE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS AliI> T.8E ALGECIRAS COI'FERENOB by Betty 111111_ A Thesls Submitted to the Faoulty of the Graduate Sohool of Loyola University in Partial Fulflll.eut of the Requlrements to'l! the Degr.. of Dner ot Arts June 1952 ... LIFE Betty Mullen wal born in Chicago,. 111inoi8, May 11, 1926 • She waa graduated tram St. Thoma. the Apostle High School, Chicago, IlUDOis, June, 1944, and from Rosary College, River Foreat, Illinois, June, 1948, with the degree ot Baohelor of Arta. From 1948 to 1952 the author taught History at Visitation High ~chool, Chioago, Illinois. During this period she took courses in History ~t Loyola University. 11 TABLE OF COITENTS Chapter Page I. A BACKGROUND STUDY OF THE MOROCCAN SITUATION. • • • • • • • • • 1 Importance ot Moroeco--Al1gnment of the Great Powers and the Seoret Treaties. -
The Alliance System Before 1900
How and why did the Alliance System form? L/O – To understand the key features of the alliance system before 1914 Starter – How was the most powerful nation in Europe? Who was second? What is an Alliance? An alliance is an agreement between one or more states to work together. Alliances usually involve making promises to protect the other country against nations who are not in the alliance. These promises are usually made by the signing of treaties. Why were Alliances made? The aim of forming alliances was to achieve collective security – having alliances with other powerful countries deterred your enemies from attacking you. If a country started a war with one nation it would have to fight all its allies as well. Alliances were often made in reaction to national rivalries – when one country felt threatened by another, it often looked to secure friendships with other nations. By 1900, Europe was full of national rivalries. Why were alliances made? There were two main sources of national rivalries: The creation of Germany in 1871 out of the many smaller Germanic states had been opposed by France, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The Germans invaded France and forced the French to sign a humiliating peace treaty. This meant that France and Germany hated each other. The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire in Eastern Europe was crumbling. Russia sought to take advantage of this to expand west into the Balkans. Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent Russian expansion. National Rivalries A dinner party The Rise of Germany • By 1900, the Great Powers in Europe were beginning to divide themselves into two separate groups. -
“Splendid Isolation”?
Crossing Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship Volume 4 Issue 1 Article 4 2020 Was the German Battlefleet Programme the Main Reason for the End of Britain’s “Splendid Isolation”? Nathan Brewster University of Leeds, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/crossingborders Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Brewster, Nathan (2020) "Was the German Battlefleet Programme the Main Reason for the End of Britain’s “Splendid Isolation”?," Crossing Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship: Vol. 4: Iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.4148/2373-0978.1069 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Crossing Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Was the German Battlefleet Programme the Main Reason for the End of Britain’s “Splendid Isolation”? Abstract This historiographical essay challenges the common historical narrative that Britain left 'splendid isolation' as a result of perceived German aggression - particularly considering Germany's battlefleet programme. Investigating closer Anglo-American ties, the Anglo-Japanese agreement and the Entente Cordiale show that Britain started to abandon an isolationist policy due to its vast, global and often burdensome empire before the German battlefleet started to present itself as a problem. Rather than pinning Britain's alliances at the turn of the twentieth-century on one factor in Europe, this essay investigates the impact the Americas, Africa, Central Asia and the Far East had on Britain's changing international position. -
Anglo-French Relations in Syria: from Entente Cordiale to Sykes-Picot a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts A
Anglo-French Relations in Syria: From Entente Cordiale to Sykes-Picot A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts James L. Bowman May 2020 © 2020 James L. Bowman. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Anglo-French Relations in Syria: From Entente Cordiale to Sykes-Picot by JAMES L. BOWMAN has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract BOWMAN, JAMES L., M.A., May 2020, History Anglo-French Relations in Syria: From Entente Cordiale to Sykes-Picot Director of Thesis: Peter John Brobst Though the Entente Cordiale of 8 April, 1904 addressed several outstanding imperial tensions between the British Empire and the French Third Republic, other imperial disputes remained unresolved in the lead-up to World War I. This thesis explores Anglo-French tensions in Ottoman Syria, from the signing of the Entente to the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916. Syria proved to be a cause of frictions that brought many buried Anglo-French resentments back to the surface and created new ones. Cultural, strategic, and economic interests were at stake, interests which weighed heavily upon the Entente powers and which could not easily be forgone for the sake of ‘cordiality’. This thesis presents evidence that unresolved Anglo-French tensions in Syria raised serious concerns among officials of both empires as to the larger future of their Entente, and that even after the Entente joined in war against their common enemies, such doubts persisted. -
Conflict and Tension 1894 – 1918
Conflict and tension 1894 – 1918 Wider world depth study Revision workbook Acklam Grange History department 60 minutes 4 questions to answer. Total of 44 marks. Q1. This source supports …….How do you know? 4 marks Q2.How useful are sources B and C ……..12 marks Q3. Write an account of a crisis………8 marks Q4.The main reason for………was….How far do you agree? 16 marks + 4 SPaG Author: Mrs G Galloway Name: What you need to know Part One – The causes of the First World War The Alliance system including: The Triple Alliance, the Franco – Russian Alliance and the relations between the Entente powers. The crises in Morocco and the Balkans (1905 – 1912) and their effects on international relations. Britain and the challenges to splendid isolation. Kaiser Wilhelm’s aims in foreign policy, including Weltpolitik. Colonial tensions European rearmament, including the Anglo-German naval race. Slav nationalism and relations between Serbia and Austria- Hungary The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo and its consequences The July crisis Timeline 1870 Franco-Prussian war. France was defeated. Germany as a country was created. Alsace and Lorraine were taken from France. To try and protect Germany from a revenge attack by France Germany entered into an alliance with Austria- Hungary and Italy (Triple Alliance) Early 1900s Anglo-German naval race. 1906 Britain launches the HMS Dreadnought. All countries in Europe also building up their arms 1905 First Moroccan Crisis – led to the humiliation of the Kaiser and the creation of the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia. Although not intended as a military alliance Germany felt threatened as it was surrounded by hostile neighbours. -
French Perceptions of Britain from Fashoda to the Boer War
Cross Channel Reflections : French Perceptions of Britain from Fashoda to the Boer War. John Edward Blockley. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1 Statement of Originality. I, John Edward Blockley, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: John Edward Blockley. Date: 10 July 2014 Acknowledgement of Support. This work was supported by a Queen Mary, University of London, French studies bursary. Abstract. This Thesis adopts a variety of different approaches in order to throw light on French perceptions of the British at the turn of the twentieth century. Introduction, chapters one and two set these in the broader context of nineteenth-century attitudes, in particular the genre of invasion literature, and the corpus of work produced by writers from the Ecole Libre, Paris. -
Life of Imperialism: Thailand, Territory and State Transformation
Life of Imperialism: Thailand, territory and state transformation Abstract: The paper argues that in territorial disputes before international courts between states that were formerly under colonial rule and semicolonialism, respectively, international courts favour the former. I study two cases – semicolonial Siam in Cheek v Siam arbitration (1897) and postcolonial Thailand in the Temple of Preah Vihear case (1962) – in their historical context to prove this. The critique of formalism here operates on two levels. First, in actual disputes the production of colonial stationary – for example, maps, photographs, and communiqué as demonstrable proofs of evidence – benefits states formerly under colonial rule. Second, in the Temple of Preah Vihear case, the ICJ pits, as it were, the French colonial history in Cambodia against Siamese semicolonial past. Arguably, the Cheek v Siam episode demonstrates nineteenth century Siam’s successful attempts to deploy politico- legal strategy to remain politically independent. By contrast, the ICJ in the Temple case defeats Siamese conceptions of shared sovereignty to confirm the continuing hegemony of modern geography and colonial cartography. The Cheek and Temple cases, respectively, among other untribunalized arm- twisting episodes typify Siam’s tryst with both semicolonial and postcolonial international law. Siam offers both epistemological lessons on history, past, and knowledge production and the possibility of prefiguring postcolonial Asian imperialism. Table of Content I. Introduction II. Of historians and Lawyers III. Indochina, Britain and France in the nineteenth century A. The British Burma-Siam Boundary issue: 1824-1846 B. Siam, Cambodia and France: 1821-1909 IV. Unequal Treaties and semicolonial Siam A. Situating Cheek v Siam Arbitration (1897) B. -
Utd^L. Dean of the Graduate School Ev .•^C>V
THE FASHODA CRISIS: A SURVEY OF ANGLO-FRENCH IMPERIAL POLICY ON THE UPPER NILE QUESTION, 1882-1899 APPROVED: Graduate ttee: Majdr Prbfessor ~y /• Minor Professor lttee Member Committee Member irman of the Department/6f History J (7-ZZyUtd^L. Dean of the Graduate School eV .•^C>v Goode, James Hubbard, The Fashoda Crisis: A Survey of Anglo-French Imperial Policy on the Upper Nile Question, 1882-1899. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December, 1971, 235 pp., bibliography, 161 titles. Early and recent interpretations of imperialism and long-range expansionist policies of Britain and France during the period of so-called "new imperialism" after 1870 are examined as factors in the causes of the Fashoda Crisis of 1898-1899. British, French, and German diplomatic docu- ments, memoirs, eye-witness accounts, journals, letters, newspaper and journal articles, and secondary works form the basis of the study. Anglo-French rivalry for overseas territories is traced from the Age of Discovery to the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, the event which, more than any other, triggered the opening up of Africa by Europeans. The British intention to build a railroad and an empire from Cairo to Capetown and the French dream of drawing a line of authority from the mouth of the Congo River to Djibouti, on the Red Sea, for Tied a huge cross of European imperialism over the African continent, The point of intersection was the mud-hut village of Fashoda on the left bank of the White Nile south of Khartoum. The. Fashoda meeting, on September 19, 1898, of Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand, representing France, and General Sir Herbert Kitchener, representing Britain and Egypt, touched off an international crisis, almost resulting in global war. -
Excellent Information #1 World War I: Outbreak, Experience & Aftermath
Excellent Information #1 World War I: Outbreak, Experience & Aftermath Terms and concepts: Hapsburgs (Dual Monarchy, Austria-Hungary) "Great Powers" Hohenzollerns (Germany) liberalism Romanovs (Russia) Ottoman Empire nation-states empires conservatism socialism (Marxism) parliaments Karl Marx (1818-1883) constitutional government Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Reichstag (German parliament) Germany Social Democratic Party (SPD) Duma (Russian parliament, 1906-1917) Alsace-Lorraine Bosnia-Herzegovina Archduke Franz Ferdinand & Sarajevo Burgfrieden (peace of the fortress) August Days Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne trenches Battle of Verdun home front total war Turnip Winter (1916-17) Erich Ludendorff Paul von Hindenburg David Lloyd George November Revolution (Germany) Armistice (11 Nov 1918) Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Bela Kun (Hungarian communist) Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles Rhineland “War guilt” clause (art. 231) League of Nations Major Language Groups: Romance Germanic Slavic Other Non Indo-Euro Indo-European French German Russian Latvian Hungarian Italian English Ukrainian Lithuanian Finnish Spanish Dutch Bulgarian Greek Estonian Portuguese Danish Serbo-Croatian Albanian Udmurt Romanian Norwegian Slovak Welsh Turkish Swedish Czech Gaelic Icelandic Polish Armenian Population of Powers (in millions) 1890 1900 1910 1913 Russia 116.8 135.6 159.3 175.1 US 62.6 75.9 91.9 97.3 Germany 49.2 56.0 64.5 66.9 Austria-Hung. 42.6 46.7 50.8 52.1 Japan 39.9 43.8 49.1 51.3 France 38.3 38.9 39.5 39.7 Britain 37.4 -
Origins and Consequences of the Great
THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREAT WAR THE WAR THAT CHANGED THE WORLD FOREVER BACKGROUND EUROPE AFTER CONGRESS OF VIENNA - 1815 There is no Germany – Brandenburg- Prussia and the German Confederation. There is no Italy – a conglomeration of independent states. Other states we are used to seeing don’t exist. The Ottoman Empire controls most of Southern Europe – the “Sick man of Europe.” Metternich System designed to keep the crowned heads on the royal bodies. EUROPE 1848 Year of Revolutions – Germany, France, Austria. Franz Josef becomes Emperor of Austria. Note that the problem of the Ottoman Empire is beginning to be solved. Greece appears, as does Serbia and Montenegro Prussian King(Kaiser) refuses the Frankfurt offer to become ruler of Germany. EUROPE 1900 Due to revolutions Bulgaria and Romania are now independent countries. The problem of the Ottoman Empire’s dissolution is being solved by nationalism. No major conflicts between the major powers over the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire. Franco-Prussian War in 1871 gives Germany control of Alsace and Lorraine. EUROPE AFTER THE BALKAN WARS 1912- 1913 Bulgaria expands. Serbia expands – loses Albania. Greece expands into Macedonia. Ottoman Empire’s area is reduced to a small portion. We still have to worry about the lands in the Near East – colonialism. Serbia and Austria-Hungary are bitter enemies. EUROPE IN 1914 Germany now is a country. ◦ Efforts of Bismarck ◦ Short war with Austria. ◦ Alsace and Lorraine added by the Franco- Prussian war of 1871. Italy is now a country. The newest one in Europe. Austrian Empire is now the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.