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Anthropomorphic Representations of the Hittite King Paper Outline Müge Durusu-Tanrıöver Final Paper Outline and Bibliography Now You See Him Now You Don’t: Anthropomorphic Representations of the Hittite King Paper Outline I. Introduction I introduce the research question that my paper explores, the dataset and the methodology that I am using, and signpost the conclusions that I will reach. II. Looking for the Body of the Hittite King in Visual Representations This section surveys the archaeological dataset that I am using. 2.1 Representations on Stone Monuments Here, I survey six landscape monuments that have anthropomorphic representations of the Hittite king: the relief of Tudhaliya IV on the city wall of Alaca Höyük, the monuments at Sirkeli, Yalburt, Fraktin, Südburg and Yazılıkaya. 2.2 Ceremonial Metal Vessels I explore the only metal vessel that has an anthropomorphic representation of the Hittite king: the silver vessel in the form of a fist. 2.3 Seals and Seals Impressions While the evidence from the seals and their impressions is too large to cover in this paper in its entirety, I synthesize the overall trends regarding the imagery of the king by looking at the seals of kings Muwatalli II, Mursili III, Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV. III. Images and Words: Placing the Figural Representations of the Hittite King in Context This section surveys the textual materials that I am using. 3.1 Textual Evidence on the Body of the King I analyze the text of the AN.TAH.SUM festival as an example of how the body of the king is described or referred to in textual materials. 1 3.2 Royal Funerary Ritual I survey the text of the royal funerary ritual to suggest that the body of the king was cremated very early on in the process, demonstrating that the body of the king was not displayed in the same way as other contemporary and later cultures. 3.3 Words as Images: The Name and Title of the King as Extensions of the Royal Body Exploring the names of the Hittite kings as they were written in Hieroglyphic Luwian, I argue that these names also acted as visual depictions of the king, in a non- anthropomorphic way. IV. Discussion In this section, I synthesize the various strands of data that I previously analyze in the paper to argue that the Hittite king assumed anthropomorphic form only when he was in contact with deities, or when he was considered divine himself. V. Conclusions I conclude by suggesting that the Hittite case constitutes an exception within the larger contemporary eastern Mediterranean in terms of the rarity of the figural representations of the king. VI. Figures VII. Bibliography Preliminary Bibliography Bahrani, Zainab. 1995. "Assault and Abduction: The Fate of the Royal Image in the Ancient Near East " Art History 18 (3):363-382. Bonatz, Dominik. 2007. "The Divine Image of the King: Religious Representation of Political Power in the Hittite Empire." In Representations of Political Power : Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient near East, edited by Marlies Heinz and Marian H. Feldman, 111-136. Winona Lake, IN, USA: Eisenbrauns. Glatz, Claudia. 2014. "Places in the Political Landscape of Late Bronze Age Anatolia." In Of Rocks and Water: Towards an Archaeology of Place, edited by Ömür Harmanşah, 128- 133. Joukowsky Institute Publications 5. Oxford: Oxbow. Glatz, Claudia, and Aimée M. Plourde. 2011. "Landscape Monuments and Political Competition in Late Bronze Age Anatolia: An Investigation of Costly Signaling Theory." Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research 361:33-66. 2 Harmanşah, Ömür. 2014. "Figures Carved on the Living Rock: Hittite Rock Monuments." In Hittites: An Anatolian Empire, edited by Meltem Doğan-Alparslan and Metin Alparslan, 566-579. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Özgüç, Tahsin. 1993. "Studies on Hittite Relief Vases, Seals, Figurines and Rock-Carvings." In Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and Its Neighbours. Studies in Honor of Nimet Özgüç, edited by Machteld J. Mellink, Edith Porada and Tahsin Özgüç, 433-499. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Özyar, Aslı. 2006. "A Prospectus of Hittite Art Based on the State of Our Knowledge at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium AD." In Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology: Requirements - Problems - New Approaches, edited by Dirk Paul Mielke, Ulf-Dietrich Schoop and Jürgen Seeher, 125-148. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. Taracha, Piotr. 2011. "The Iconographic Program of the Sculptures of Alacahoyuk." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 11 (2):132-147. van den Hout, Theo. 1994. "Death as a Privilege: The Hittite Royal Funerary Ritual." In Hidden Futures: Death and Immortality in Ancient Egypt, Anatolia, the Classical, Biblical and Arabic-Islamic World, edited by Jan Maarten Bremer, Theo van den Hout and Rudolph Peters, 37-75. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. van den Hout, Theo. 1995a. "An Image of the Dead? Some Remarks on the Second Day of the Hittite Royal Funerary Ritual." In Atti del II Congresso Internazionale di Hittitologia, edited by Onofrio Carruba, Mauro Giorgieri and Clelia Mora. Pavia: Gianni Iuculano Editore. van den Hout, Theo. 2001. "Tombs and Memorials: The (Divine) Stone-House and Hegur Reconsidered." In Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock, edited by K. Aslıhan Yener and Harry A. Hoffner, 73- 91. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. van den Hout, Theo. 2007. "Seals and Sealing Practices in Hatti-Land: Remarks A Propos the Seal Impressiosn from the "Westbau" in Hattusa." Journal of the American Oriental Society 127 (3):339-348. 3 .
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